Augmentation of the renin-angiotensin system by hypercholesterolemia promotes vascular diseases

Future Lipidology

Volumn 3, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 625-636

  Daugherty, Alan ^a   Lu, Hong ^a   Rateri, Debra L ^a   Cassis, Lisa A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

Author keywords

Aneurysms; Angiotensin; Atherosclerosis; Cholesterol; Hypertension

Indexed keywords

ALISKIREN; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANGIOTENSIN 1 RECEPTOR; ANGIOTENSIN 1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANGIOTENSIN II; ATORVASTATIN; CANDESARTAN; CERIVASTATIN; CHOLESTEROL; COLESTYRAMINE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; FLUINDOSTATIN; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 1; PERINDOPRIL; PRAVASTATIN; RAMIPRIL; SIMVASTATIN; TELMISARTAN; TRANDOLAPRIL;

ABDOMINAL AORTA ANEURYSM; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE ACTIVITY; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CELL ADHESION; CELL FUNCTION; CELL INFILTRATION; CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM; CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART MUSCLE CONTRACTILITY; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERTENSION; LEUKOCYTE; LEUKOCYTE ADHERENCE; MONOTHERAPY; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN SECRETION; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STROKE; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION; VASCULAR DISEASE; VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 67149103786     PISSN: 17460875     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2217/17460875.3.6.625     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Raizada MK, Ferreira AJ: ACE2: a new target for Cardiovascular disease therapeutics. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 50, 112-119 (2007).
2. Carey RM, Siragy HM: Newly recognized components of the renin-angiotensin system: potential roles in cardiovascular and renal regulation. Endocrin. Rev. 24, 261-271 (2003).
3. Goldstein JL, Brown MS: Binding and degradation of low density lipoproteins by cultured human fibroblasts. Comparison of cells from a normal subject and from a patient with homozygous familial. hypercholesterolemia. J. Biol. Chem. 249, 5153-5162 (1974).
4. Krieger M, Herz J: Structures and functions of multiligand lipoprotein receptors: macrophage scavenger receptors and LDL receptor-related protein (LRP). Ann. Rev. Biochem. 63, 601-637 (1994).
5. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR et al.: Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection,. Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension 42, 1206-1252 (2003).
6. Lloyd-Jones DM, Evans JC, Larson MG, O'Donnell CJ, Wilson PW, Levy D: Cross-classification of JNC VI blood pressure stages and risk groups in the Framingham Heart Study. Arch. Intern. Med. 159, 2206-2212 (1999).
7. Glorioso N, Troffa C, Filigheddu F et al.: Effect of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension and primary hypercholesterolemia. Hypertension 34, 1281-1286 (1999).
8. Golomb BA, Dimsdale JE, White HL, Ritchie JB, Criqui MH: Reduction in blood pressure with statins: results from the UCSD Statin Study, a randomized trial. Arch. Intern. Med. 168, 721-727 (2008).
9. Tonolo G, Melis MG, Formato M et al.: Additive effects of Simvastatin beyond its effects on LDL cholesterol in hypertensive Type 2 diabetic patients. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 30, 980-987 (2090).
10. Borghi C, Veronesi M, Prandin MG, Dormi A, Ambrosioni E: Statins and blood pressure regulation. Curr. Hypertens. Rep. 3, 281-288 (2001).
11. Goldstein JL, Brown MS: Regulation of the mevalonate pathway. Nature 343, 425-430 (1990).
12. Yang R, Powell-Braxton L, Ogaoawara AK et al.: Hypertension and endothelial dysfunction. in apolipoprotein E knockout mice: Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 19, 2762-2768 (1999).
13. Trieu VN, Uckun FM: Male-associated hypertension in LDL-R deficient mice. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 247, 277-279 (1998).
14. Lu H, Rateri DL, Feldman DL et al.: Renin inhibition reduces hypercholesterolemia-induced atherosclerosis in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 118, 984-993 (2008).
15. Nickenig G, Sachinidis A, Michaelsen F, Bohm M, Seewald S, Vetter H: Upregulation of vascular angiotensin II receptor gene expression by low-density lipoprotein in vascular smooth muscle cells. Circulation 95, 473-478 (1997).
16. Parini P, Johansson L, Broijersen A, Angelin B, Rudling M: Lipoprotein profiles in plasma and interstitial fluid analyzed with an automated gel-filtration system. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 36, 98-104 (2006).
