The Science of Wound Bed Preparation

Surgical Clinics of North America

Volumn 89, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 611-626

  Panuncialman, Jaymie ^a   Falanga, Vincent ^a,b  

^a ROGER WILLIAMS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Bacteria; Debridement; Moisture balance; Wound bed preparation

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; CADEXOMER IODINE; GROWTH FACTOR; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE INHIBITOR; SILVER; SILVER NITRATE; SULFADIAZINE SILVER;

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; BACTERIAL COLONIZATION; BIOFILM; CHRONIC WOUND; DEBRIDEMENT; HUMAN; MOISTURE; PATIENT ASSESSMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SCORING SYSTEM; SENESCENCE; WOUND; WOUND CARE; WOUND DRESSING; WOUND HEALING; WOUND HEALING IMPAIRMENT;

CELL PROLIFERATION; DEBRIDEMENT; HUMANS; PROGNOSIS; WOUND HEALING; WOUND INFECTION; WOUNDS AND INJURIES;

EID: 65649101254     PISSN: 00396109     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2009.03.009     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. Xue M., Le N.T., and Jackson C.J. Targeting matrix metalloproteases to improve cutaneous wound healing. Expert Opin Ther Targets 10 1 (2006) 143-155
2. Werner S., and Grose R. Regulation of wound healing by growth factors and cytokines. Physiol Rev 83 3 (2003) 835-870
3. Cole J., and Isik F. Human genomics and microarrays: implications for the plastic surgeon. Plast Reconstr Surg 110 3 (2002) 849-858
4. Brown P.O., and Botstein D. Exploring the new world of the genome with DNA microarrays. Nat Genet 21 1 Suppl (1999) 33-37
5. Iyer V.R., Eisen M.B., Ross D.T., et al. The transcriptional program in the response of human fibroblasts to serum. Science 283 5398 (1999) 83-87
6. Copland J.A., Davies P.J., Shipley G.L., et al. The use of DNA microarrays to assess clinical samples: the transition from bedside to bench to bedside. Recent Prog Horm Res 58 (2003) 25-53
7. Tomic-Canic M., and Brem H. Gene array technology and pathogenesis of chronic wounds. Am J Surg 188 1A Suppl (2004) 67-72
8. Falanga V. Wound bed preparation and the role of enzymes: a case for multiple actions of therapeutic agents. Wounds 14 2 (2002) 47-74
9. Falabella A.F. Debridement and wound bed preparation. Dermatol Ther 19 6 (2006) 317-325
10. Steed D.L., Donohoe D., Webster M.W., et al. Effect of extensive debridement and treatment on the healing of diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetic Ulcer Study Group. J Am Coll Surg 183 1 (1996) 61-64
11. Hellgren L., and Vincent J. Debridement: an essential step in wound healing. In: Westerhof W. (Ed). Leg ulcers: diagnosis and treatment (1993), Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam 305-312
12. Miller J.M. The interaction of papain, urea, and water-soluble chlorophyll in a proteolytic ointment for infected wounds. Surgery 43 6 (1958) 939-948
13. Bonn D. Maggot therapy: an alternative for wound infection. Lancet 356 9236 (2000) 1174
14. Wollina U., Liebold K., Schmidt W.D., et al. Biosurgery supports granulation and debridement in chronic wounds-clinical data and remittance spectroscopy measurement. Int J Dermatol 41 10 (2002) 635-639
15. Falanga V., Saap L.J., and Ozonoff A. Wound bed score and its correlation with healing of chronic wounds. Dermatol Ther 19 6 (2006) 383-390
16. Bowler P.G. The 10(5) bacterial growth guideline: reassessing its clinical relevance in wound healing. Ostomy Wound Manage 49 1 (2003) 44-53
17. White R.J., Cutting K., and Kingsley A. Topical antimicrobials in the control of wound bioburden. Ostomy Wound Manage 52 8 (2006) 26-58
