A new mass conservation approach to the study of CO2 advection in an alpine forest

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 114, Issue 7, 2009, Pages

  Montagnani, Leonardo ^a,b,m   Manca, Giovanni ^c   Canepa, Elisa ^d   Georgieva, Emilia ^e   Acosta, Manuel ^f,k   Feigenwinter, Christian ^g   Janous, Dalibor ^f,k   Kerschbaumer, Günther ^b,l   Lindroth, Anders ^h   Minach, Luigi ^b,l   Minerbi, Stefano ^a,m   Mölder, Meelis ^h   Pavelka, Marian ^f,k   Seufert, Günther ^c   Zeri, Marcelo ^i,j   Ziegler, Waldemar ⁱ  

^a Forest Services of Autonomous Province of Bolzano   (Italy)

^b Laboratory of Chemical Physics   (Italy)

^c JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE   (Italy)

^d UNIVERSITY OF GENOA   (Italy)

^e NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF GEOPHYSICS   (Bulgaria)

^f INSTITUTE OF MATHEMATICS   (Czech Republic)

^g UNIVERSITY OF BASEL   (Switzerland)

^h LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

ⁱ MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR BIOGEOCHEMISTRY   (Germany)

^j UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

^k INSTITUTE OF LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY   (Czech Republic)

^l Laboratorio di Chimica Fisica   (Italy)

^m Ripartizione Foreste Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano   (Italy)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADVECTION;

ADVECTION FLUXES; ADVECTIVE FLUX; AIR MASS; APRIORI; CALCULATED VALUES; COEFFICIENT OF CORRELATION; CONTROL VOLUMES; DENSITY VALUE; DRY AIR; ECOSYSTEM RESPIRATION; EFFECT OF ADDITION; EXPERIMENTAL DATA; FOREST ECOSYSTEM; FUNCTIONAL RELATION; MASS CONSERVATION; MEAN FLOW; NET ECOSYSTEM EXCHANGE; PHOTOSYNTHETIC CAPACITY; SOIL TEMPERATURE; TURBULENT FLUX;

ECOSYSTEMS;

ADVECTION; AIR MASS; CARBON DIOXIDE; FOREST ECOSYSTEM; NET ECOSYSTEM EXCHANGE; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; RESPIRATION; SOIL TEMPERATURE; TURBULENCE;

BOLZANO; EURASIA; EUROPE; ITALY; RITTEN; SOUTHERN EUROPE; TRENTINO-ALTO ADIGE;