17. Ichiki T, Takeda K, Tokunou T et al.: Downregulation of angiotensin II type 1 receptor by hydrophobic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors in vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 21, 1896-1901 (2001).
18. Catar RA, Muller G, Heidler J, Schmitz G, Bornstein SR, Morawietz H: Low-density lipoproteins induce the renin-angiotensin system and their receptors in human endothelial cells. Horm. Metab. Res. 39, 801-805 (2007).
19. Li DY, Singh RM, Liu L et al.: Oxidized-LDL through LOX-1 increases the expression of angiotensin converting enzyme in human coronary artery endothelial cells. Cardiovasc. Res. 57, 238-243 (2003).
20. Nickenig G, Jung O, Strehlow K et al.: Hypercholesterolemia is associated with enhanced angiotensin AT1-receptor expression. Am. J. Physiol. 272, H2701-H2707 (1997).
21. Yang BC, Phillips MI, Mohuczy D et al.: Increased angiotensin II type 1 receptor expression in hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis in rabbits. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 18, 1433-1439 (1998).
22. Warnholtz A, Nickenig G, Schulz E et al.: Increased NADH-oxidase-mediated superoxide production in the early stages of atherosclerosis - evidence for involvement of the renin - angiotensin system. Circulation 99, 2027-2033 (1999).
23. Dam JPM, Vleeming W, Riezebos J, Post MJ, Porsius AJ, Wemer J: Effects of hypercholesterolemia on the contractions to angiotensin II in the isolated aorta and iliac artery of the rabbit: role of arachidonic acid metabolites. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 30, 118-123 (1997).
24. van der Harst P, Wagenaar LJ, Buikema H et al.: Effect of intensive versus moderate lipid lowering on endothelial function and vascular responsiveness to angiotensin II in stable coronary artery disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 96, 1361-1364 (2005).
25. Morawietz H, Erbs S, Holtz J et al.: Endothelial protection, AT1 blockade and cholesterol-dependent oxidative stress: the EPAS trial. Circulation 114, 1296-1301 (2006).
26. Wassmann S, Hilgers S, Laufs U, Bohm M, Nickenig G: Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonism improves hypercholesterolemia-associated endothelial dysfunction. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 22, 1208-1212 (2002).
27. Nickenig G, Baumer AT, Temur Y, Kebben D, Jockenhovel F, Bohm M: Statin-sensitive dysregulated AT1 receptor function and density in hyperchotesterolemic men. Circulation 100, 2131-2134 (1999).
28. van der Linde NA, Sijbrands EJ, Boomsma F, van den Meiracker AH: Effect of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol on angiotensin II sensitivity: a randomized trial with fluvastatin. Hypertension 47, 1125-1130 (2006).
29. Daugherty A, Rateri DL, Lu H, Inagami T, Cassis LA: Hypercholesterolemia stimulates angiotensin peptide synthesis and contributes to atherosclerosis through the AT1A receptor. Circulation 110, 3849-3857 (2004).
30. Cassis LA, Huang J, Gong MC, Daugherty A: Role of metabolism and receptor responsiveness in the attenuated responses to Angiotensin II in mice compared with rats. Regul. Pept. 117, 107-116 (2004).
31. Borghi C, Veronesi M, Cosentino E et al.: Interaction between serum cholesterol levels and the renin-angiotensin system on the new onset of arterial hypertension in subjects with high-normal blood pressure. J. Hypertens. 25, 2051-2057(2007).
32. Boustany CM, Bharadwaj K, Daugherty A, Brown DR, Randall DC, Cassis LA: Activation of the systemic and adipose renin-angiotensin system in rats with diet-induced obesity and hyper tension. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 287, R943-R949 (2004).
33. Boustany CM, Brown DR, Randall DC, Cassis LA: AT1-receptor antagonism reverses the blood pressure elevation associated with diet-induced obesity. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 289, R181-R186 (2005).
34. Gupte MN, Boustany-Kari CM, Bharadwaj K et al.: ACE2 is expressed in mouse adipocytes and regulated by a high fat diet. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 295, R781-R788 (2008).
35. Engeli S, Bohnke J, Gorzelniak K et al.: Weight loss and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Hypertension 45, 356-362 (2005).
36. Stary HC, Chandler AB, Glagov S et al.: A definition of initial, fatty streak and intermediate lesions of atherosclerosis - a report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association. Arterioscler. Thromb. 14, 840-856 (1994).
