메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 95, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 1-12

White on green: Under-snow microbial processes and trace gas fluxes through snow, Niwot Ridge, Colorado Front Range

Author keywords

Carbon dioxide; Isotopes; Microbes; Nitrogen oxides; Nitrous oxide; Respiration; Snow; Volatile inorganic and organic gases; Winter

Indexed keywords

AIR-SNOW INTERACTION; BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE; CARBON DIOXIDE; CRYOSPHERE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GAS EXCHANGE; ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS; MICROBIAL ACTIVITY; NITROGEN OXIDES; OZONE; SNOW COVER; SNOWPACK; TRACE GAS; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND;

EID: 66149091066     PISSN: 01682563     EISSN: 1573515X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10533-009-9330-z     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (28)

References (84)
  • 2
    • 70349690107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blanken PD, Williams MW, Burns SP, Monson RK, Knowles J, Chowanski K, Ackerman T (2009) A comparison of water and carbon dioxide exchange at a windy alpine tundra and subalpine forest site near Niwot Ridge, Colorado. Biogeochemistry. doi:10.1007/s10533-009-9325-9
    • Blanken PD, Williams MW, Burns SP, Monson RK, Knowles J, Chowanski K, Ackerman T (2009) A comparison of water and carbon dioxide exchange at a windy alpine tundra and subalpine forest site near Niwot Ridge, Colorado. Biogeochemistry. doi:10.1007/s10533-009-9325-9.
  • 3
    • 36048933757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ozone in interstitial air of the mid-latitude, seasonal snowpack at Niwot Ridge, Colorado
    • Bocquet F, Helmig D, Oltmans SJ (2007) Ozone in interstitial air of the mid-latitude, seasonal snowpack at Niwot Ridge, Colorado. Arct Antarct Alp Res 39:375-387.
    • (2007) Arct Antarct Alp Res , vol.39 , pp. 375-387
    • Bocquet, F.1    Helmig, D.2    Oltmans, S.J.3
  • 4
    • 0036932229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 13C content of ecosystem respiration is linked to precipitation and vapor pressure deficit
    • doi:10.1007/s00442-001-0851-y
    • 13C content of ecosystem respiration is linked to precipitation and vapor pressure deficit. Oecologia 131:113-124. doi:10.1007/s00442-001-0851-y.
    • (2002) Oecologia , vol.131 , pp. 113-124
    • Bowling, D.R.1    McDowell, N.G.2    Bond, B.J.3    Law, B.E.4    Ehleringer, J.R.5
  • 8
    • 0033208433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Snowpack controls on N cycling and export in seasonally snow-covered catchments
    • doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199910)13:14/15<2177::AID-HYP850>3.0.CO;2-V
    • Brooks PD, Williams MW (1999) Snowpack controls on N cycling and export in seasonally snow-covered catchments. Hydrol Process 13:2177-2190. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199910)13:14/15<2177::AID-HYP850>3.0.CO;2-V.
    • (1999) Hydrol Process , vol.13 , pp. 2177-2190
    • Brooks, P.D.1    Williams, M.W.2
  • 9
    • 0029669071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbial activity under alpine snowpacks, Niwot Ridge, Colorado
    • doi:10.1007/BF00000354
    • Brooks PD, Williams MW, Schmidt SK (1996) Microbial activity under alpine snowpacks, Niwot Ridge, Colorado. Biogeochemistry 32:93-113. doi:10.1007/BF00000354.
    • (1996) Biogeochemistry , vol.32 , pp. 93-113
    • Brooks, P.D.1    Williams, M.W.2    Schmidt, S.K.3
  • 10
    • 0030889026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2O from alpine tundra; environmental controls and relationship to inter-system C and N fluxes
    • 2O from alpine tundra; environmental controls and relationship to inter-system C and N fluxes. Oecologia 110:403-413.
