Nanomedicine: Issues of privacy and informed consent

Nanotechnology Law and Business

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 45-57

  Brewer, Janet ^a   Gurel, Ogan ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

^b Aesis Group

Author keywords

Ethics; Nanomedical devices; Nanomedicine; Privacy

Indexed keywords

AUTOMOBILE ELECTRONICS; DIAGNOSTIC METHODS; ETHICS; MEDICAL INFORMATION; NANOMEDICAL DEVICES; NANOMEDICINE; PRIVACY; PRIVACY CONCERNS; PROTECTION MEASURES; SATELLITE TRACKING;

LAWS AND LEGISLATION; TRACKING (POSITION);

MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY;

EID: 67249088439     PISSN: 15462080     EISSN: 15462080     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (120)

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32. Moghimi, supra note 20;
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43. Kesar, supra note 28;
44. Chen, supra note 28.
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46. See e.g. K.E. Sapsford et al., Fluorescence-Based Array Biosensors for Detection of Biohazards, 96(1) J. APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 47 (2004);
47. N. Iverson et al., Convergence of Nanotechnology and Cardiovascular Medicine: Progress and Emerging Prospects, 22(1) BIODRUGS 1 (2008) (discussing the emergence of biological probes, materials, and analytical tools limited to the nanoscale size range, and the increasing application for understanding and treating major pathophysiological problems in cardiovascular medicine, and the potential therapeutic applications of nanomaterials in cardiovascular devices, for delivery of drugs and bioactive molecules, or in novel technologies for reducing cholesterol accumulation and for dissolving clots).
48. See L.X. Kong et al., Management of Cardiovascular Diseases with Micro Systems and Nanotechnology, 6(9-10) J. NANOSCI. & NANOTECH. 2754 (2006) (discussing the role micro total analysis systems (microTAS) and nanotechnology will play in cardiovascular applications).
49. See Conroy Sun et al., In Vivo MRI Detection of Gliomas by Chlorotoxin-Conjugated Superparamagnetic Nanoprobes, 4(3) SMALL 372 (2008) (discussing the advances in the development of nanoparticle-based imaging probes and their application to treatment of brain tumors, e.g. a biocompatible nanoprobe composed of a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) coated iron oxide nanoparticle that is capable of specifically targeting tumors found in gliomas, a special kind of neural cell);
50. Jae-Hyun Lee et al., Artificially Engineered Magnetic Nanoparticles for Ultra-Sensitive Molecular Imaging, 13(1) NATURE MED. 95 (2006) (discussing artificial engineering approaches to developing innovative magnetic nanoprobes for detection of cancer markers, and discussing successfully visualizing small tumors implanted in a mouse) [hereinafter Magnetic Nanoparticles];
51. H. Lee et al., Antibiofouling Polymer-Coated Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Potential Magnetic Resonance Contrast Agents for In Vivo Cancer Imaging, 128(22) J. AM. CHEMICAL Soc. 7383 (2006) (discussing magnetic nanoparticles as nanoprobes for magnetic resonance imaging useful for cancer diagnosis in vivo) [hereinafter Antibiofouling].
52. Sun, supra note 33;
53. Magnetic Nanoparticles, supra note 33;
54. Antibiofouling, supra note 33.
55. Sun, supra note 33;
56. Magnetic Nanoparticles, supra note 33;
57. Antibiofouling, supra note 33.
58. See Michael J. Sailor & Jamie R. Link, "Smart Dust": Nanostructured Devices in a Grain of Sand, 21(11) CHEMICAL COMM. 1375 (2005) (discussing "smart dust," miniature wireless semiconductor devices made using fabrication techniques derived from the microelectronics industry and incorporated for sensing, computing and communications, and discussing the construction of much smaller silicon-based systems, using the tools of nanotechnology).
