메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 50, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 625-659

PGE tenor and metal ratios within and below the Merensky Reef, Bushveld Complex: Implications for its genesis

Author keywords

Bushveld Complex; Cu Pd; Merensky Reef; Platinum group elements; Pt tenor

Indexed keywords

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CHEMICAL REACTION; COPPER; CRYSTALLIZATION; IMMISCIBILITY; MAFIC ROCK; MAGMA CHAMBER; ORTHOPYROXENE; PALLADIUM; PETROGENESIS; PLAGIOCLASE; PLATINUM GROUP ELEMENT; SULFIDE;

EID: 65649083747     PISSN: 00223530     EISSN: 14602415     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/petrology/egp015     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (155)

References (83)
  • 1
    • 22244446489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Magmatic stratigraphy in the Bushveld Northern Lobe: Continuous geophysical and mineralogical data from the 2950m Bellevue drillcore
    • Ashwal, L. D., Webb, S. J. & Knoper, M.W. (2005). Magmatic stratigraphy in the Bushveld Northern Lobe: Continuous geophysical and mineralogical data from the 2950m Bellevue drillcore. South African Journal of Geology 108, 199-232.
    • (2005) South African Journal of Geology , vol.108 , pp. 199-232
    • Ashwal, L.D.1    Webb, S.J.2    Knoper, M.W.3
  • 2
    • 0034004549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noble metal enrichment processes in the Merensky Reef, Bushveld Complex
    • Ballhaus, C. & Sylvester, P. (2000). Noble metal enrichment processes in the Merensky Reef, Bushveld Complex. Journal of Petrology 41 545-561.
    • (2000) Journal of Petrology , vol.41 , pp. 545-561
    • Ballhaus, C.1    Sylvester, P.2
  • 3
    • 0036142798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Platinum-group elements and microstructures of normal Merensky Reef from Impala Platinum Mines, Bushveld Complex
    • Barnes, S.-J. & Maier, W. D. (2002). Platinum-group elements and microstructures of normal Merensky Reef from Impala Platinum Mines, Bushveld Complex. Journal of Petrology 43, 103-128.
    • (2002) Journal of Petrology , vol.43 , pp. 103-128
    • Barnes, S.-J.1    Maier, W.D.2
  • 4
    • 43449116944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Solubility of platinum and palladium in silicate melts under high water pressure as a function of redox conditions
    • Bezmen, N. I., Gorbachev, P. N., Shalynin, A. I., Asif, M. & Naldrett, A. J. (2008). Solubility of platinum and palladium in silicate melts under high water pressure as a function of redox conditions. Petrology 16, 161-176.
    • (2008) Petrology , vol.16 , pp. 161-176
    • Bezmen, N.I.1    Gorbachev, P.N.2    Shalynin, A.I.3    Asif, M.4    Naldrett, A.J.5
  • 5
    • 0031430417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental determination of the solubility of platinum in silicate melts
    • Borisov, A. & Palme, H. (1997). Experimental determination of the solubility of platinum in silicate melts. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61, 4349-4357.
    • (1997) Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , vol.61 , pp. 4349-4357
    • Borisov, A.1    Palme, H.2
  • 6
    • 0001450120 scopus 로고
    • Densities of liquid silicate systems calculated from partial molar volumes of oxide components
    • Bottinga, Y. & Weill, D. (1970). Densities of liquid silicate systems calculated from partial molar volumes of oxide components. American Journal of Science 269, 169-182.
    • (1970) American Journal of Science , vol.269 , pp. 169-182
    • Bottinga, Y.1    Weill, D.2
  • 7
    • 0019937334 scopus 로고
    • Density calculations for silicate liquids. 1. Revised method for aluminosilicate compositions
    • Bottinga, Y., Weill, D. & Richet, P. (1982). Density calculations for silicate liquids. 1. Revised method for aluminosilicate compositions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 46, 909-919.
    • (1982) Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , vol.46 , pp. 909-919
    • Bottinga, Y.1    Weill, D.2    Richet, P.3
  • 8
    • 0032854558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluid fluxing of cumulates; the J-M reef and associated rocks of the Stillwater Complex, Montana
    • Boudreau, A. E. (1999). Fluid fluxing of cumulates; the J-M reef and associated rocks of the Stillwater Complex, Montana. Journal of Petrology 40, 755-772.