37. Stary HC, Chandler AB, Dinsmore RE et al.: A definition of advanced types of atherosclerotic lesions and a histological classification of atherosclerosis: a report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association. Circulation 92, 1355-1374 (1995).
38. Rader DJ, Daugherty A: Translating molecular discoveries into new therapies for atherosclerosis: Nature 451, 904-913 (2008).
39. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J. Bosch, Davies R, Dagenais G: Effects of an angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med. 342, 145-153 (2000).
40. Lonn EM, Yusuf S, Dzavik V et al.: Effects of ramipril and Vitamin E on atherosclerosis - The Study to Evaluate Carotid Ultrasound Changes in patients treated with Ramipril and vitamin E (SECURE). Circulation 103, 919-925 (2001).
41. Fox KM: Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA study). Lancet 362, 782-788 (2003)
42. Braunwald E, Domanski MJ, Fowler SE et al.: Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition in stable coronary artery disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 351, 2058-2068 (2004).
43. Dagenais GR, Pogue J, Fox K, Simoons ML, Yusuf S: Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors in stable vascular disease without left ventricular systolic dysfunction or heart failure: a combined analysis of three trials. Lancet 368, 581-588 (2006).
44. Smith SC Jr, Allen J, Blair SN et al.: AHA/ACC guidelines for secondary prevention for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2006 update: endorsed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Circulation 113, 2363-2372 (2006).
45. Yusuf S, Teo KK, Pogue J et al.; ONTARGET Investigators: Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N. Engl. J. Med. 358, 1547-1559 (2008).
46. Aberg G, Ferrer P: Effects of captopril on atherosclerosis in cynomolgus monkeys. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 15, S65-S72 (1990).
47. Charpiot P, Rolland PH, Friggi A et al.: ACE inhibition with prindopril and atherogenesis-induced structural and functional changes in minipig arteries. Arterio. Thromb. 13, 1125-1138 (1993).
48. Campbell JH, Fennessy P, Campbell GR: Effect of perindopril on the development of atherosclerosis in the cholesterol-fed rabbit. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 19, 13-17 (1992).
49. Kowala MC, Grove RL, Aberg G: Inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme decrease early atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic hamsters. Fosinopril reduces plasma cholesterol and captopril inhibits macrophage-foam cell accumulation independently of blood pressure and plasma lipids. Atherosclerosis 108(1), 61-72 (1994).
50. Hayek T, Attias J, Coleman R et al.: The angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, fosinopril, and the angiotensin II receptor antagonist, losartan, inhibit LDL oxidation and attenuate atherosclerosis independent of lowering blood pressure in apolipoprotein E deficient mice. Cardiovasc. Res. 44, 579-587 (1999).
51. Schuh JR, Blehm DJ, Frierdich GE, McMahon EG, Blaine EH: Differential effects of renin-angiotensin system blockade on atherogenesis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. J. Clin. Invest. 91, 1453-1458 (1993).
52. Li J, Hirose N, Kawamura M, Arai Y: Antiatherogenic effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (benazepril) and angiotensin II receptor antagonist (valsartan) in the cholesterol-fed rabbits. Atherosclerosis 143, 315-326 (1999).
53. Makaritsis KP, Gavras H, Du Y, Chobanian AV, Brecher P: α (1)-adrenergic plus angiotensin receptor blockade reduces atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E deficient mice. Hypertension 32, 1044-1048 (1998).
54. Suzuki J, Iwai M, Li Z et al.: Effect of combination of calcium antagonist, azelnidipine, and AT1 receptor blocker, olmesartan, on atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J. Hypertens. 23, 1383-1389 (2005).
55. 2+ channel blockade on atherosclerosis, inflammatory gene expression, and production of reactive oxygen species. Atherosclerosis 195, 39-47 (2007).
56. Strawn WB, Chappell MC, Dean RH, Kivlighn S, Ferrario CM: Inhibition of early atherogenesis by losartan in monkeys with diet-induced hypercholesterolemia. Circulation 101, 1586-1593 (2000).
57. Wassmann S, Czech T, Van Eickels M, Fleming I, Bohm M, Nickenig G: Inhibition of diet-induced atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction in apolipoprotein E/Angiotensin II type 1A receptor double-knockout mice. Circulation 110, 3062-3067 (2004).