    • (1997) Oecologia , vol.110 , pp. 403-413
    • Brooks, P.D.1    Schmidt, S.K.2    Williams, M.W.3
  • 11
    • 0031659814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inorganic nitrogen and microbial biomass dynamics before and during spring snowmelt
    • doi:10.1023/A:1005947511910
    • Brooks PD, Williams MW, Schmidt SK (1998) Inorganic nitrogen and microbial biomass dynamics before and during spring snowmelt. Biogeochemistry 43:1-15. doi:10.1023/A:1005947511910.
    • (1998) Biogeochemistry , vol.43 , pp. 1-15
    • Brooks, P.D.1    Williams, M.W.2    Schmidt, S.K.3
  • 12
    • 13944271418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon limitation of soil respiration under winter snowpacks: Potential feedbacks between growing season and winter carbon fluxes
    • doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00877.x
    • Brooks PD, McKnight D, Elder K (2005) Carbon limitation of soil respiration under winter snowpacks: potential feedbacks between growing season and winter carbon fluxes. Glob Chang Biol 11:231-238. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00877.x.
    • (2005) Glob Chang Biol , vol.11 , pp. 231-238
    • Brooks, P.D.1    McKnight, D.2    Elder, K.3
  • 15
    • 28544431614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes of the 0°C isotherm and the equilibrium line altitude in central chile during the last quarter of the twentieth century
    • doi:10.1623/hysj.2005.50.6.933
    • Carrasco JF, Casassa G, Quimtana J (2005) Changes of the 0°C isotherm and the equilibrium line altitude in central chile during the last quarter of the twentieth century. Hydrol Sci J 50:933-948. doi:10.1623/hysj.2005.50.6.933.
    • (2005) Hydrol Sci J , vol.50 , pp. 933-948
    • Carrasco, J.F.1    Casassa, G.2    Quimtana, J.3
  • 16
    • 0004202343 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Chernov Y (1985) The living tundra. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
    • (1985) The Living Tundra
    • Chernov, Y.1
  • 17
    • 4043105439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Satellite-observed changes in the Arctic
    • (August), doi:10.1063/1.1801866
    • Comiso JC, Parkinson CL (2004) Satellite-observed changes in the Arctic. Phys Today 3:8-44. doi:10.1063/1.1801866 (August).
    • (2004) Phys Today , vol.3 , pp. 8-44
    • Comiso, J.C.1    Parkinson, C.L.2
  • 18
    • 38849147048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arctic sea ice extent plummets in 2007
    • doi:10.1029/2008EO020001
    • Drobot S et al (2008) Arctic sea ice extent plummets in 2007. Eos Trans AGU 89:21-28. doi:10.1029/2008EO020001.
    • (2008) Eos Trans AGU , vol.89 , pp. 21-28
    • Drobot, S.1
  • 19
    • 33847761043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in the seasonal snow cover of alpine regions and its effect on soil processes: A review
    • doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2006.10.027
    • Edwards AC, Scalenghe R, Freppaz M (2007) Changes in the seasonal snow cover of alpine regions and its effect on soil processes: a review. Quat Int 162-163:172-181. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2006.10.027.
    • (2007) Quat Int , vol.162-163 , pp. 172-181
    • Edwards, A.C.1    Scalenghe, R.2    Freppaz, M.3
  • 20
    • 70349653185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Filippa G, Freppaz M, Williams MW, Helmig D, Liptzin D, Seok B, Hall B & Chowanski K (2009) Winter and summer nitrous oxide and nitric oxide fluxes from a seasonally snow-covered subalpine meadow at Niwot Ridge, Colorado. Biogeochemistry. doi:10.1007/s10533-009-9304-1
    • Filippa G, Freppaz M, Williams MW, Helmig D, Liptzin D, Seok B, Hall B & Chowanski K (2009) Winter and summer nitrous oxide and nitric oxide fluxes from a seasonally snow-covered subalpine meadow at Niwot Ridge, Colorado. Biogeochemistry. doi:10.1007/s10533-009-9304-1.