EID: 67349172570     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2008JD010650     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. 2 efflux of stems and branches of Norway spruce trees, Ann. Bot., 101, 469-477.
2. Aubinet, M., et al. (2000), Estimates of the annual net carbon and water exchange of forests: The EUROFLUX methodology, Adv. Ecol Res., 30, 113-175, doi:10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60018-5.
3. 2 advection in a sloping forest, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 108, 397417, doi:10.1023/A:1024168428135.
4. 2 storage and advection conditions at night at different CARBOEUROFLUX sites, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 116, 63-94, doi: 10.1007/s 10546-004-7091-8.
5. Baldocchi, D. D., B. B. Hicks, and T. P. Meyers (1988), Measuring biosphere-atmosphere exchanges of biologically related gases with micrometeorological methods, Ecology, 69(5), 1331-1340, doi:10.2307/1941631.
6. Baldocchi, D., J. J. Finnigan, K. B. Wilson, K. T. Paw U, and E. Falge (2000), On measuring net ecosystem carbon exchange over tall vegetation on complex terrain, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 96, 257-291, doi:10.1023/A:1002497616547.
7. Barber, C B., D. P. Dobkin, and H. T. Hudanpaa (1996), The Quickhull algorithm for convex hulls, Trans. Math. Software, 22, 469-483, doi:10.1145/235815.235821.
8. Byun, D. W. (1999), Dynamically consistent formulations in meteorological and air quality models for multiscale atmospheric studies. Part II: Mass conservation issues, J. Atmos. ScL, 56, 3808-3820, doi: 10.1175/15200469(1999)056<3808:DCFIMA>2.0.CO;2.
9. Cescatti, A. (2007), Indirect estimates of canopy gap fraction based on the linear conversion of hemispherical photographs: Methodology and comparison with standard thresholding techniques, Agric. For. Meteorol., 143, 1-12, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.04.009.
10. 2 exchange in a Florida scrub-oak ecosystem, Global Change Biol., 9, 84-95, doi:10.1046/j.l3652486.2003. 00561.x.
11. Falge, E., et al. (2001), Gap filling strategies for defensible annual sums of net ecosystem exchange, Agric.. For. Meteorol., 107,43-69, doi:10.1016/ S0168-1923(00)00225-2.
12. Fan, S.-M., M. L. Goulden, J. W. Munger, B. C. Daube, P. S. Bakwin, S. C. Wofsy, J. S. Amthor, D. R. Fitzjarrald, K. E. Moore, and T. R. Moore (1995), Environmental controls on the photosynthesis and respiration of a boreal lichen woodland: A growing season of whole-ecosystem exchange measurements by eddy correlation, Oecologia, 102, 443-452, doi:10.1007/BF00341356.
13. 2-budget in and above forest canopy, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 113,201-224, doi:10.1023/B:BOUN.0000039372. 86053.ff.
14. 2 fluxes at three forest sites, Agric. For. Meteorol., 148, 12-24, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.08.013.
15. Finnigan, J. J. (1999), A comment on the paper by Lee (1998), On micrometeorological observations of surface-air exchange over tall vegetation, Agric. For. Meteorol., 97, 55-64, doi:10.1016/S0168-1923(99)00049-0.
16. Finnigan, J. J. (2004a), A re-evaluation of long-term flux measurement techniques. Part 2: Coordinate systems, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 113, 1-41, doi:10.1023/B:BOUN.0000037348.64252.45.
17. Finnigan, J. J. (2004b), The footprint concept in complex terrain, Agric. For. Meteorol., 127, 117-129, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.07.008.
18. Finnigan, J. J. (2006), The storage term in eddy flux calculations, Agric. For. Meteorol., 136, 108-113, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.12.010.
19. Finnigan, J. J., and S. E. Belcher (2004), Flow over a hill covered with a plant canopy, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 130, 1-29, doi:10.1256/qj.02. 177.
20. Finnigan, J. J., R. Clement, Y. Malhi, R. Leuning, and H. A. Cleugh (2003), A re-evaluation of long-term flux measurement techniques. Part 1 : Averaging and coordinate rotation, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 107, 1-48, doi:10.1023/A:1021554900225.