18. Gardner S.E., Frantz R.A., and Doebbeling B.N. The validity of the clinical signs and symptoms used to identify localized chronic wound infection. Wound Repair Regen 9 3 (2001) 178-186
19. Dow G., Browne A., and Sibbald R.G. Infection in chronic wounds: controversies in diagnosis and treatment. Ostomy Wound Manage 45 8 (1999) 23-27 29-40; quiz 41-22
20. Cooper R. Understanding wound infection. In: Calnie S. (Ed). European Wound Management Association. Position document: identifying criteria for wound infection (2005), Mep Ltd, London 2-5
21. Bowler P.G., Duerden B.I., and Armstrong D.G. Wound microbiology and associated approaches to wound management. Clin Microbiol Rev 14 2 (2001) 244-269
22. White R.J., and Cutting K.F. Critical colonization-the concept under scrutiny. Ostomy Wound Manage 52 11 (2006) 50-56
23. Stephens P., Wall I.B., Wilson M.J., et al. Anaerobic cocci populating the deep tissues of chronic wounds impair cellular wound healing responses in vitro. Br J Dermatol 148 3 (2003) 456-466
24. Fuqua W.C., Winans S.C., and Greenberg E.P. Quorum sensing in bacteria: the LuxR-LuxI family of cell density-responsive transcriptional regulators. J Bacteriol 176 2 (1994) 269-275
25. Ceri H., Olson M.E., Stremick C., et al. The Calgary Biofilm Device: new technology for rapid determination of antibiotic susceptibilities of bacterial biofilms. J Clin Microbiol 37 6 (1999) 1771-1776
26. Mertz P.M. Cutaneous biofilms: friend or foe?. Wounds 15 (2003) 129-132
27. Harrison-Balestra C., Cazzaniga A.L., Davis S.C., et al. A wound-isolated Pseudomonas aeruginosa grows a biofilm in vitro within 10 hours and is visualized by light microscopy. Dermatol Surg 29 6 (2003) 631-635
28. Davies C.E., Hill K.E., Newcombe R.G., et al. A prospective study of the microbiology of chronic venous leg ulcers to reevaluate the clinical predictive value of tissue biopsies and swabs. Wound Repair Regen 15 1 (2007) 17-22
29. Levine N.S., Lindberg R.B., Mason Jr. A.D., et al. The quantitative swab culture and smear: a quick, simple method for determining the number of viable aerobic bacteria on open wounds. J Trauma 16 2 (1976) 89-94
30. Armstrong D.G., Liswood P.J., and Todd W.F. 1995 William J. Stickel Bronze Award. Prevalence of mixed infections in the diabetic pedal wound. A retrospective review of 112 infections. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 85 10 (1995) 533-537
31. Bornside G.H., and Bornside B.B. Comparison between moist swab and tissue biopsy methods for quantitation of bacteria in experimental incisional wounds. J Trauma 19 2 (1979) 103-105
32. Thomson P.D., and Smith Jr. D.J. What is infection?. Am J Surg 167 1A (1994) 7S-10S [discussion: 10S-1S]
33. Lawrence J.C. The bacteriology of burns. J Hosp Infect 6 Suppl B (1985) 3-17
34. Vindenes H., and Bjerknes R. Microbial colonization of large wounds. Burns 21 8 (1995) 575-579
35. Bowler P.G., and Davies B.J. The microbiology of infected and noninfected leg ulcers. Int J Dermatol 38 8 (1999) 573-578
36. Sapico F.L., Witte J.L., Canawati H.N., et al. The infected foot of the diabetic patient: quantitative microbiology and analysis of clinical features. Rev Infect Dis 6 Suppl 1 (1984) S171-S176
37. Howell-Jones R.S., Wilson M.J., Hill K.E., et al. A review of the microbiology, antibiotic usage and resistance in chronic skin wounds. J Antimicrob Chemother 55 2 (2005) 143-149
38. Bendy Jr. R.H., Nuccio P.A., Wolfe E., et al. Relationship of quantitative wound bacterial counts to healing of decubiti: effect of topical gentamicin. Antimicrobial Agents Chemother (Bethesda) 10 (1964) 147-155