  • 23
    • 0035697851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colder soils in a warmer world: A snow manipulation study in a northern hardwood forest ecosystem
    • doi:10.1023/A:1013039830323
    • Groffman PM et al (2001) Colder soils in a warmer world: a snow manipulation study in a northern hardwood forest ecosystem. Biogeochemistry 56(2):135-150. doi:10.1023/A:1013039830323.
    • (2001) Biogeochemistry , vol.56 , Issue.2 , pp. 135-150
    • Groffman, P.M.1
  • 26
    • 70349665219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Helmig D, Apel EC, Balke D, Ganzeveld L, Lefer B, Swanson AL (2009a) Release and uptake of volatile inorganic and organic gases through the deep, winter snowpack at Niwot Ridge, Colorado. Biogeochemistry. doi:10.1007/s10533-009-9326-8
    • Helmig D, Apel EC, Balke D, Ganzeveld L, Lefer B, Swanson AL (2009a) Release and uptake of volatile inorganic and organic gases through the deep, winter snowpack at Niwot Ridge, Colorado. Biogeochemistry. doi:10.1007/s10533-009-9326-8.
  • 27
    • 70349678421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluxes and chemistry of nitrogen oxides in the Niwot Ridge, Colorado, snowpack
    • doi:10.1007/s10533-009-9312-1
    • Helmig D, Seok B, Williams MW, Hueber J, Sanford RJ (2009b) Fluxes and chemistry of nitrogen oxides in the Niwot Ridge, Colorado, snowpack. Biogeochemistry. doi:10.1007/s10533-009-9312-1.
    • (2009) Biogeochemistry
    • Helmig, D.1    Seok, B.2    Williams, M.W.3    Hueber, J.4    Sanford, R.J.5
  • 33
    • 0033508872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 in Arctic snow cover: Landscape form, in-pack gas concentration gradients, and the implications for the estimation of gaseous fluxes
    • 2 in Arctic snow cover: landscape form, in-pack gas concentration gradients, and the implications for the estimation of gaseous fluxes. Hydrol Process 13:2977-2989.
    • (1999) Hydrol Process , vol.13 , pp. 2977-2989
    • Jones, H.G.1    Pomeroy, J.W.2    Davies, T.D.3    Tranter, M.4    Marsh, P.5
  • 36
    • 11944268404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-term variations in δ13C of ecosystem respiration reveals link between assimilation and respiration in a deciduous forest
    • Knohl A, Werner RA, Brand WA, Buchmann N (2005) Short-term variations in δ13C of ecosystem respiration reveals link between assimilation and respiration in a deciduous forest. Oecologia 142:70-82.
    • (2005) Oecologia , vol.142 , pp. 70-82
    • Knohl, A.1    Werner, R.A.2    Brand, W.A.3    Buchmann, N.4
  • 37
    • 15844368293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of groups of cooperating bacteria and the growth rate versus yield trade-off
    • Kreft JU, Bonhoeffer S (2005) The evolution of groups of cooperating bacteria and the growth rate versus yield trade-off. Microbiol 151:637-641.
    • (2005) Microbiol , vol.151 , pp. 637-641
    • Kreft, J.U.1    Bonhoeffer, S.2
  • 39
    • 34249949111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Respiration and microbial dynamics in two subarctic ecosystems during winter and spring thaw: Effects of increased snow depth
    • Larsen KS, Grogan P, Jonasson S, Michelsen A (2007) Respiration and microbial dynamics in two subarctic ecosystems during winter and spring thaw: effects of increased snow depth. Arct Antarct Alp Res 39:268-276.
    • (2007) Arct Antarct Alp Res , vol.39 , pp. 268-276
    • Larsen, K.S.1    Grogan, P.2    Jonasson, S.3    Michelsen, A.4
  • 40
    • 0037230431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causes of episodic acidification in alpine streams
    • Lepori F, Barbieri A, Ormerod SJ (2003) Causes of episodic acidification in alpine streams. Freshw Biol 48:175-189.