58. Li Z, Iwai M. Wu L et al.: Fluvastatin enhances the inhibitory effects of a selective AT1 receptor blocker, valsartan, on atherosclerosis. Hypertension 44, 758-763 (2004).
59. Lu H, Cassis LA, Daugherty A: Atherosclerosis and arterial blood pressure in mice. Curr. Drug Targets. 8, 1181-1189 (2007).
60. Nussberger J, Aubert JF, Boozourene K, Pellegrin M, Hayoz D, Mazzolai L: Renin inhibition by aliskiren prevents atherosclerosis progression: comparison with irbesartan, atenolol, and amlodipine. Hypertension 51, 1306-1311 (2008).
61. Imanishi T, Tsujioka H, Ikejima H et al.: Renin inhibitor aliskiren improves impaired nitric oxide bioavailability and protects against atherosclerotic changes. Hypertension 52, 563-572 (2008).
62. Daugherty A, Manning MW, Cassis LA: Angiotensin II promotes atherosclerotic lesions and aneurysms in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J. Clin. Invest. 105, 1605-1612 (2000).
63. -/- mice. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 892, 108-118 (1999).
64. Weiss D, Kools JJ, Taylor WR: Angiotensin II-induced hypertension accelerates the development of atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice. Circulation 103, 448-454 (2001).
65. Bruemmer D, Collins AR, Noh G et al.: Angiotensin II accelerated atherosclerosis and aneurysm formation is attenuated in osteopontin deficient mice. J. Clin. Invest. 112, 1318-1331 (2003).
66. Ishibashi M, Egashira K, Zhao Q et al.: Bone marrow-derived monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 receptor CCR2 is critical in angiotensin II-induced acceleration of atherosclerosis and aneurysm formation in hypercholesterolemic mice. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 24, E174-E178 (2004).
67. Ayabe N, Babaev VR, Tang Y et al.: Transiently heightened angiotensin II has distinct effects on atherosclerosis and aneurysm formation in hyperlipidemic mice. Atherosclerosis 184, 312-321 (2005).
68. Henriques TA, Huang J, D'Souza SS, Daugherty A, Cassis LA: Orchiectomy, but not ovariectomy, regulates angiotensin II-induced vascular diseases in apolipoprotein E deficient mice. Endocrinology 145, 3866-3872 (2004).
69. Henriques T, Zhang X, Yiannikouris FB, Daugherty A, Cassis LA: Androgen increases AT1a receptor expression in abdominal aortas to promote angiotensin II-induced AAAs in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 28, 1251-1256 (2008).
70. Hansson GK: Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 352, 1685-1695 (2005).
71. Cassis LA, Rateri DL, Lu H, Daugherty A: Bone marrow transplantation reveals that recipient AT1a receptors are required to initiate angiotensin II-induced atherosclerosis and aneurysms. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 27, 380-386 (2007).
72. Fukuda D, Sara M, Ishizaka N, Nagai R: critical role of bone marrow angiotensin II type 1 receptor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E deficient mice. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 28, 90-96 (2007).
73. Kim JA, Berliner JA, Nadler JL: Angiotensin II increases monocyte binding to endothelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 226, 862-868 (1996).
74. Grafe M, Auch-Schwelk W, Zakrzewicz A et al.: Angiotensin II-induced leukocyte adhesion on human coronary endothelial cells is mediated by E-selectin. Circ. Res. 81, 804-811 (1997).
75. Pueyo ME, Gonzalez W, Nicoletti A, Savoie F, Arnal JF, Michel JB: Angiotensin II stimulates endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 via nuclear factor-κB activation induced by intracellular oxidative stress. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 20, 645-651 (2000).
76. Chen XL, Tummala PE, Olbrych MT, Alexander RW, Medford RM: Angiotensin II induces monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 gene expression in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ. Res. 83, 952-995 (1998).
77. Gu L, Okada Y, Clinton SK et al.: Absence of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 reduces atherosclerosis in low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice. Mol. Cell 2, 275-281 (1998).
78. Bush E, Maeda N, Kuziel WA et al.: CC chemokine receptor 2 is required for macrophage infiltration and vascular hypertrophy in angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Hypertension 36, 360-363 (2000).
79. Kunieda T, Minamino T, Nishi JI et al.: Angiotensin II induces premature senescence of vascular smooth muscle cells and accelerates the development of atherosclerosis via a p21-dependent pathway. Circulation 114, 953-960 (2006).