21. Foken, T., and B. Wichura (1996), Tools for quality assessment of surfacebased flux measurements, Agric.. For. Meteorol., 78, 83-105, doi:10.1016/0168-1923(95)02248-l.
22. Göckede, M., et al. (2008), Quality control of CarboEurope flux data. Part II: Footprint analyses to evaluate sites in forest ecosystems, Biogeosciences, 5, 433-450.
23. Goulden, M. L., J. W. Munger, S.-M. Fan, B. C. Daub, and S. C. Wofsy (1996), Measurements of carbon sequestration by long-term eddy covariance: Methods and a critical evaluation of accuracy, Global Change Biol., 2, 169-182, doi:10.1111/j.l365-2486.1996.tb00070.x.
24. Granier, A., et al. (2000), The carbon balance of a young beech forest, Fund. Ecol., 14, 312-325, doi:10.1046/j.l365-2435.2000.00434.x.
25. Heinesch, B., M. Yernaux, and M. Aubinet (2007), Some methodological questions concerning advection measurements: A case study, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 122(2), 457-478, doi:10.1007/sl0546-006-9102-4.
26. Janssens, A., et al. (2001), Productivity overshadows temperature in determining soil and ecosystem respiration across European forests, Global Change Biol., 7,269-278, doi:10.1046/j.l365-2486.2001.00412.x.
27. 2 efflux, in Canopy Fluxes of Energy, Water and Carbon Dioxide of European Forests, edited by R. Valentini, pp. 235-256, Ecol. Stud., Springer, Berlin.
28. Kalnay, E., et al. (1996), The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 437-471, doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1996) 077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2.
29. Katul, G. G., J. J. Finnigan, D. Poggi, R. Leuning, and S. E. Belcher (2006), The influence of hilly terrain on canopy-atmosphere carbon dioxide exchange, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 118, 189-216, doi:10.1007/S10546-005- 6436-2.
30. Kolle, O., and C. Rebmann (2007), Eddysoft: Documentation of a software package to acquire and process eddy covariance data, technical report, 88 pp., Max-Planck-Inst. für Biogeochem., Jena, Germany.
31. 2, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 124, 129-141,doi:10.1007/sl0546-007-9171-z.
32. Lavigne, M. B., et al. (1997), Comparing nocturnal eddy covariance measurements to estimates of ecosystem respiration made by scaling chamber measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 28,977-28,986, doi:10.1029/ 97JD01173.
33. Law, B. E., M. G. Ryan, and P. M. Anthoni (1999), Seasonal and annual respiration of a ponderosa pine ecosystem, Global Change Biol., 5,169-182, doi:10.1046/j.l365-2486.1999.00214.x.
34. Lee, S. M., S. C. Yoon, and D. W. Byun (2004), The effect of mass inconsistency of the meteorological field generated by a common meteorological model on air quality modeling, Atmos. Environ., 38, 2917-2926, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.02.008.
35. Lee, X. (1998), On micrometeorological observations of surface-air exchange over tall vegetation, Agric. For. Meteorol., 91, 39-49, doi:10.1016/S0168-1923(98)00071-9.
36. 3 plants, Plant Cell Environ., 18,339-355, doi:10.1111/j.l365-3040.1995.tb00370.x.
37. Leuning, R. (2007), The correct form of the Webb, Pearman and Leuning equation for eddy fluxes of trace gases in steady and non-steady state, horizontally homogeneous flows, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 123, 263-267, doi:10.1007/sl0546-006-9138-5.
38. Lloyd, J., and J. A. Taylor (1994), On the temperature dependence of soil respiration, Fund. Ecol., 8, 315-323, doi:10.2307/2389824.
39. Loescher, H. W., et al. (2005), Comparison of temperature and wind statistics in contrasting environments among different sonic anemometer-thermometers, Agric.. For. Meteorol., 133, 119-139, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.08.009.
40. Loescher, H. W., B. E. Law, L. Mahrt, D. Y. Hollinger, J. Campbell, and S. C. Wofsy (2006), Uncertainties in, and interpretation of, carbon flux estimates using the eddy covariance technique, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D21S90, doi:10.1029/2005JD006932.
41. Mahrt, L., D. Vickers, R. Nakamura, M. R. Soler, J. Sun, S. Bums, and D. H. Lenschow (2001), Shallow drainage flow, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 101,243-260, doi:10.1023/A:1019273314378.