    • (2003) Freshw Biol , vol.48 , pp. 175-189
    • Lepori, F.1    Barbieri, A.2    Ormerod, S.J.3
  • 41
    • 1842657362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbial population dynamics in an extreme environment: Controlling factors in talus soils at 3750 m in the Colorado Rocky Mountains
    • Ley R, Williams MW, Schmidt S (2004) Microbial population dynamics in an extreme environment: controlling factors in talus soils at 3750m in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Biogeochemistry 68(3):297-311.
    • (2004) Biogeochemistry , vol.68 , Issue.3 , pp. 297-311
    • Ley, R.1    Williams, M.W.2    Schmidt, S.3
  • 42
    • 0032839952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Links between microbial population dynamics and nitrogen availability in an alpine ecosystem
    • Lipson DA, Schmidt SK, Monson RK (1999) Links between microbial population dynamics and nitrogen availability in an alpine ecosystem. Ecology 80:1623-1631.
    • (1999) Ecology , vol.80 , pp. 1623-1631
    • Lipson, D.A.1    Schmidt, S.K.2    Monson, R.K.3
  • 43
    • 0034067090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon availability and temperature control the post-snowmelt decline in alpine soil microbial biomass
    • Lipson DA, Schmidt SK, Monson RK (2000) Carbon availability and temperature control the post-snowmelt decline in alpine soil microbial biomass. Soil Biol Biochem 32:441-448.
    • (2000) Soil Biol Biochem , vol.32 , pp. 441-448
    • Lipson, D.A.1    Schmidt, S.K.2    Monson, R.K.3
  • 44
    • 0035128627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An empirical model of amino acid transformations in an alpine soil
    • Lipson DA, Raab TK, Schmidt SK, Monson RK (2001) An empirical model of amino acid transformations in an alpine soil. Soil Biol Biochem 33:189-198.
    • (2001) Soil Biol Biochem , vol.33 , pp. 189-198
    • Lipson, D.A.1    Raab, T.K.2    Schmidt, S.K.3    Monson, R.K.4
  • 45
    • 70349673746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lipson DA, Monson RK, Schmidt SK, Weintraub MN (2009) The trade-off between growth rate and yield in microbial communities and the consequences for under-snow soil respiration in a high-elevation coniferous forest. Biogeochemistry. doi: 10.1007/s10533-008-9252-1
    • Lipson DA, Monson RK, Schmidt SK, Weintraub MN (2009) The trade-off between growth rate and yield in microbial communities and the consequences for under-snow soil respiration in a high-elevation coniferous forest. Biogeochemistry. doi: 10.1007/s10533-008-9252-1.
  • 47
    • 0035034912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil-air exchange of nitric oxide: An overview of processes, environmental factors, and modeling studies
    • Ludwig J, Meixner FX, Vogel B, Forstner J (2001) Soil-air exchange of nitric oxide: an overview of processes, environmental factors, and modeling studies. Biogeochemistry 52:225-257.
    • (2001) Biogeochemistry , vol.52 , pp. 225-257
    • Ludwig, J.1    Meixner, F.X.2    Vogel, B.3    Forstner, J.4
  • 48
    • 35349008550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 4 in boreal agricultural soil during winter as affected by snow cover
    • 4 in boreal agricultural soil during winter as affected by snow cover. Tellus B Chem Phys Meteorol 59(5):853-859.
    • (2007) Tellus B Chem Phys Meteorol , vol.59 , Issue.5 , pp. 853-859
    • Maljanen, M.1
  • 50
    • 44449096142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting and understanding ecosystem responses to climate change at continental scales
    • doi:10.1890/070165
    • Marshall JD, Blair JM, Peters D, Okin G, Rango A, Williams MW (2008) Predicting and understanding ecosystem responses to climate change at continental scales. Front Ecol Environ 6(5):273-280. doi:10.1890/070165.
    • (2008) Front Ecol Environ , vol.6 , Issue.5 , pp. 273-280
    • Marshall, J.D.1    Blair, J.M.2    Peters, D.3    Okin, G.4    Rango, A.5    Williams, M.W.6
  • 51
    • 34548117140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 in permeable media induced by atmospheric pressure fluctuations: 1. an analytical model
    • 2 in permeable media induced by atmospheric pressure fluctuations: 1. an analytical model. J Geophys Res-Biogeosci 111:14.