39. Robson M.C., and Heggers J.P. Bacterial quantification of open wounds. Mil Med 134 1 (1969) 19-24
40. Robson M.C., and Heggers J.P. Delayed wound closure based on bacterial counts. J Surg Oncol 2 4 (1970) 379-383
41. Robson M.C., Lea C.E., Dalton J.B., et al. Quantitative bacteriology and delayed wound closure. Surg Forum 19 (1968) 501-502
42. Raahave D., Friis-Moller A., Bjerre-Jepsen K., et al. The infective dose of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in postoperative wound sepsis. Arch Surg 121 8 (1986) 924-929
43. Majewski W., Cybulski Z., Napierala M., et al. The value of quantitative bacteriological investigations in the monitoring of treatment of ischaemic ulcerations of lower legs. Int Angiol 14 4 (1995) 381-384
44. Trengove N.J., Stacey M.C., McGechie D.F., et al. Qualitative bacteriology and leg ulcer healing. J Wound Care 5 6 (1996) 277-280
45. Kingston D., and Seal D.V. Current hypotheses on synergistic microbial gangrene. Br J Surg 77 3 (1990) 260-264
46. Annoni F., Rosina M., Chiurazzi D., et al. The effects of a hydrocolloid dressing on bacterial growth and the healing process of leg ulcers. Int Angiol 8 4 (1989) 224-228
47. Gilchrist B., and Reed C. The bacteriology of chronic venous ulcers treated with occlusive hydrocolloid dressings. Br J Dermatol 121 3 (1989) 337-344
48. Handfield-Jones S.E., Grattan C.E., Simpson R.A., et al. Comparison of a hydrocolloid dressing and paraffin gauze in the treatment of venous ulcers. Br J Dermatol 118 3 (1988) 425-427
49. Hansson C., Hoborn J., Moller A., et al. The microbial flora in venous leg ulcers without clinical signs of infection. Repeated culture using a validated standardised microbiological technique. Acta Derm Venereol 75 1 (1995) 24-30
50. Sapico F.L., Ginunas V.J., Thornhill-Joynes M., et al. Quantitative microbiology of pressure sores in different stages of healing. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 5 1 (1986) 31-38
51. Saap L., Fahim S., Arsenault E., et al. Contact sensitivity in patients with leg ulcerations: a North American study. Arch Dermatol 140 10 (2004) 1241-1246
52. Fraki J.E., Peltonen L., and Hopsu-Havu V.K. Allergy to various components of topical preparations in stasis dermatitis and leg ulcer. Contact Dermatitis 5 2 (1979) 97-100
53. Eron L.J., Lipsky B.A., Low D.E., et al. Managing skin and soft tissue infections: expert panel recommendations on key decision points. J Antimicrob Chemother 52 Suppl 1 (2003) i3-i17
54. Leaper D.J. Silver dressings: their role in wound management. Int Wound J 3 4 (2006) 282-294
55. Winter G.D. Formation of the scab and the rate of epithelization of superficial wounds in the skin of the young domestic pig. Nature 193 (1962) 293-294
56. Hinman C.D., and Maibach H. Effect of air exposure and occlusion on experimental human skin wounds. Nature 200 (1963) 377-378
57. Drinkwater S.L., Smith A., Sawyer B.M., et al. Effect of venous ulcer exudates on angiogenesis in vitro. Br J Surg 89 6 (2002) 709-713
58. Bucalo B., Eaglstein W.H., and Falanga V. Inhibition of cell proliferation by chronic wound fluid. Wound Repair Regen 1 3 (1993) 181-186
59. Wysocki A.B., Staiano-Coico L., and Grinnell F. Wound fluid from chronic leg ulcers contains elevated levels of metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9. J Invest Dermatol 101 1 (1993) 64-68
60. Trengove N.J., Stacey M.C., MacAuley S., et al. Analysis of the acute and chronic wound environments: the role of proteases and their inhibitors. Wound Repair Regen 7 6 (1999) 442-452