    • (1999) Journal of Petrology , vol.40 , pp. 755-772
    • Boudreau, A.E.1
  • 9
    • 0027101530 scopus 로고
    • Concentration of platinum-group elements by magmatic fluids in layered intrusions
    • Boudreau, A. E. & McCallum, I. S. (1992). Concentration of platinum-group elements by magmatic fluids in layered intrusions. Economic Geology 87, 1830-1848.
    • (1992) Economic Geology , vol.87 , pp. 1830-1848
    • Boudreau, A.E.1    McCallum, I.S.2
  • 10
    • 0004568475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chromatographic separation of the platinum-group elements, gold, base metals and sulfur during degassing of a compacting and solidifying crystal pile
    • Boudreau, A. E. & Meurer, W. P. (1999). Chromatographic separation of the platinum-group elements, gold, base metals and sulfur during degassing of a compacting and solidifying crystal pile. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 134, 174-185.
    • (1999) Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology , vol.134 , pp. 174-185
    • Boudreau, A.E.1    Meurer, W.P.2
  • 12
    • 0000423428 scopus 로고
    • The lower zone of the eastern Bushveld complex in the Olifants river trough
    • Cameron, E. N. (1978). The lower zone of the eastern Bushveld complex in the Olifants river trough. Journal of Petrology 19, 437-462.
    • (1978) Journal of Petrology , vol.19 , pp. 437-462
    • Cameron, E.N.1
  • 13
    • 0019059246 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of the Lower Critical Zone Central Sector eastern Bushveld Complex and its chromite deposits
    • Cameron, E. N. (1980). Evolution of the Lower Critical Zone Central Sector eastern Bushveld Complex and its chromite deposits. Economic Geology 75, 845-871.
    • (1980) Economic Geology , vol.75 , pp. 845-871
    • Cameron, E.N.1
  • 14
    • 0019899289 scopus 로고
    • The Upper Critical Zone of the eastern Bushveld Complex - precursor to the Merensky Reef
    • Cameron, E. N. (1982). The Upper Critical Zone of the eastern Bushveld Complex - precursor to the Merensky Reef. Economic Geology 77 1307-1327.
    • (1982) Economic Geology , vol.77 , pp. 1307-1327
    • Cameron, E.N.1
  • 15
    • 0020542027 scopus 로고
    • A model for the origin of the platinum-rich sulfide horizons in the Bushveld and Stillwater Complexes
    • Campbell, I. H., Naldrett, A. J. & Barnes, S. J. (1983). A model for the origin of the platinum-rich sulfide horizons in the Bushveld and Stillwater Complexes. Journal of Petrology 24, 133-165.
    • (1983) Journal of Petrology , vol.24 , pp. 133-165
    • Campbell, I.H.1    Naldrett, A.J.2    Barnes, S.J.3
  • 16
    • 84865563469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of magma mixing in the genesis of PGE mineralization in the Bushveld Complex: Thermodynamic calculations and new interpretation - a discussion
    • Cawthorn, R. G. (2002). The role of magma mixing in the genesis of PGE mineralization in the Bushveld Complex: Thermodynamic calculations and new interpretation - a discussion. Economic Geology 97, 663-667.
    • (2002) Economic Geology , vol.97 , pp. 663-667
    • Cawthorn, R.G.1
  • 17
    • 29444433794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pressure fluctuations and formation of the PGE-rich Merensky and chromitite reefs, Bushveld Complex
    • Cawthorn, R. G. (2005a). Pressure fluctuations and formation of the PGE-rich Merensky and chromitite reefs, Bushveld Complex. Mineralium Deposita 40, 231-235.
    • (2005) Mineralium Deposita , vol.40 , pp. 231-235
    • Cawthorn, R.G.1
  • 18
    • 22344450988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contrasting sulphide contents of the Bushveld and Sudbury Igneous Complexes
    • Cawthorn, R. G. (2005b). Contrasting sulphide contents of the Bushveld and Sudbury Igneous Complexes. Mineralium Deposita 40, 1-12.
    • (2005) Mineralium Deposita , vol.40 , pp. 1-12
    • Cawthorn, R.G.1
  • 19
    • 33748088146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Origin of pegmatitic pyroxenite in the Merensky Unit, Bushveld Complex, South Africa
    • Cawthorn, R. G. & Boerst, K. (2006). Origin of pegmatitic pyroxenite in the Merensky Unit, Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Journal of Petrology 47, 1509-1530.