    • (2006) J Geophys Res-Biogeosci , vol.111 , pp. 14
    • Massman, W.J.1
  • 56
    • 32544444625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Winter forest soil respiration controlled by climate and microbial community composition
    • doi:10.1038/nature04555
    • Monson RK, Lipson DL, Burns SP, Turnipseed AA, Delany AC, Williams MW, Schmidt SK (2006a) Winter forest soil respiration controlled by climate and microbial community composition. Nature 439(7077):711-714. doi:10.1038/nature04555.
    • (2006) Nature , vol.439 , Issue.7077 , pp. 711-714
    • Monson, R.K.1    Lipson, D.L.2    Burns, S.P.3    Turnipseed, A.A.4    Delany, A.C.5    Williams, M.W.6    Schmidt, S.K.7
  • 57
    • 34248587314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The contribution of beneath snow soil respiration to total ecosystem respiration in a high-elevation, subalpine forest
    • doi:10.1029/2005GB00268,4
    • Monson RK, Burns SP, Williams MW, Delany AC, Weintraub M, Lipson DL (2006b) The contribution of beneath snow soil respiration to total ecosystem respiration in a high-elevation, subalpine forest. Global Biogeochem Cycles 20(GB3030):1-13. doi:10.1029/2005GB00268,4.
    • (2006) Global Biogeochem Cycles , vol.20 , Issue.GB3030 , pp. 1-13
    • Monson, R.K.1    Burns, S.P.2    Williams, M.W.3    Delany, A.C.4    Weintraub, M.5    Lipson, D.L.6
  • 59
    • 34548125269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deeper snow enhances winter respiration from both plant-associated and bulk soil carbon pools in birch hummock tundra
    • Nobrega S, Grogan P (2007) Deeper snow enhances winter respiration from both plant-associated and bulk soil carbon pools in birch hummock tundra. Ecosystems 10(3):419-431.
    • (2007) Ecosystems , vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp. 419-431
    • Nobrega, S.1    Grogan, P.2
  • 60
    • 0035917865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cooperation and competition in the evolution of ATP-producing pathways
    • Pfeiffer T, Schuster S, Bonhoeffer S (2001) Cooperation and competition in the evolution of ATP-producing pathways. Science 292:504-507.
    • (2001) Science , vol.292 , pp. 504-507
    • Pfeiffer, T.1    Schuster, S.2    Bonhoeffer, S.3
  • 61
    • 33645892277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of ecosystem water-use efficiency among Douglas-fir forest, aspen forest and grassland using eddy covariance and carbon isotope techniques
    • Ponton S, Flanagan LB, Alstad KP, Johnson BG, Morgenstern K, Kljun N, Black TA, Barr AG (2006) Comparison of ecosystem water-use efficiency among Douglas-fir forest, aspen forest and grassland using eddy covariance and carbon isotope techniques. Glob Chang Biol 12:294-310.
    • (2006) Glob Chang Biol , vol.12 , pp. 294-310
    • Ponton, S.1    Flanagan, L.B.2    Alstad, K.P.3    Johnson, B.G.4    Morgenstern, K.5    Kljun, N.6    Black, T.A.7    Barr, A.G.8
  • 62
    • 0041689684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal dynamics of previously unknown fungal lineages in tundra soils
    • Schadt CW, Martin AP, Lipson DA, Schmidt SK (2003) Seasonal dynamics of previously unknown fungal lineages in tundra soils. Science 301:1359-1361.
    • (2003) Science , vol.301 , pp. 1359-1361
    • Schadt, C.W.1    Martin, A.P.2    Lipson, D.A.3    Schmidt, S.K.4
  • 63
    • 1842739097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbial growth under the snow: Implications for nutrient and alleochemical availability in temperate soils
    • Schmidt SK, Lipson DA (2004) Microbial growth under the snow: implications for nutrient and alleochemical availability in temperate soils. Plant Soil 259:1-7.
