On micrometeorological observations of surface-air exchange over tall vegetation

Agricultural and Forest Meteorology

Volumn 91, Issue 1-2, 1998, Pages 39-49

  Lee, Xuhui ^a  

^a Yale University   (United States)

Author keywords

CO2; Drainage; Forest; Net ecosystem exchange

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERE/VEGETATION INTERACTION; MICROMETEOROLOGY; VEGETATION;

EID: 0031812295     PISSN: 01681923     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1923(98)00071-9     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Andre J.C., Bougeault P., Mafouf J.-F., Mascart P., Noilhan J., Pinty J.-P. Impact of forests on mesoscale meteorology. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London. B324:1989;407-422.
2. Avissar R., Chen F. Development and analysis of prognostic equations for mesoscale kinetic energy and mesoscale (subgrid scale) fluxes for large-scale atmospheric models. J. Atmos. Sci. 22:1993;3751-3774.
3. Baldocchi D.D., Harley P. Scaling carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange from leaf to canopy in a deciduous forest: model testing and application. Plant, Cell and Environ. 18:1995;1157-1173.
4. Barr A.G., King K.M., Gillespie T.J., den Hartog G., Neumann H.H. A comparison of Bowen ratio and eddy correlation sensible and latent heat flux measurements above deciduous forest. Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 71:1994;21-41.
5. Black T.A., den Hartog G., Neumann H.H., Blanken P.D., Yang P.C., Russell C., Nesic Z., Lee X., Chen S.G., Staebler R., Novak M.D. Annual cycles of water vapour and carbon dioxide fluxes in and above a boreal aspen forest. Global Change Biology. 2:1996;219-229.
6. Blanken, P.D., Black, T.A., Yang, P.C., den Hartog, G., Neumann, H.H., Nesic, Z., Staebler, R., Novak, M.D., Lee, X., 1997. Energy balance and canopy conductance of a boreal aspen forest: partitioning overstory and understory components, J. Geophys. Res. 102D, 28915-28927.
7. Brost R.A., Wyngaard J.C. A model study of the stably stratified planetary boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci. 35:1978;1427-1440.
8. Carlson M., Stull R.B. Subsidence in the nocturnal boundary layer. J. Climat. Appl. Meteorol. 25:1986;1088-1099.
9. Doran, J.C. and Colleagues, 1992. The Boardman regional flux experiment, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 73, 1785-1795.
10. Emanuel, K., 1994. Atmospheric Convection. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
11. Finnigan, J.J., Brunet, Y., 1995. Turbulent airflow in forests on flat and hilly terrain. In: Coutts, M.P., Grace, J. (Eds.), Wind and Trees. Cambridge University Press, London.
12. Finnigan, J.J., 1985. Turbulent transport in flexible plant canopies. In: Hutchison, B.A., Hicks, B.B. (Eds.), The Forest-Atmosphere Interactions, D. Reidel, The Netherlands.
13. Fitzjarrald D.R., Moore K.E. Growing season boundary layer climate and surface exchanges in a subarctic lichen woodland. J. Geophys. Res. 99:1994;1899-1917.
14. Fuentes J.D., Gillespie T.J., den Hartog G., Neumann H.H. Ozone deposition onto a deciduous forest during dry and wet conditions. Agric. For. Meteorol. 62:1992;1-18.
15. Garratt, J.R., 1992. The Atmospheric Boundary Layer. Cambridge University Press, London.
16. Garstang M., Ulanski S., Greco S., Scala J., Swap R., Fitzjarrald D., Martin D., Browell E., Shipman M., Connors V., Harriss R., Talbot R. The Amazon boundary-layer experiment (ABLE 2B): a meteorological perspective. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 71:1990;19-32.
17. Goulden, M.L., Munger, J.W., Fan, S.-M., Daube, B.C., Wofsy, S.C., 1996a. Exchange of carbon dioxide by a deciduous forest: response to interannual climate variability Science 271, 1576-1578.
18. Goulden, M.L., Munger, J.W., Fan, S.-M., Daube, B.C., Wofsy, S.C., 1996b. Measurements of carbon sequestration by long-term eddy covariance: methods and a critical evaluation of accuracy Global Change Biology 2, 168-182.
19. Grace J., Malhi Y., LIoyd J., McIntyre J., Miranda A.C., Meir P., Miranda H.S. The use of eddy covariance to infer the net carbon dioxide uptake of Brazilian rain forest. Global Change Biology. 2:1996;209-217.
20. Grace J., LIoyd J., McIntyre J., Miranda A.C., Meir P., Miranda H.S., Nobre C., Moncrieff J., Masheder J., Malhi Y., Wright I., Gash J. Carbon dioxide uptake by an undisturbed tropical rain forest in southwest Amazonia, 1992-1993. Science. 270:1995;778-780.
21. Guenther A., Baugh W., Davis K., Hampton G., Harley P., Klinger L., Vierling L., Zimmerman P., Allwine E., Dilts S., Lamb B., Westbeg H., Baldocchi D., Geron C., Pierce T. Isoprene fluxes measured by enclosure, relaxed eddy accumulation, surface layer gradient, mixed layer gradient and mixed layer mass balance techniques. J. Geophys. Res. 101D:1996;18555-18567.