    • (2006) Journal of Petrology , vol.47 , pp. 1509-1530
    • Cawthorn, R.G.1    Boerst, K.2
  • 20
    • 0035104712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Connectivity between the Eastern and Western limbs of the Bushveld Complex
    • Cawthorn, R. G. & Webb, S. J. (2001). Connectivity between the Eastern and Western limbs of the Bushveld Complex. Tectonophysics 330 195-209.
    • (2001) Tectonophysics , vol.330 , pp. 195-209
    • Cawthorn, R.G.1    Webb, S.J.2
  • 22
    • 65649121820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cawthorn, R. G., Slabbert, M. & van der Merwe, J. (2004). The full Merensky - its lithologies and genesis. Geoscience Africa, Johannesburg, Geological Society of South Africa Annual Meeting, University of the Witwatersrand, July 2004, CD of abstracts pp. 114-115.
    • Cawthorn, R. G., Slabbert, M. & van der Merwe, J. (2004). The full Merensky - its lithologies and genesis. Geoscience Africa, Johannesburg, Geological Society of South Africa Annual Meeting, University of the Witwatersrand, July 2004, CD of abstracts pp. 114-115.
  • 23
    • 0030423050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Bushveld Complex
    • Cawthorn, R. G, ed, Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp
    • Eales, H. V. & Cawthorn, R. G. (1996). The Bushveld Complex. In: Cawthorn, R. G. (ed.) Layered Intrusions. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 181-230.
    • (1996) Layered Intrusions , pp. 181-230
    • Eales, H.V.1    Cawthorn, R.G.2
  • 24
    • 0023807703 scopus 로고
    • Regional trends of chemical variation and thermal erosion in the Upper Critical Zone, Western Bushveld Complex
    • Eales, H. V., Fields, M., De Klerk, W. F. & Scoon, R. N. (1988). Regional trends of chemical variation and thermal erosion in the Upper Critical Zone, Western Bushveld Complex. Mineralogical Magazine 52, 63-79.
    • (1988) Mineralogical Magazine , vol.52 , pp. 63-79
    • Eales, H.V.1    Fields, M.2    De Klerk, W.F.3    Scoon, R.N.4
  • 25
    • 0025592831 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for magma mixing processes within the Critical and Lower Zones of the Northwestern Bushveld Complex, South Africa
    • Eales, H.V., de Klerk, W. J. & Teigler, B. (1990). Evidence for magma mixing processes within the Critical and Lower Zones of the Northwestern Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Chemical Geology 88, 261-278.
    • (1990) Chemical Geology , vol.88 , pp. 261-278
    • Eales, H.V.1    de Klerk, W.J.2    Teigler, B.3
  • 28
    • 33747883687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3-D Distribution of sulphide minerals in the Merensky Reef (Bushveld Complex, South Africa) and the J-M Reef (Stillwater Complex, USA) and their relationship to microstructures using X-ray computed tomography
    • Godel, B., Barnes, S.-J. & Maier,W. D. (2006). 3-D Distribution of sulphide minerals in the Merensky Reef (Bushveld Complex, South Africa) and the J-M Reef (Stillwater Complex, USA) and their relationship to microstructures using X-ray computed tomography. Journal of Petrology 47, 1853-1872.
    • (2006) Journal of Petrology , vol.47 , pp. 1853-1872
    • Godel, B.1    Barnes, S.-J.2    Maier, W.D.3
  • 29
    • 19044396661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The solubility of platinum and gold in NaCl brines at 1-5 kbar, 600 to 800°C: A laser ablation ICP-MS pilot study of synthetic fluid inclusions
    • Hanley, J. J., Pettke, T., Mungall, J. E. & Spooner, E.T. C. (2005). The solubility of platinum and gold in NaCl brines at 1-5 kbar, 600 to 800°C: A laser ablation ICP-MS pilot study of synthetic fluid inclusions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 69, 2593-2611.
    • (2005) Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , vol.69 , pp. 2593-2611
    • Hanley, J.J.1    Pettke, T.2    Mungall, J.E.3    Spooner, E.T.C.4
  • 30
    • 0024918480 scopus 로고
    • Formation of platiniferous sulfide horizons by crystal fractionation and magma mixing in the Munni Munni layered intrusion, West Pilbara Block, Western Australia
    • Hoatson, D. M. & Keays, R. R. (1989). Formation of platiniferous sulfide horizons by crystal fractionation and magma mixing in the Munni Munni layered intrusion, West Pilbara Block, Western Australia. Economic Geology 84, 1775-1804.