    • (2004) Plant Soil , vol.259 , pp. 1-7
    • Schmidt, S.K.1    Lipson, D.A.2
  • 64
    • 53749104916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phylogeny and ecophysiology of opportunistic "snow molds" from a sub-alpine forest ecosystem
    • doi:10.1007/s00248-008-9387-6
    • Schmidt SK, Wilson KL, Gebauer MM, Meyer AF, King AJ (2008a) Phylogeny and ecophysiology of opportunistic "snow molds" from a sub-alpine forest ecosystem. Microb Ecol. doi:10.1007/s00248-008-9387-6.
    • (2008) Microb Ecol
    • Schmidt, S.K.1    Wilson, K.L.2    Gebauer, M.M.3    Meyer, A.F.4    King, A.J.5
  • 66
    • 70349683179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schmidt SK, Wilson KL, Monson RK, Lipson DA. (2009) Exponential growth of "snow molds" at sub-zero temperatures: an explanation for high beneath-snow respiration rates and Q10 values. Biogeochemistry doi:10.1007/s10533-008-9247-y
    • Schmidt SK, Wilson KL, Monson RK, Lipson DA. (2009) Exponential growth of "snow molds" at sub-zero temperatures: an explanation for high beneath-snow respiration rates and Q10 values. Biogeochemistry doi:10.1007/s10533-008-9247-y.
  • 67
    • 70349670898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An automated system for continuous measurements of trace gas fluxes through snow: An evaluation of the gas diffusion method at a subalpine forest site, Niwot Ridge, Colorado
    • doi:10.1007/s10533-009-9302-3
    • Seok B, Williams MW, Helmig D, Liptzin D, Chowanski K, Hueber J (2009) An automated system for continuous measurements of trace gas fluxes through snow: an evaluation of the gas diffusion method at a subalpine forest site, Niwot Ridge, Colorado. Biogeochemistry. doi:10.1007/s10533-009-9302-3.
    • (2009) Biogeochemistry
    • Seok, B.1    Williams, M.W.2    Helmig, D.3    Liptzin, D.4    Chowanski, K.5    Hueber, J.6
  • 69
    • 0027437113 scopus 로고
    • 2O flux through a Wyoming snowpack, and implications for global budgets
    • 2O flux through a Wyoming snowpack, and implications for global budgets. Nature 361:140-143.
    • (1993) Nature , vol.361 , pp. 140-143
    • Sommerfeld, R.A.1    Mosier, A.R.2    Musselmann, R.C.3
  • 71
    • 33847055839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Continuous estimation of winter carbon dioxide efflux from the snow surface in a deciduous broadleaf forest
    • Suzuki S, Ishizuka S, Kitamura K, Yamanoi K, Nakai Y (2006) Continuous estimation of winter carbon dioxide efflux from the snow surface in a deciduous broadleaf forest. J Geophys Res-Atmos 111:9.
    • (2006) J Geophys Res-Atmos , vol.111 , pp. 9
    • Suzuki, S.1    Ishizuka, S.2    Kitamura, K.3    Yamanoi, K.4    Nakai, Y.5
  • 73
    • 33645510833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evidence for shrub expansion in Northern Alaska and the Pan-Arctic
    • Tape K, Sturm M, Racine C (2006) The evidence for shrub expansion in Northern Alaska and the Pan-Arctic. Glob Chang Biol 12(4):686-702.
    • (2006) Glob Chang Biol , vol.12 , Issue.4 , pp. 686-702
    • Tape, K.1    Sturm, M.2    Racine, C.3
  • 75
    • 70349701387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UNEP (2007) Global Outlook for Snow and Ice. United Nations Environment Programme p 235 ISBN No: 978-92-807-2799-9
    • UNEP (2007) Global Outlook for Snow and Ice. United Nations Environment Programme p 235 ISBN No: 978-92-807-2799-9.
