Psychotropic medication use and cognition in institutionalized older adults with mild to moderate dementia

International Psychogeriatrics

Volumn 21, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 286-294

  Eggermont, Laura H P ^a   De Vries, Kerst ^b   Scherder, Erik J A ^a,c  

^a VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^b Nursing Home St Jacob   (Netherlands)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Antidepressant agents; Antipsychotic agents; Cognitive disorders; Cognitive performance; Homes for the aged; Hypnotics and sedatives; Nursing homes

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ANXIOLYTIC AGENT; ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; HYPNOTIC AGENT; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; SEDATIVE AGENT; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; HYPNOTIC SEDATIVE AGENT; PSYCHOTROPIC AGENT;

AGED; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMORBIDITY; DEMENTIA; DRUG USE; FEMALE; HOME FOR THE AGED; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL PERFORMANCE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; NURSING HOME; RISK ASSESSMENT; CHEMICALLY INDUCED DISORDER; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DRUG COMBINATION; DRUG EFFECT; INSTITUTIONALIZATION; MEMORY; MENTAL HEALTH; NETHERLANDS; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; RECOGNITION;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; ATTENTION; COGNITION DISORDERS; COMORBIDITY; DEMENTIA; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; FEMALE; HOMES FOR THE AGED; HUMANS; HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES; INSTITUTIONALIZATION; MALE; MEMORY; MENTAL STATUS SCHEDULE; NETHERLANDS; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; NURSING HOMES; PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS; RECOGNITION (PSYCHOLOGY);