    • (1989) Economic Geology , vol.84 , pp. 1775-1804
    • Hoatson, D.M.1    Keays, R.R.2
  • 31
    • 0012821596 scopus 로고
    • Pegmatoidal nodules in the layered rocks of the Bafokeng leasehold area
    • Jones, J. P. (1976). Pegmatoidal nodules in the layered rocks of the Bafokeng leasehold area. Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa 79, 312-320.
    • (1976) Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa , vol.79 , pp. 312-320
    • Jones, J.P.1
  • 32
    • 33947261158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Siderophile and chalcophile metal variations in Tertiary picrites and basalts from West Greenland with implications for the sulphide saturation history of continental flood basalt magmas
    • Keays, R. R. & Lightfoot, P. C. (2007). Siderophile and chalcophile metal variations in Tertiary picrites and basalts from West Greenland with implications for the sulphide saturation history of continental flood basalt magmas. Mineralium Deposita 42, 319-336.
    • (2007) Mineralium Deposita , vol.42 , pp. 319-336
    • Keays, R.R.1    Lightfoot, P.C.2
  • 33
    • 21244472659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-destructive sulfide segregation systems and the formation of high-grade magmatic ore deposits
    • Kerr, A. & Leitch, A. M. (2005). Self-destructive sulfide segregation systems and the formation of high-grade magmatic ore deposits. Economic Geology 100, 311-332.
    • (2005) Economic Geology , vol.100 , pp. 311-332
    • Kerr, A.1    Leitch, A.M.2
  • 34
    • 0028578584 scopus 로고
    • The Sr-isotope stratigraphy of the Western Bushveld Complex
    • Kruger, F. J. (1994). The Sr-isotope stratigraphy of the Western Bushveld Complex. South African Journal of Earth Sciences 97 393-398.
    • (1994) South African Journal of Earth Sciences , vol.97 , pp. 393-398
    • Kruger, F.J.1
  • 35
    • 29544441093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Filling the Bushveld Complex magma chamber: Lateral expansion, roof and floor interaction, magmatic unconformities, and the formation of giant chromitite, PGE and Ti-V-magnetitite deposits
    • Kruger, F. J. (2005). Filling the Bushveld Complex magma chamber: lateral expansion, roof and floor interaction, magmatic unconformities, and the formation of giant chromitite, PGE and Ti-V-magnetitite deposits. Mineralium Deposita 40, 451-472.
    • (2005) Mineralium Deposita , vol.40 , pp. 451-472
    • Kruger, F.J.1
  • 36
    • 0019923591 scopus 로고
    • 86 ratios in the Merensky cyclic unit of the Bushveld Complex
    • 86 ratios in the Merensky cyclic unit of the Bushveld Complex. Nature 298, 53-55.
    • (1982) Nature , vol.298 , pp. 53-55
    • Kruger, F.J.1    Marsh, J.S.2
  • 38
    • 0000063086 scopus 로고
    • The Impala Platinum mines
    • Anhaeusser, C. R. & Maske, S, eds, Johannesburg, Geological Society of South Africa, pp
    • Leeb-du Toit, A. (1986). The Impala Platinum mines. In: Anhaeusser, C. R. & Maske, S. (eds) Mineral Deposits of South Africa. Johannesburg, Geological Society of South Africa, pp. 1091-1106.
    • (1986) Mineral Deposits of South Africa , pp. 1091-1106
    • Leeb-du Toit, A.1
  • 39
    • 28244494076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empirical equations to predict the sulfur content of mafic magmas at sulfide saturation and applications to magmatic sulfide deposits
    • Li, C. & Ripley, E. M. (2005). Empirical equations to predict the sulfur content of mafic magmas at sulfide saturation and applications to magmatic sulfide deposits. Mineralium Deposita 40, 218-230.
    • (2005) Mineralium Deposita , vol.40 , pp. 218-230
    • Li, C.1    Ripley, E.M.2
  • 40
    • 0035326663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of magma mixing in the genesis of PGE mineralisation in the Bushveld Complex: Thermodynamic calculations and new interpretations
    • Li, C., Maier, W. D. & de Waal, S. A. (2001). The role of magma mixing in the genesis of PGE mineralisation in the Bushveld Complex: Thermodynamic calculations and new interpretations. Economic Geology 96, 653-662.
