Race and gender differences in general internists' annual incomes

Journal of General Internal Medicine

Volumn 21, Issue 11, 2006, Pages 1167-1171

  Weeks, William B ^a,b,c   Wallace, Amy E ^a,b  

^a VA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b DARTMOUTH MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^c VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Gender; Physician income; Race

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CAUCASIAN; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTERNAL MEDICINE; JOB PERFORMANCE; MALE; MEDICAL SOCIETY; MEDICAL SPECIALIST; NEGRO; NORMAL HUMAN; PHYSICIAN INCOME; RACE DIFFERENCE; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SEX DIFFERENCE;

AFRICAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; CONTINENTAL POPULATION GROUPS; DATA COLLECTION; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; FEMALE; HUMANS; INCOME; INTERNAL MEDICINE; MALE; PHYSICIANS; PHYSICIANS, FAMILY; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SEX FACTORS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 33749379001     PISSN: 08848734     EISSN: 15251497     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00592.x     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Mishel L, Bernstein J, Schmitt J. The State of Working America, 2000-2001. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, NY: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press; 2001.
2. Langwell KM. Differences by sex in economic returns associated with physician specialization. J Health Polit Policy Law. 1982;6:752-61.
3. Ohsfeldt RL, Culler SD. Differences in income between male and female physicians. J Health Econom. 1986;5:335-46.
4. Carr P, Friedman R, Moskowitz M, Kazis L, Weed H. Research, academic rank, and compensation of women and men faculty in academic general internal medicine. J Gen Intern Med. 1992;7:418-23.
5. Baker L. Differences in earnings between male and female physicians. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:960-4.
6. Wallace AE, Weeks WB. Differences in income between male and female primary care physicians. J Am Med Women Assoc. 2002;57:180-4.
7. Ness R, Ukoli F, Hunt S, et al. Salary equity among male and female internists in Pennsylvania. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133:104-10.
8. Thompson T. Selected characteristics of black physicians in the United States, 1972. JAMA. 1974;229:1758-61.
9. Gray LC. The geographic and functional distribution of black physicians: some research and policy considerations. Am J Public Health. 1977;67:519-26.
10. AAMC Data Book. Statistical Information Related to Medical Schools and Teaching Hospitals. Washington, DC: The Association of American Medical Colleges; 2000.
11. Brotherson SE, Rockey PH, Etzel SI. US graduate medical education, 2004-2005. JAMA. 2005;294:1075-82.
12. Pasko T, Seidman B, Birkhead S. Physician Characteristics and Distribution in the US: 2000-2001 Edition. Division of Survey Data Resources. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association; 2000: 338.
13. Corbie-Smith G, Frank E, Nickens H. The intersection of race, gender, and primary care: results from the Women Physicians' Health Study. J Natl Med Assoc. 2000;92:472-80.
14. Komaromy M, Grumbach K, Drake M, et al. The role of black and Hispanic physicians in providing health care for underserved populations. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:1305-10.
15. Xu G, Fields SK, Laine C, Veloski JJ, Barzansky B, Martini CJ. The relationship between the race/ethnicity of generalist physicians and their care for underserved populations. Am J Public Health. 1997;87:817-22.
16. Moy E, Bartman BA. Physician race and care of minority and medically indigent patients. JAMA. 1995;273:1515-20.
17. Gonzalez M, ed. Physician Marketplace Statistics, 1992. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, Center for Health Policy Research; 1992.
18. Gonzalez M, ed. Physician Marketplace Statistics, 1993. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, Center for Health Policy Research; 1993.
19. Gonzalez M, ed. Physician Marketplace Statistics, 1994. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, Center for Health Policy Research; 1994.
20. Gonzalez M, ed. Physician Marketplace Statistics, 1995. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, Center for Health Policy Research; 1996.
21. Gonzalez M, ed. Physician Marketplace Statistics, 1996. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, Center for Health Policy Research; 1997.
22. Gonzalez M, ed. Physician Marketplace Statistics, 1997/98. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, Center for Health Policy Research; 1998.
23. Zhang P, Thran S. Physician Socioeconomic Statistics, 1999-2000. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association Center for Health Policy Research; 1999.
24. Wassenaar J, Thran S. Physician Socioeconomic Statistics, 2000-2002. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association Center for Health Policy Research; 2001.
25. Weeks WB, Wallace AE. Time and money: a retrospective evaluation of the inputs, outputs, efficiency, and incomes of physicians. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:944-8.
26. Conrad DA, Maynard C, Cheadle A, et al. Primary care physician compensation method in medical groups: does it influence the use and cost of health services for enrollees in managed care organizations? JAMA. 1998;279:853-8.
27. Polackek SW, Siebert WS. The Economics of Earnings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1993.
28. Weeks WB, Wallace AE, Wallace MM, Welch HG. A comparison of educational costs and incomes of physicians and other professionals. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:1280-6.
29. Becker ER, Culler S, Ohsfeldt R. Impact of board certification on physician practice characteristics. J Med Edu. 1985;60:9-15.
30. Weil TP. Attracting qualified physicians to underserved areas. Part 2. Pay physicians more to practice in underserved areas. Physician Exec. 1999;25:53-63.
31. Reschovsky JD, Staiti AB. Physician incomes in rural and urban America. Issue Brief/Center for Studying Health System Change. 2005; 92:1-4.
32. Bowen WG, Bok DC. The Shape of the River. Long-Term Consequences of Considering Race in College and University Admissions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 1998.
33. Hadley J, Mitchell JM. The growth of managed care and changes in physicians' incomes, autonomy, and satisfaction, 1991-1997. Int J Health Care Financ Econom. 2002;2:37-50.
34. Hadley J, Mitchell J. HMO penetration and physicians' earnings. Med Care. 1999;37:1116-27.
35. Levy J, Borowitz M, McNeill S, London W, Savord G. Understanding the Medicare Fee Schedule and its impact on physicians under the final rule. Med Care. 1992;30:80-NS93.
36. Weeks WB, Wallace AE. Medicare payment changes and physicians' incomes. J Health Care Finance. 2002;29:18-26.
37. Berwick DM. A user's manual for the IOM's 'Quality Chasm' report. Health Affairs. 2002;21:80-90.