  • 77
    • 0026269296 scopus 로고
    • Precipitation chemistry in and ionic loading to an alpine basin, Sierra Nevada
    • Williams MW, Melack JM (1991a) Precipitation chemistry in and ionic loading to an alpine basin, Sierra Nevada. Water Resour Res 27:1563-1574.
    • (1991) Water Resour Res , vol.27 , pp. 1563-1574
    • Williams, M.W.1    Melack, J.M.2
  • 78
    • 0026269296 scopus 로고
    • Solute chemistry of snowmelt and runoff in an alpine basin, Sierra Nevada
    • Williams MW, Melack JM (1991b) Solute chemistry of snowmelt and runoff in an alpine basin, Sierra Nevada. Water Resour Res 27:1563-1574.
    • (1991) Water Resour Res , vol.27 , pp. 1563-1574
    • Williams, M.W.1    Melack, J.M.2
  • 79
    • 0033675686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Critical loads for inorganic nitrogen deposition in the Colorado Front Range, USA
    • Williams MW, Tonnessen KA (2000) Critical loads for inorganic nitrogen deposition in the Colorado Front Range, USA. Ecol Appl 10(6):1648-1665.
    • (2000) Ecol Appl , vol.10 , Issue.6 , pp. 1648-1665
    • Williams, M.W.1    Tonnessen, K.A.2
  • 80
    • 0029659587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mineral nitrogen transformations in and under seasonal snow in a high-elevation catchment, Rocky Mountains, USA
    • Williams MW, Brooks PD, Mosier A, Tonnessen KA (1996) Mineral nitrogen transformations in and under seasonal snow in a high-elevation catchment, Rocky Mountains, USA. Water Resour Res 32(10):3161-3175.
    • (1996) Water Resour Res , vol.32 , Issue.10 , pp. 3161-3175
    • Williams, M.W.1    Brooks, P.D.2    Mosier, A.3    Tonnessen, K.A.4
  • 81
    • 0031933446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitrogen and carbon soil dynamics in response to climate change in a high-elevation ecosystem in the Rocky Mountains, USA
    • Williams MW, Brooks PD, Seastedt T (1998) Nitrogen and carbon soil dynamics in response to climate change in a high-elevation ecosystem in the Rocky Mountains, USA. Arctic Alpine Res 30:26-30.
    • (1998) Arctic Alpine Res , vol.30 , pp. 26-30
    • Williams, M.W.1    Brooks, P.D.2    Seastedt, T.3
  • 82
    • 0032849431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Data for snowmelt model development, calibration, and verification at an alpine site, Colorado Front Range
    • Williams MW, Cline D, Hartmann M, Bardsley T (1999) Data for snowmelt model development, calibration, and verification at an alpine site, Colorado Front Range. Water Resour Res 35(10):3205-3209.
    • (1999) Water Resour Res , vol.35 , Issue.10 , pp. 3205-3209
    • Williams, M.W.1    Cline, D.2    Hartmann, M.3    Bardsley, T.4
  • 83
    • 70349694340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Storage and release of solutes from a subalpine seasonal snowpack: Soil and stream water response, Niwot Ridge, Colorado
    • doi:10.1007/s10533-009-9288-x
    • Williams MW, Seibold C, Chowanski K (2009) Storage and release of solutes from a subalpine seasonal snowpack: Soil and stream water response, Niwot Ridge, Colorado. Biogeochemistry. doi:10.1007/s10533-009-9288-x.
    • (2009) Biogeochemistry
    • Williams, M.W.1    Seibold, C.2    Chowanski, K.3
  • 84
    • 0029474458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 transport through snow in a boreal forest biogeochemistry of snow-covered catchments. In: Tonnessen K, Williams MW, Tranter M (eds) IAHS Publ 228 pp 61-70
    • 2 transport through snow in a boreal forest biogeochemistry of snow-covered catchments. In: Tonnessen K, Williams MW, Tranter M (eds) IAHS Publ 228 pp 61-70.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.