61. Grinnell F., Ho C.H., and Wysocki A. Degradation of fibronectin and vitronectin in chronic wound fluid: analysis by cell blotting, immunoblotting, and cell adhesion assays. J Invest Dermatol 98 4 (1992) 410-416
62. Palfreyman S.J., Nelson E.A., Lochiel R., et al. Dressings for healing venous leg ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3 (2006) CD001103
63. Bolton L.L., Monte K., and Pirone L.A. Moisture and healing: beyond the jargon. Ostomy Wound Manage 46 1A Suppl (2000) 51S-62S quiz 63S-4S
64. Field F.K., and Kerstein M.D. Overview of wound healing in a moist environment. Am J Surg 167 1A (1994) 2S-6S
65. Bolton L.L., Johnson C.L., and Van Rijswijk L. Occlusive dressings: therapeutic agents and effects on drug delivery. Clin Dermatol 9 4 (1991) 573-583
66. Akiyama H., Oono T., Saito M., et al. Assessment of cadexomer iodine against Staphylococcus aureus biofilm in vivo and in vitro using confocal laser scanning microscopy. J Dermatol 31 7 (2004) 529-534
67. Chaw K.C., Manimaran M., and Tay F.E. Role of silver ions in destabilization of intermolecular adhesion forces measured by atomic force microscopy in Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49 12 (2005) 4853-4859
68. Lawrence J.C. The use of iodine as an antiseptic agent. J Wound Care 7 8 (1998) 421-425
69. Zhou L.H., Nahm W.K., Badiavas E., et al. Slow release iodine preparation and wound healing: in vitro effects consistent with lack of in vivo toxicity in human chronic wounds. Br J Dermatol 146 3 (2002) 365-374
70. Lansdown A.B. A review of the use of silver in wound care: facts and fallacies. Br J Nurs 13 6 Suppl (2004) S6-S19
71. Lansdown A.B. Silver in health care: antimicrobial effects and safety in use. Curr Probl Dermatol 33 (2006) 17-34
72. Lansdown A.B., and Williams A. How safe is silver in wound care?. J Wound Care 13 4 (2004) 131-136
73. Lansdown A.B., Williams A., Chandler S., et al. Silver absorption and antibacterial efficacy of silver dressings. J Wound Care 14 4 (2005) 155-160
74. Lansdown A.B. Metallothioneins: potential therapeutic aids for wound healing in the skin. Wound Repair Regen 10 3 (2002) 130-132
75. Ravanti L., and Kahari V.M. Matrix metalloproteinases in wound repair (review). Int J Mol Med 6 4 (2000) 391-407
76. Will H., Atkinson S.J., Butler G.S., et al. The soluble catalytic domain of membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase cleaves the propeptide of progelatinase A and initiates autoproteolytic activation. Regulation by TIMP-2 and TIMP-3. J Biol Chem 271 29 (1996) 17119-17123
77. Di Colandrea T., Wang L., Wille J., et al. Epidermal expression of collagenase delays wound-healing in transgenic mice. J Invest Dermatol 111 6 (1998) 1029-1033
78. Saarialho-Kere U.K., Kovacs S.O., Pentland A.P., et al. Cell-matrix interactions modulate interstitial collagenase expression by human keratinocytes actively involved in wound healing. J Clin Invest 92 6 (1993) 2858-2866
79. Vaalamo M., Weckroth M., Puolakkainen P., et al. Patterns of matrix metalloproteinase and TIMP-1 expression in chronic and normally healing human cutaneous wounds. Br J Dermatol 135 1 (1996) 52-59
80. Nwomeh B.C., Liang H.X., Diegelmann R.F., et al. Dynamics of the matrix metalloproteinases MMP-1 and MMP-8 in acute open human dermal wounds. Wound Repair Regen 6 2 (1998) 127-134
81. Lobmann R., Ambrosch A., Schultz G., et al. Expression of matrix-metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in the wounds of diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Diabetologia 45 7 (2002) 1011-1016