42. Mann, J., and D. H. Lenschow (1994), Errors in airborne flux measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 99(D7), 14,519-14,526, doi:10.1029/94JD00737.
43. 2 exchanges of an alpine forest, Agric. For. Meteorol., 130, 193-206, doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.03.006.
44. Massman, W. J., and X. Lee (2002), Eddy covariance flux corrections and uncertainties in long-term studies of carbon and energy exchanges, Agric.. For. Meteorol., 113, 121-144, doi:10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00105-3.
45. Mauder, M., T. Foken, R. Clement, J. A. Elbers, W. Eugster, T. Grünwald, B. Heusinkveld, and O. Kolle (2008), Quality control of CarboEuropeflux data. Part U: Inter-comparison of eddy-covariance software, Biogeosciences, 5,451-462.
46. McMillen, R. T. (1988), An eddy correlation technique with extended applicability to non-simple terrain, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 43, 231-245, doi:10.1007/BF00128405.
47. Moderow, U., C. Feigenwinter, and C Bernhofer (2007), Estimating the components of the sensible heat budget of a tall forest canopy in complex terrain, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 123, 99-120, doi:10.1007/sl0546-006- 9136-7.
48. 2, and temperature profiles in and above a forest: Accuracy assessment of an unattended measurement system, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 17,411425, doi:10.1175/1520-0426(2000)017<0417:WVCATP>2.0.CO;2.
49. Moncrieff, J. B., Y. Malhi, and R. Leuning (1996), The propagation of - errors in long-term measurements of land-atmosphere fluxes of carbon dioxide and water, Global Change Biol., 2, 231-240, doi:10.1111/ j. 1365-2486.1996.tb00075.x.
50. 2 exchange in a Japanese cypress forest, Agric. For. Meteorol., 142, 50-65, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.11.004.
51. Pavelka, M., M. Acosta, M. V. Marek, W. Kutsch, and D. Janous (2007), Dependence of the Q(10) values on the depth of the soil temperature measuring point, Plant Soil, 292(1-1), 171-179, doi:10.1007/slll04007-9213-9.
52. Paw U, K. T, D. D. Baldocchi, T. P. Meyers, and K. B. Wilson (2000), Correction of eddy-covariance measurements incorporating both advective effects and density fluxes, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 97, 487-511, doi: 10.1023/A: 1002786702909.
53. Poggi, D., and G. G. Katul (2007), Turbulent flows on forested hilly terrain: The recirculation region, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 133, 1027-1039, doi:10.1002/qj.73.
54. Princevac, M., H. J. S. Femando, and C. D. Whiteman (2005), Turbulent entrainment into natural gravity-driven flows, J. Fluid Mech., 533, 259268, doi:10.1017/S0022112005004441.
55. Raupach, M. R., W. S. Weng, D. J. Carruthers, and J. C. R. Hunt (1992), Temperature and humidity fields and fluxes over low hills, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 118, 191-225, doi: 10.1002/qj.49711850403.
56. Rebmann, C., et al. (2005), Quality analysis applied on eddy covariance measurements at complex forest sites using footprint modelling, Theor. Appl.- Climatol., 80, 121-141, doi:10.1007/s00704-004-0095-y.
57. Rodeghiero, M., and A. Cescatti (2005), Main determinants of forest soil respiration along an elevation/temperature gradient in the Italian Alps, Global Change Biol., 11, 1024-1041, doi:10.1111/j. 1365-2486.2005. 00963.x.
58. Rodeghiero, M., and A. Cescatti (2008), Spatial variability and optimal sampling strategy of soil respiration, For. Ecol. Manage., 255, 106-112, doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2007.08.025.
59. 2 exchange rates in three different successional stages of the "dark taiga" of central Siberia, Tellus, Ser. B, 54, 642-654.
60. 2 fluxes over plant canopies and solar radiation: A review, .Adv. Ecol. Res., 26,1-51, doi:10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60063-X.
61. Running, S. W., and J. C. Coughlan (1988), A general model of forest ecosystem processes for regional applications. I. Hydrologie balance, canopy gas exchange and primary production processes, Ecol. Modell., 42, 125-154, doi:10.1016/0304-3800(88)90112-3.