22. Hollinger D.Y., Kelliher F.M., Byers J.N., Hunt J.E., McSeveny T.M., Weir P.L. Carbon dioxide exchange between an undisturbed old-growth temperate forest and the atmosphere. Ecology. 75:1994;134-150.
23. Jarvis, P.G., Massheder, J.M., Hale, S.E., Moncrieff, J.B., Rayment, M., Scott, S.C., 1997. Seasonal variation of carbon dioxide, water vapor and energy exchanges of a boreal spruce forest, J. Geophys. Res. 102D, 28953-28966.
24. Lee X., Neumann H.H., den Hartog G., Fuentes J.D., Black T.A., Mickle R.E., Yang P.C., Blanken P.D. Observation of gravity waves in a boreal forest. Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 84:1997;383-398.
25. Lee, X., Black, T.A., 1993a. Atmospheric turbulence within and above a Douglas-fir stand. Part I. Statistical properties of the velocity field Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 64, 149-174.
26. Lee, X., Black, T.A., 1993b. Atmospheric turbulence within and above a Douglas-fir stand. Part II. Eddy fluxes of sensible heat and water vapor Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 64, 369-389.
27. Lindberg, S.E., Hanson, P.J., Meyers, T.P., Kim, K.-H., 1997. Air/surface exchange of mercury vapor over forests, the need for a reassessment of continental biogenic emissions, Atmospheric Environment, in press.
28. Leuning R., Judd M.J. The relative merits of open- and closed-path analysers for measurement of eddy fluxes. Global Change Biology. 2:1996;241-253.
29. Mahrt L. Flux sampling errors for aircraft and towers. J. Atmos. Sci. Oceanic Tech. 15:1998;416-429.
30. Mahrt L., Sun J. Dependence of surface exchange coefficients on averaging scale and grid size. Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 121:1995;1835-1852.
31. Mahrt L., Sun J., Vickers D., MacPherson J.I., Pederson J.R., Desjardins R.L. Observations of fluxes and inland breezes over a heterogeneous surface. J. Atmos. Sci. 51:1994;2484-2499.
32. Mahrt, L., Ek, M., Spatial variability of turbulence fluxes and roughness lengths in HAPEX-MOBILHY, Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 65, 381-400.
33. Mahrt L. Momentum balance of gravity flows. J. Atm. Sci. 39:1982;2701-2711.
34. Moeng C.-H. A large eddy simulation model for the study of planetary boundary-layer turbulence. J. Atmos. Sci. 41:1984;2052-2062.
35. Moncrieff J.B., Malhi Y., Leuning R. The propagation of errors in long-term measurements of land-atmosphere fluxes of carbon dioxide and water. Global Change Biology. 2:1996;231-240.
36. Monteith, J.L., Unsworth, M.H., 1990. Principles of Environmental Physics. Edward Arnold, New York.
37. Moore, C.J., Hicks, B.B., 1973. The heat budget of a pine forest. In: First Australasian Conference on Heat and Mass Transfer, pp. 57-64, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
38. Moore K.E., Fitzjarrald D.R., Sakai R.K., Goulden M.L., Munger J.W., Wofsy S.C. Seasonal variation in radiative and turbulent exchange at a deciduous forest in Central Massachusetts. J. Appl. Meteorol. 35:1996;122-134.
39. Oliveira A.P., Fitzjarrald D.R. The Amazon river breeze and the local boundary layer. Part I. Observations. Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 63:1994;141-162.
40. Pinty J.-P., Mascart P., Richard E., Rosset R. An investigation of mesoscale flows induced by vegetation inhomogeneities using an evapotranspiration model calibrated against HAPEX-MOBILHY data. J. Appl. Meteorol. 28:1989;976-992.
41. Schmidt H., Schumann U. Coherent structure of the convective boundary layer derived from large eddy simulations. J. Fluid Mech. 200:1989;511-562.
42. Segal M., Avissar R., McCumber M.C., Pielke R.A. Evaluation of vegetation effects on the generation and modification of mesoscale circulations. J. Atmos. Sci. 45:1988;2268-2292.
43. Shen S., Leclerc M.Y. How large must surface inhomogeneities be before they influence the convective boundary layer structure: a case study. Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 121:1995;1201-1228.
44. Shuttleworth W.J., Gash J.H.C., LLoyd C.R., McNeill D.D., Moore C.J., Wallace J.S. An integrated micrometeorological system for evaporation measurement. Agric. For. Meteorol. 43:1988;295-317.
45. Stull, R.B., 1988. An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
46. Sun, J., Desjardins, R., Mahrt, L., MacPherson, I., 1997. Transport of carbon dioxide, water vapor and ozone over Candle Lake, J. Geophys. Res., in press.
47. Thompson N. Turbulence measurements above a pine forest. Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 16:1979;293-310.
48. 2, water vapor, and sensible heat over a deciduous forest. Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 36:1986;71-91.
49. Wallace, J.M., Hobbs, P.V., 1977. Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey. Academic Press, New York.
50. 2 in a mid-latitude forest. Science. 260:1993;1314-1317.
51. Wyngaard J., Kosovic B. Similarity of structure function parameters in the stably stratified boundary layer. Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 71:1994;277-296.