    • (2001) Economic Geology , vol.96 , pp. 653-662
    • Li, C.1    Maier, W.D.2    de Waal, S.A.3
  • 41
    • 0242369836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of S on the partitioning of Ni between olivine and silicate melt in MORB
    • Li, C., Ripley, E. M. & Mathez, E. A. (2003). The effect of S on the partitioning of Ni between olivine and silicate melt in MORB. Chemical Geology 201, 295-306.
    • (2003) Chemical Geology , vol.201 , pp. 295-306
    • Li, C.1    Ripley, E.M.2    Mathez, E.A.3
  • 42
    • 3042772568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Replacement of base metal sulfides by actinolite, epidote, calcite, and magnetite in the UG2 and Merensky Reef of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa
    • Li, C., Ripley, E. M., Merino, E. & Maier, W. D. (2004). Replacement of base metal sulfides by actinolite, epidote, calcite, and magnetite in the UG2 and Merensky Reef of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Economic Geology 99, 173-184.
    • (2004) Economic Geology , vol.99 , pp. 173-184
    • Li, C.1    Ripley, E.M.2    Merino, E.3    Maier, W.D.4
  • 43
    • 24044508588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Siderophile and chalcophile metal variations in flood basalts from the Siberian Trap, Noril'sk Region: Implications for the origin of the Ni- Cu-PGE sulfide ores
    • Lightfoot, P. C. & Keays, R. R. (2005). Siderophile and chalcophile metal variations in flood basalts from the Siberian Trap, Noril'sk Region: Implications for the origin of the Ni- Cu-PGE sulfide ores. Economic Geology 100, 439-462.
    • (2005) Economic Geology , vol.100 , pp. 439-462
    • Lightfoot, P.C.1    Keays, R.R.2
  • 44
    • 28244485458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Platinum-group element (PGE) deposits and occurrences: Mineralization styles, genetic concepts, and exploration criteria
    • Maier, W. D. (2005). Platinum-group element (PGE) deposits and occurrences: Mineralization styles, genetic concepts, and exploration criteria. Journal of African Earth Sciences 41, 165-191.
    • (2005) Journal of African Earth Sciences , vol.41 , pp. 165-191
    • Maier, W.D.1
  • 45
    • 0033396946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Platinum-group elements in silicate rocks of the Lower, Critical and Main Zones at Union Section, Western Bushveld Complex
    • Maier, W. D. & Barnes, S.-J. (1999). Platinum-group elements in silicate rocks of the Lower, Critical and Main Zones at Union Section, Western Bushveld Complex. Journal of Petrology 40, 1647-1671.
    • (1999) Journal of Petrology , vol.40 , pp. 1647-1671
    • Maier, W.D.1    Barnes, S.-J.2
  • 46
    • 0038405049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Platinum-group elements in the Boulder Bed, western Bushveld Complex, South Africa
    • Maier, W. D. & Barnes, S.-J. (2003). Platinum-group elements in the Boulder Bed, western Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Mineralium Deposita 38, 370-380.
    • (2003) Mineralium Deposita , vol.38 , pp. 370-380
    • Maier, W.D.1    Barnes, S.-J.2
  • 49
    • 0000272102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cu/Pd and Cu/Pt of silicate rocks in the Bushveld Complex: Implications for platinum-group element exploration
    • Maier, W. D., Barnes, S.-J., Teigler, B., de Klerk, W. J. & Mitchell, A. A. (1996). Cu/Pd and Cu/Pt of silicate rocks in the Bushveld Complex: Implications for platinum-group element exploration. Economic Geology 91, 1151-1158.
    • (1996) Economic Geology , vol.91 , pp. 1151-1158
    • Maier, W.D.1    Barnes, S.-J.2    Teigler, B.3    de Klerk, W.J.4    Mitchell, A.A.5
  • 50
    • 0032844184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relative effects of pressure, temperature and oxygen fugacity on the solubility of sulfide in mafic magmas
    • Mavrogenes, J. A. & O'Neill, H. S. C. (1999). The relative effects of pressure, temperature and oxygen fugacity on the solubility of sulfide in mafic magmas. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 63, 1173-1180.
    • (1999) Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , vol.63 , pp. 1173-1180
    • Mavrogenes, J.A.1    O'Neill, H.S.C.2
  • 51
    • 38649086455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Did Lower Zone magma conduits store PGE-rich sulphides that were later supplied to the Platreef?