80. Cui R, Tieu B, Recinos A, Tilton RG, Brasier AR: RhoA mediates angiotensin II-induced phospho-Ser536 nuclear factor-κB/RelA subunit exchange on the interleukin-6 promoter in VSMCs. Circ. Res. 99, 723-730(2006).
81. Sahar S, Dwarakanath RS, Reddy MA, Lanting L, Todorov I, Natarajan R: Angiotensin II enhances interleukin-18 mediated inflammatory gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells: a novel cross-talk in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Circ. Res. 96, 1064-1071 (2005).
82. Okamura A, Rakugi H, Ohishi M et al.: Upregulation of renin-angiotensin system during differentiation of monocytes to macrophages. J. Hypertens. 17, 537-545 (1999).
83. Diet F, Pratt RE, Berry GJ, Momose N, Gibbons GH, Dzau VJ: Increased accumulation of tissue ACE in human atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. Circulation 94, 2756-2767 (1996).
84. Potter DD, Sobey CG, Tompkins PK, Rossen JD, Heistad DD: Evidence that macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions contain angiotensin II. Circulation 98, 800-807 (1998).
85. Keidar S, Attias J, Heinrich R, Coleman R, Ayiram M: Angiotensin II atherogenicity in apolipoprotein E deficient mice is associated with increased cellular cholesterol biosynthesis. Atherosclerosis 146, 249-257 (1999).
86. Takata Y, Chu V, Collins AR et al.: Transcriptional repression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 gene in macrophages: a novel atherosclerotic effect of angiotensin II. Circ. Res. 97, E88-E96 (2005).
87. Li DY, Zhang YC, Philips MI, Sawamura T, Mehta JL: Upregulation of endothelial receptor for oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LOX-1) in cultured human coronary artery endothelial cells by angiotensin II type 1 receptor activation. Circ. Res. 84, 1043-1049 (1999).
88. Scheidegger KJ, Butler S, Witztum JL: Angiotensin II increases macrophage-mediated modification of low density lipoprotein via a lipoxygenase-dependent pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 21609-21615 (1997).
89. Thompson MM, Bell PR: ABC of arterial and venous disease. Arterial aneurysms. B. Med. J. 320, 1193-1196 (2000).
90. Baxter BT, Terrin MC, Dalman RL: Medical management of small abdominal aortic aneurysms. Circulation 117, 1883-1889
91. Hackam DG, Thiruchelvam D, Redelmeier DA: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and aortic rupture: a population-based case-control study. Lancet 368, 659-665 (2006).
92. Daugherty A, Cassis LA: Mouse models of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 24, 429-434 (2004).
93. Tangirala RK, Rubin EM, Palinski W: Quantitation of atherosclerosis in murine models: correlation between lesions in the aortic origin and in the entire aorta, and differences in the extent of lesions between sexes in LDL receptor-deficient and apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J. Lipid Res. 36, 2320-2328 (1995).
94. Lu H, Rateri DL, Cassis LA, Daugherty A: The role of the renin-angiotensin system in aortic aneurysmal diseases. Curr. Hypertens. Rep. 10, 99-106 (2008).
95. Manning MW, Cassis LA, Huang J, Szilvassy SJ, Daugherty A: Abdominal aortic aneurysms: fresh insights from a novel animal model of the disease. Vasc. Med. 7, 45-54 (2002).
96. Deng GG, Martin-McNulty B, Sukovich DA et al.: Urokinase-type plasminogen activator plays a critical role in angiotensin II-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm. Circ. Res. 92, 510-517 (2003).
97. King VL, Trivedi D, Gitlin JM, Loftin CD: Selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition with celecoxib decreases angiotensin II-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm formation in mice. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 26, 1137-1143 (2006).
98. Ni W, Kitamoto S, Ishibashi M et al.: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 is an essential inflammatory mediator in angiotensin II-induced progression of established atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic mice. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 24, 1334-539 (2004).
99. Ahluwalia N, Lin AY, Tager AM et al.: Inhibited aortic aneurysm formation in BLT1-deficient mice. J. Immunol. 179, 691-697 (2007).
100. Saraff K, Babamusta F, Cassis LA, Daugherty A: Aortic dissection precedes formation of aneurysms and atherosclerosis in angiotensin II-infused, apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 23, 1621-1626 (2003).