82. Ladwig G.P., Robson M.C., Liu R., et al. Ratios of activated matrix metalloproteinase-9 to tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 in wound fluids are inversely correlated with healing of pressure ulcers. Wound Repair Regen 10 1 (2002) 26-37
83. Cullen B., Smith R., McCulloch E., et al. Mechanism of action of PROMOGRAN, a protease modulating matrix, for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. Wound Repair Regen 10 1 (2002) 16-25
84. Veves A., Sheehan P., and Pham H.T. A randomized, controlled trial of Promogran (a collagen/oxidized regenerated cellulose dressing) vs standard treatment in the management of diabetic foot ulcers. Arch Surg 137 7 (2002) 822-827
85. Taylor P.C. Anti-TNFalpha therapy for rheumatoid arthritis: an update. Intern Med 42 1 (2003) 15-20
86. Jackson C.J., Xue M., Thompson P., et al. Activated protein C prevents inflammation yet stimulates angiogenesis to promote cutaneous wound healing. Wound Repair Regen 13 3 (2005) 284-294
87. Trengove N.J., Bielefeldt-Ohmann H., and Stacey M.C. Mitogenic activity and cytokine levels in non-healing and healing chronic leg ulcers. Wound Repair Regen 8 1 (2000) 13-25
88. Tarnuzzer R.W., and Schultz G.S. Biochemical analysis of acute and chronic wound environments. Wound Repair Regen 4 3 (1996) 321-325
89. Falanga V., and Eaglstein W.H. The "trap" hypothesis of venous ulceration. Lancet 341 8851 (1993) 1006-1008
90. Falanga V. Chronic wounds: pathophysiologic and experimental considerations. J Invest Dermatol 100 5 (1993) 721-725
91. Higley H.R., Ksander G.A., Gerhardt C.O., et al. Extravasation of macromolecules and possible trapping of transforming growth factor-beta in venous ulceration. Br J Dermatol 132 1 (1995) 79-85
92. Edmonds M., Bates M., Doxford M., et al. New treatments in ulcer healing and wound infection. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 16 Suppl 1 (2000) S51-S54
93. Greenhalgh D.G. The role of growth factors in wound healing. J Trauma 41 1 (1996) 159-167
94. Harding K.G., Morris H.L., and Patel G.K. Science, medicine and the future: healing chronic wounds. BMJ 324 7330 (2002) 160-163
95. Nath C., and Gulati S.C. Role of cytokines in healing chronic skin wounds. Acta Haematol 99 3 (1998) 175-179
96. Margolis D.J., Bartus C., Hoffstad O., et al. Effectiveness of recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor for the treatment of diabetic neuropathic foot ulcers. Wound Repair Regen 13 6 (2005) 531-536
97. Vande Berg J.S., and Robson M.C. Arresting cell cycles and the effect on wound healing. Surg Clin North Am 83 3 (2003) 509-520
98. Harding K.G., Moore K., and Phillips T.J. Wound chronicity and fibroblast senescence-implications for treatment. Int Wound J 2 4 (2005) 364-368
99. Falanga V., Margolis D., Alvarez O., et al. Rapid healing of venous ulcers and lack of clinical rejection with an allogeneic cultured human skin equivalent. Human Skin Equivalent Investigators Group. Arch Dermatol 134 3 (1998) 293-300
100. Veves A., Falanga V., Armstrong D.G., et al. Graftskin, a human skin equivalent, is effective in the management of noninfected neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers: a prospective randomized multicenter clinical trial. Diabetes Care 24 2 (2001) 290-295
101. Cha J., and Falanga V. Stem cells in cutaneous wound healing. Clin Dermatol 25 1 (2007) 73-78
102. Falanga V., Iwamoto S., Chartier M., et al. Autologous bone marrow-derived cultured mesenchymal stem cells delivered in a fibrin spray accelerate healing in murine and human cutaneous wounds. Tissue engineering 13 (2007) 1299-1312