62. Sherman, C. (1978), A mass-consistent model for wind fields over complex terrain, J. Appl. Meteorol., 17, 312-319, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1978) 017<0312:AMCMFW>2.0.CO;2.
63. 2 advection, Agric. For. Meteorol., 122, 139-Í56, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet. 2003.09.011.
64. 2, H2O and sensible heat flux partitions in a forest canopy inferred from concentration measurements, Tellus, Ser. B, 54, 768-783.
65. Sun, H., T. L. Clark, R. B. Stall, and T. A. Black (2006), Two dimensional simulation of airflow and carbon dioxide transport over a forested mountain. Part U: Carbon dioxide budget and advection effects, Agric. For. Meteorol., 140, 352-364, doi:10.1016/j.agrfbrmet.2006.03.016.
66. 2 transport, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 124, 143-159, doi: 10.1007/s 10546-007-9186-5.
67. 2 transport over complex terrain, Agric. For. Meteorol., 145, 1-21, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.02.007.
68. Tumipseed, A. A., D. E. Anderson, P. D. Blanken, W. M. Baugh, and R. K. Monson (2003), Airflows and turbulent flux measurements in mountainous terrain. Part 1 : Canopy and local effects, Agric. For. Meteorol., 119,1-21, doi:10.1016/S0168-1923(03)00136-9.
69. Tumipseed, A. A., S. Bums, P. D. Blanken, and R. K. Monson (2004), Airflows and turbulent flux measurements in mountainous terrain. Part 2: Mesoscale effects, Agric. For. Meteorol., 125, 187-205, doi:10.1016/ j.agrformet.2004.04.007.
70. Urban, O., et al. (2007), Ecophysiological controls over the net ecosystem exchange of mountain spruce stand: Comparison of the response in direct vs. diffuse solar radiation, Global Change Biol., 13, 157-168, doi:10.1111/j.l365-2486.2006.01265.x.
71. Valentini, R., et al. (2000), Respiration as the main determinant of carbon balance in European forests, Nature, 404, 861-865, doi:10.1038/ 35009084.
72. Van Gorsel, E., R. Leuning, H. A. Cleugh, H. Keith, and T. Suni (2007), Nocturnal carbon efflux: Reconciliation of eddy covariance and chamber measurements using an alternative to die u*-threshold filtering technique, Tellus, Ser. B, 59, 397-403, doi:10.1111/j.l600-0889.2007.00252.x.
73. Vickers, D., and L. Mahrt (2006), Contrasting mean vertical motion from tilt correction methods and mass continuity, Agric. For. Meteorol., 138, 93-103, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.04.001.
74. Webb, E. K., G. I. Pearman, and R. Leuning (1980), Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 106, 85-100, doi: 10.1002/qj.49710644707.
75. Whiteman, C. D. (2000), Mountain Meteorology, Fundamentals and Applications, 365 pp., Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, U. K.
76. Wilczak, J. M., S. P. Oncley, and S. A. Stage (2001), Sonic anemometer tilt correction algorithms, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 99, 127-150, doi: 10.1023/A: 1018966204465.
77. 2 and water vapour profiles within and above plant . canopies over short periods, Agric.. For. Meteorol., 94, 1-12, doi: 10.1016/SO168-1923(99)00004-0.
78. 2 flux chamber and the ambient air, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D08S10, doi:10.1029/2005JD006435.
79. 2 density averaging, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D20123, doi:10.1029/2006JD008243.
80. Yi, C. (2008), Momentum transfer within canopies, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 47, 262-275, doi: 10.1175/2007JAMC 1667.1.
81. Yi, C., R. K. Monson, Z. Zhai, D. E. Andrson, B. Lamb, G. Allwine, A. A. Tumipseed, and S. P. Bums (2005), Modeling and measuring the nocturnal drainage flow in a high-elevation subalpine forest with complex terrain, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D22303, doi:10.1029/2005JD006282.
82. Yi, C., D. E. Anderson, A. A. Tumipseed, S. P. Bums, J. P. Sparks, D. I. Stannard, and R. K. Monsoon (2008), The contribution of advective fluxes to net ecosystem exchange in a high-elevation, subalpine forest, Ecol. Appl., 18(6), 1379-1390, doi: 10.1890/06-0908.1.