59. See generally National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Vehicle Safety Research, http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/portal/site/nhtsa/menuitem. 338d64bcebefdfd24ec86e10dba046a0 (last visited Feb. 27, 2009).
60. See id.
61. See id.
62. See The Southern California Integrated GPS Network Education Module, What is GPS?, http://scign.jpl.nasa.gov/learn/gpsl.htm (last visited Feb. 25, 2009).
63. See MEMS and Nanotechnology Exchange, What is MEMS Technology?, https://www.memsnet.org/mems/what-is.html (last visited Feb. 25, 2009).
64. See Saab AlcoKey Helps Drivers, SAAB NETWORK, Oct. 10, 2006, http://www.saabnet.com/tsn/press/061013a.html (last visited Feb. 25, 2009).
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66. See CAL. VEH. CODE § 9951.
67. See id.
68. See id.
69. See CAL. CIV.. CODE § 1936.
70. See COL. REV. STATS. §§ 12-6-401 to 403 (2007) (requiring motor vehicle manufacturers to disclose that a motor vehicle has an event data recorder, prohibiting the retrieval of event data from a motor vehicle except under specific circumstances, and prohibiting the release of event data unless released to a motor vehicle safety and medical research entity or data processor in order to advance motor vehicle safety, security, or traffic management);
71. ME. REV. STAT. ANN. tit. 29-A §§ 1971-1973 (protects drivers' privacy by clarifying ownership of EDR);
72. N.H. REV. STAT. ANN. §57-G:1 (2006) (requiring disclosure of EDR);
73. N.H. REV. STAT. ANN. §(2006) (prohibiting the use of surveillance devices to identify motor vehicles, including GPS systems);
74. N.Y. GEN. Bus. LAW §396;
75. VA. CODE ANN. §38.2-2212 (2006) (prohibiting motor vehicle insurers from including in policies any provision that authorizes the insurer to obtain access to data that is electronically stored in an EDR);
76. VA. CODE ANN. §38.2-2213.1;
77. VA. CODE ANN. §46.2-1088.6 (2006) (vesting ownership of the data recorded in the vehicle owner);
78. VA. CODE ANN. §46.2-1532.2 (2006) (requiring a manufacturer of a new motor vehicle sold or leased in the Commonwealth that is equipped with an EDR or "sensing and diagnostic module" (SDM), to disclose that fact in the owner's manual for the vehicle).
79. See S.B. 592, 2006 Sess. (Ct. 2006) (limiting the disclosure of information to law enforcement officials without consent or a valid search warrant);
80. S.B. 2558, 9th Gen. Assem., (Il. 2006) (prohibiting the use of contactless integrated circuits that can broadcast personal information without notification to consumer and affording consumer the opportunity to have it removed at no charge);
81. S.B. 341, 2006 Reg. Sess. (La. 2006) (requiring disclosure by car dealers and vesting ownership in the car owner);
82. S.B. 201, 2006 Reg. Sess. (Md. 2006) (prohibiting data from a vehicle's recording device from being disclosed to a person other than the registered owner of the vehicle except with the consent of the registered owner or the owner's legal representative, on court order, for the purpose of improving motor vehicle safety if specified information is not disclosed, for the purpose of diagnosing, servicing, or repairing the vehicle, or if the data is transmitted in accordance with a service agreement under specified circumstances);
83. H.B. 990, 2006 Reg. Sess. (Md. 2006) (prohibiting retrieval or disclosure of data stored in recording devices in a motor vehicle under certain circumstances, providing that data retrieved or disclosed contrary to the provisions of the act is not discoverable or admissible as evidence and requiring a manufacturer of a new motor vehicle sold or leased in the state to provide a notice concerning the recording devices in the owner's manual);