EID: 65649110839     PISSN: 10416102     EISSN: 1741203X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1041610209008552     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Alexopoulos, G. S., Abrams, R. C., Young, R. C. and Shamoian, C. A. (1988). Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia. Biological Psychiatry, 23, 271-284.
2. Alexopoulos, G. S., Strein, J., Carpenter, D. and Dochtery, J. P. (2004). Expert Consensus Guideline Series: using antipsychotic agents in older patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65, S4-104
3. Allard, J., Artero, S. and Ritchie, K. (2003). Consumption of psychotropic medication in the elderly: a re-evaluation of its effect on cognitive performance. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 874-878. (Pubitemid 37294848)
4. American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
5. Arrindell, W. A. and Ettema, J. H. (1986). SCL-90. Manual for a Multidimensional Psychopathology-indicator. [In Dutch: Handleiding bij een multidimensionele psychopathologie-indicator]. Lisse: Swets and Zeitlinger.
6. Ballard, C. and DART AD investigators (2008). A randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled trial in dementia patients continuing or stopping neuroleptics (the DART-AD trial). PLoS Medicine, 5, e76.
7. Beinhoff, U., Hilbert, V., Bittner, D., Gron, G. and Riepe, M. W. (2005). Screening for cognitive impairment: a triage for outpatient care. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 20, 278-285. (Pubitemid 41442854)
8. Bierman, E. J. et al. (2007). The effect of chronic benzodiazepine use on cognitive functioning in older persons: good, bad or indifferent? International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22, 1194-1200.
9. Brooks, J. O. and Hoblyn, J. C. (2007). Neurocognitive costs and benefits of psychotropic medications in older adults. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 20, 199-214. (Pubitemid 350077301)
10. Burdick, D. J. et al. (2005). Predictors of functional impairment in residents of assisted-living facilities: the Maryland Assisted Living study. Journals of Gerontology: A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 60, 258-264.
11. Caballero, J., Hitchcock, M., Scharre, D., Beversdorf, D. and Nahata, M. C. (2006). Cognitive effects of atypical antipsychotics in patients with Alzheimer's disease and comorbid psychiatric or behavioral problems: a retrospective study. Clinical Therapy, 28, 1695-1700. (Pubitemid 44838896)
12. Cohen, J. (1992). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
13. Cooper, J. W., Freeman, M. H., Cook, C. L. and Burfield, A. H. (2007). Assessment of psychotropic and psychoactive drug loads and falls in nursing facility residents. Consultant Pharmacist, 22, 483-489. (Pubitemid 46954268)
14. Curran, H. V., Collins, R., Fletcher, S., Kee, S. C., Woods, B. and Iliffe, S. (2003). Older adults and withdrawal from benzodiazepine hypnotics in general practice: effects on cognitive function, sleep, mood and quality of life. Psychological Medicine, 33, 1223-1237. (Pubitemid 37265211)
15. Dealberto, M. J., McAvay, G. J., Seeman, T. and Berkman, L. (1997). Psychotropic drug use and cognitive decline among older men and women. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12, 567-574. (Pubitemid 27239061)
16. De Deyn, P. P. et al. (2004). Olanzapine versus placebo in the treatment of psychosis with or without associated behavioral disturbances in patients with Alzheimer's disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 19, 115-126.
17. Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E. and McHugh, P. R. (1975). "Mini-mental state": a practical method of grading cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189-198.
18. Hannesdottir, K. and Morris, R. G. (2007). Primary and secondary anosognosia for memory impairment in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Cortex, 43, 1020-1030. (Pubitemid 47520456)
19. Harrison, B. E. and Therrien, B. (2007). Effect of antipsychotic medication use on memory in patients with Alzheimer's disease: assessing the potential risk for accelerated recent autobiographical memory loss. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 33, 11-20.
20. Hosia-Randell, H. and Pitkälä, K. (2005). Use of psychotropic drugs in elderly nursing home residents with and without dementia in Helsinki, Finland. Drugs and Aging, 22, 793-800.
21. Kennedy, J. et al. (2005). Olanzapine does not enhance cognition in non-agitated and non-psychotic patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20, 1020-1027. (Pubitemid 41723572)
22. Kok, R. M., Heeren, Th. J. and Van Hemert, A. M. (1993). De Geriatric Depression Scale. Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie, 35, 416-421.
23. Kørner, A. et al. (2006). The Geriatric Depression Scale and the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia: a validity study. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 60, 360-364. (Pubitemid 44575513)
24. Lakey, S. L., Gray, S. L., Sales, A. E., Sullivan, J. and Hedrick, S. C. (2006). Psychotropic use in community residential care facilities: a prospective cohort study. American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy, 4, 227-235. (Pubitemid 44739619)
25. Lindeboom, J. and Jonker, C. (1989). Amsterdam Dementia Screening Test, Manual [In Dutch: Amsterdamse Dementie-screeningtest, handleiding]. Lisse: Swets and Zeitlinger.
26. Livingston, G., Walker, A. E., Katona, C. L. and Cooper, C. (2007). Antipsychotics and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease: the LASER-Alzheimer's disease longitudinal study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 78, 25-29. (Pubitemid 46048258)
27. Loewenstein, D. A., Rubert, M. P., Argüelles, T. and Duara, R. (1995). Neuropsychological test performance and prediction of functional capacities among Spanish-speaking and English-speaking patients with dementia. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 10, 75-88.
28. McAndrews, M. P, Weissm, R. T., Sandor, P., Taylor, A., Carlen, P. L. and Shapiro, C. M. (2003). Cognitive effects of long-term benzodiazepine use in older adults. Human Psychopharmacology, 18, 51-57. (Pubitemid 36192958)
29. Mossello, E. et al. (2008). Is antidepressant treatment associated with reduced cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease? Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 25, 372-379. (Pubitemid 351562960)
30. Palmer, K., Berger, A. K., Monastero, R., Winblad, B., Bäckman, L. and Fratiglioni, L. (2007). Predictors of progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer disease. Neurology, 68, 1596-1602. (Pubitemid 46717984)
31. Rabins, P. V. et al. (2007). Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias. American Psychiatric Association. Available at: http://www.psychiatryonline.com/pracGuide/ pracGuideTopic-3.aspx; last accessed June 2008.
32. Reekum, R. et al. (2002). A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the discontinuation of long-term antipsychotics in dementia. International Psychogeriatrics, 14, 197-210.
33. Ruths, S., Straand, J. and Nygaard, H. A. (2001). Psychotropic drug use in nursing homes: diagnostic indications and variations between institutions. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 57, 523-528. (Pubitemid 32930156)
34. Ruths, S., Straand, J., Nygaard, H. A. and Aarsland, D. (2008). Stopping antipsychotic drug therapy in demented nursing home patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled study - The Bergen District Nursing Home Study (BEDNURS). International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 23, 889-895.
35. Schäufele, M., Bickel, H. and Weyerer, S. (2002). Which factors influence cognitive decline in older adults suffering from dementing disorders? International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 1055-1063. (Pubitemid 35363424)
36. Schneider, L. S., Dagerman, K. and Insel, P. S. (2006a). Efficacy and adverse effects of atypical antipsychotics for dementia: meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, 191-210.
37. Schneider, L. S. et al. CATIE-AD Study Group (2006b). Effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic drugs in patients with Alzheimer's disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 355, 1525-1538.
38. Sheridan, P. L. and Hausdorff, J. M. (2007). The role of higher-level cognitive function in gait: executive dysfunction contributes to fall risk in Alzheimer's disease. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 24, 125-137.
39. Snijders, J. T. and Verhage, F. (1983). Groninger Intelligentie Test. Lisse: Swets and Zeitlinger.
40. Snowdon, J., Day, S. and Baker, W. (2006). Current use of psychotropic medication in nursing homes. International Psychogeriatrics, 18, 241-250. (Pubitemid 43829874)
41. Steffens, D. C. (2008). Separating mood disturbance from mild cognitive impairment in geriatric depression. International Review of Psychiatry, 20, 374-381.
42. Teng, E. L. and Manly, J. J. (2005). Neuropsychological testing: helpful or harmful? Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 19, 267-271.
43. Tsoi, T., Baillon, S. and Lindesay, J. (2008). Early frontal executive impairment as a predictor of subsequent behavior disturbance in dementia. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16, 102-108.
44. Tucker, M. and Hosford, I. (2008). Use of psychotropic medicines in residential care facilities for older people in Hawke's Bay, New Zealand. New Zealand Medical Journal, 121, 18-25. (Pubitemid 351850316)
45. Valiyeva, E., Herrmann, N., Rochon, P. A., Gill, S. S. and Anderson, G. M. (2008). Effect of regulatory warnings on antipsychotic prescription rates among elderly patients with dementia: a population-based time-series analysis. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 179, 438-446.
46. Verhage, F. (1964). Intelligence and Age: Research on Dutch People aged Twelve to Seventy-seven Years Old. [In Dutch: Intelligentie en leeftijd: onderzoek bij Nederlanders van twaalf tot zevenenzeventig jaar]. Assen: Van Gorcum.
47. Wadsworth, E. J., Moss, S. C., Simpson, S. A. and Smith, A. P. (2005). Psychotropic medication use and accidents, injuries and cognitive failures. Human Psychopharmacology, 20, 391-400. (Pubitemid 41269696)
48. Wechsler, D. (1987). Wechsler Memory Scale - Revised. New York: The Psychological Corporation.
49. Wilson, B., Cockburn, J. and Baddeley, A. (1987). The Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test. Titchfield: Thames Valley Test Company.