    • McDonald, I. & Holwell, D. A. (2007). Did Lower Zone magma conduits store PGE-rich sulphides that were later supplied to the Platreef? South African Journal of Geology 110, 611-616.
    • (2007) South African Journal of Geology , vol.110 , pp. 611-616
    • McDonald, I.1    Holwell, D.A.2
  • 53
    • 0001180803 scopus 로고
    • A geological investigation of the Bushveld Complex in Sekhukhunelan and apart of the Steelpoort Valley
    • Molyneux, T. G. (1974). A geological investigation of the Bushveld Complex in Sekhukhunelan and apart of the Steelpoort Valley. Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa 77, 329-338.
    • (1974) Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa , vol.77 , pp. 329-338
    • Molyneux, T.G.1
  • 54
    • 0037447969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Platinum-group elements in the Icelandic rift system: Melting processes and mantle sources beneath Iceland
    • Momme, P., Oskarsson, N. & Keays, R. R. (2003). Platinum-group elements in the Icelandic rift system: Melting processes and mantle sources beneath Iceland. Chemical Geology 196, 209-234.
    • (2003) Chemical Geology , vol.196 , pp. 209-234
    • Momme, P.1    Oskarsson, N.2    Keays, R.R.3
  • 56
    • 0024302044 scopus 로고
    • The association of PGE with chromitite in layered intrusions and ophiolite complexes
    • Naldrett, A. J. & von Gruenewaldt, G. (1989). The association of PGE with chromitite in layered intrusions and ophiolite complexes. Economic Geology 84, 180-187.
    • (1989) Economic Geology , vol.84 , pp. 180-187
    • Naldrett, A.J.1    von Gruenewaldt, G.2
  • 57
    • 0027039180 scopus 로고
    • Geology and geochemistry of intrusions and flood basalts of the Noril'sk region, USSR, with implications for the origin of the Ni-Cu ores
    • Naldrett, A. J., Lightfoot, P. C., Fedorenko, V. A., Gorbachev, N. S. & Doherty, W. (1992). Geology and geochemistry of intrusions and flood basalts of the Noril'sk region, USSR, with implications for the origin of the Ni-Cu ores. Economic Geology 87, 975-1004.
    • (1992) Economic Geology , vol.87 , pp. 975-1004
    • Naldrett, A.J.1    Lightfoot, P.C.2    Fedorenko, V.A.3    Gorbachev, N.S.4    Doherty, W.5
  • 58
    • 0028194301 scopus 로고
    • Platinum-Group Elements in the Fox River Sill Manitoba Canada: Implications with respect to influxes of fresh magma and exploration for PGE deposits
    • Naldrett, A. J., Asif, M., Scoates, R. F. J., Eckstrand, O. R. & Schwann, P. L. (1994). Platinum-Group Elements in the Fox River Sill Manitoba Canada: Implications with respect to influxes of fresh magma and exploration for PGE deposits. Institution of Mining and Metallurgy,Transactions 103, 10-21.
    • (1994) Institution of Mining and Metallurgy,Transactions , vol.103 , pp. 10-21
    • Naldrett, A.J.1    Asif, M.2    Scoates, R.F.J.3    Eckstrand, O.R.4    Schwann, P.L.5
  • 60
    • 0033897890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The composition of ore at the Voisey's Bay Ni-Cu sulfide deposit, with special reference to platinum-group elements
    • Naldrett, A. J., Asif, M., Krstic, S. & Li, C. (2000). The composition of ore at the Voisey's Bay Ni-Cu sulfide deposit, with special reference to platinum-group elements. Economic Geology 95, 845-866.
    • (2000) Economic Geology , vol.95 , pp. 845-866
    • Naldrett, A.J.1    Asif, M.2    Krstic, S.3    Li, C.4
  • 61
    • 0022843981 scopus 로고
    • The upper critical zone of the Bushveld Complex and a model for the origin of Merensky-type ores
    • Naldrett, A. J., Gasparrini, E. C., Barnes, S. J., von Gruenewaldt, G. & Sharpe, M. R. (1986). The upper critical zone of the Bushveld Complex and a model for the origin of Merensky-type ores. Economic Geology 81(5), 1105-1117.