84. H.B. 1973,184th Sess. (Ma. 2006);
85. S.B. 902, 2005 Reg. Sess. 93rd Leg. (Mi. 2005) (requiring the disclosure of the presence of the EDR in the vehicle);
86. S.B. 903, 2005 Reg. Sess. 93rd Leg. (Mi. 2005) (restricts the use of the EDR by insurance companies);
87. S.B. 904, 2005 Reg. Sess. 93rd Leg. (Mi. 2005) (prevents the use of EDR data in criminal trials without a waiver from the operator or a valid search warrant);
88. S.B. 905, 2005 Reg. Sess. 93rd Leg. (Mi. 2005) (prevents the use of EDR in civil trials without a waiver from the operator);
89. H.B. 3013, Leg. Sess. 84 (Mn. 2006) (requires disclosure of the existence of EDR);
90. H.B. 3447/S.B. 3555, Leg. Sess. 84 (Mn. 2006) (restricts use of data and requires disclosures);
91. S.B. 3028, Leg. Sess. 84 (Mn. 2006) (regulating the use of EDR, requiring disclosure to consumers of the presence of EDR);
92. H.B. 119, 2006 Reg. Sess. (Ms. 2006) (requiring disclosure of EDR by manufacturer and prohibits retrieval of information by anyone other than the owner except under special circumstances);
93. A.B. 293/S.B. 996, 212th Leg. (N.J. 2006) (requiring disclosure by manufacturer);
94. H.B. 1294, 2005-06 Reg. Sess. (Pa. 2005) (providing for the sale and removal of motor vehicle EDR, imposition of penalties and evidentiary rules);
95. H.B. 2131, 2005-06 Reg. Sess. (Pa. 2005);
96. S.B. 1050, 2005-06 Reg. Sess. (Pa. 2005) (requiring disclosure by manufacturer);
97. H.B. 6815/S.B. 2162, 2006 Jan. Sess. (R.I. 2006) (requiring manufacturers and/or sellers of vehicles to disclose information relating to vehicles equipped with internal recording devices and prohibiting insurance companies from obtaining data from the internal recording devices without written permission from the owner of the vehicle);
98. H.B. 1131, 81st Sess. (S.D. 2006) (regulating the use by insurer's of GPS);
99. H.B. 1303/S.B.1850, 2006 Leg. Sess. (Tn. 2006) (regulating EDR and sending and diagnostic modules and the use and disclosure of information stored on them);
100. H.B. 1304/S.B. 1806, 2006 Leg. Sess. (Tn. 2006);
101. H.B. 2502/2454, 2006 Leg. Sess. (Tn. 2006) (requiring notice of EDR to vehicle owner);
102. H.B. 4071, 2006 Sess. (W.Va. 2006);
103. A.B. 925, 2005 Sess. (Wi. 2005) (requiring a manufacturer of a vehicle to disclose to a buyer that the vehicle is equipped with an EDR, placing limits on access to the information recorded, and prohibiting insurers from having access to data stored in or retrieved from event data recorders without written authorization which is separate from the insurance policy);
104. S.B. 507, 2005 Sess. (Wi. 2005) (requiring manufacturers of vehicle to disclose EDR, limiting access to information, and prohibiting access by insurance companies).
105. Am. Car Rental v. Comm'r of Consumer Prot., 273 Conn. 296 (2005).
106. Id.
107. Id.
108. Id.
109. Id. (citing CONN. GEN. STAT. §§42-110a to 42-110q).
110. Id.
111. Id. (citing Updike, Kelly & Spellacy, P.C. v. Beckett, 269 Conn. 613, 655-656 (2004)).
112. See CAL. CIV. CODE §1936.
113. See N.Y. GEN. Bus. LAW §396-z.
114. See CAL. Civ. CODE §1936.
115. See id.
116. See id.
117. See id.
118. See id.
119. See Trisha Torrey, The Benefits of Electronic Medical Records (EMRs), ABOUT.COM, Feb. 8, 2008, http://patients.about.eom/od/electronicpatientrecords/ a/EMRbenefits.htm.
120. See Trisha Torrey, Limitations of Electronic Patient Record Keeping: Privacy and Security Issues, ABOUT.COM, Feb. 19,2009, http://patients.about.com/ od/electronicpatientrecords/a/privacysecurity.htm.