    • (1986) Economic Geology , vol.81 , Issue.5 , pp. 1105-1117
    • Naldrett, A.J.1    Gasparrini, E.C.2    Barnes, S.J.3    von Gruenewaldt, G.4    Sharpe, M.R.5
  • 62
    • 55049101778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The concentration of PGE in the Earth's crust with special reference to the Bushveld Complex
    • Naldrett, A. J., Kinnaird, J., Wilson, A. & Chunnett, G. (2008). The concentration of PGE in the Earth's crust with special reference to the Bushveld Complex. Earth Science Frontiers 15(5), 264-297.
    • (2008) Earth Science Frontiers , vol.15 , Issue.5 , pp. 264-297
    • Naldrett, A.J.1    Kinnaird, J.2    Wilson, A.3    Chunnett, G.4
  • 63
    • 0033605148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The density of hydrous magmatic liquids
    • Ochs, F. A. & Lange, R. A. (1999). The density of hydrous magmatic liquids. Science 283, 1314.
    • (1999) Science , vol.283 , pp. 1314
    • Ochs, F.A.1    Lange, R.A.2
  • 64
    • 33947577202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The significance of footwall reconstitution within normal to regional pothole reef types in the Bushveld Complex
    • Roberts, M. D., Reid, D. L., Miller, J. A., Bassoon, I. J., Roberts, M. & Smith, D. (2007). The significance of footwall reconstitution within normal to regional pothole reef types in the Bushveld Complex. Mineralium Deposita 42, 271-292.
    • (2007) Mineralium Deposita , vol.42 , pp. 271-292
    • Roberts, M.D.1    Reid, D.L.2    Miller, J.A.3    Bassoon, I.J.4    Roberts, M.5    Smith, D.6
  • 65
    • 53749083818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Precise age of the platiniferous Merensky Reef, Bushveld Complex, South Africa, by the U-Pb zircon chemical abrasion ID-TIMS technique
    • Scoates, J. S. & Friedman, R. M. (2008). Precise age of the platiniferous Merensky Reef, Bushveld Complex, South Africa, by the U-Pb zircon chemical abrasion ID-TIMS technique. Economic Geology 103, 465-471.
    • (2008) Economic Geology , vol.103 , pp. 465-471
    • Scoates, J.S.1    Friedman, R.M.2
  • 66
    • 0028682349 scopus 로고
    • Platinum-group element mineralization in the Critical Zone of the western Bushveld Complex: I. Sulfide-poor chromitites below the UG-2
    • Scoon, R. N. & Teigler, B. (1994). Platinum-group element mineralization in the Critical Zone of the western Bushveld Complex: I. Sulfide-poor chromitites below the UG-2. Economic Geology 89, 1094-1121.
    • (1994) Economic Geology , vol.89 , pp. 1094-1121
    • Scoon, R.N.1    Teigler, B.2
  • 67
    • 65649108001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geochemical disequilibrium in the Merensky and Bastard Reefs, Eastern Bushveld Complex: Co-accumulation of minerals from stratified magmas. Geoscience Africa 2004
    • University of the Witwatersrand, July, CD of abstracts
    • Seabrook, C. L., Cawthorn, R. G. & Kruger, F. J. (2004). Geochemical disequilibrium in the Merensky and Bastard Reefs, Eastern Bushveld Complex: Co-accumulation of minerals from stratified magmas. Geoscience Africa 2004, Geological Society of South Africa Annual Meeting, University of the Witwatersrand, July 2004, CD of abstracts.
    • (2004) Geological Society of South Africa Annual Meeting
    • Seabrook, C.L.1    Cawthorn, R.G.2    Kruger, F.J.3
  • 68
    • 29444453497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Merensky Reef, Bushveld Complex: Mixing of minerals not mixing of magmas
    • Seabrook, C. L., Cawthorn, R. G. & Kruger, F. J. (2005). The Merensky Reef, Bushveld Complex: Mixing of minerals not mixing of magmas. Economic Geology 100, 1191-1206.
    • (2005) Economic Geology , vol.100 , pp. 1191-1206
    • Seabrook, C.L.1    Cawthorn, R.G.2    Kruger, F.J.3
  • 69
    • 3142763125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Normal reef subfacies of the Merensky Reef at Northam Platinum Mine, Zwartklip Facies, western Bushveld Complex, South Africa
    • Smith, D. S., Basson, I. J. & Reid, D. L. (2004). Normal reef subfacies of the Merensky Reef at Northam Platinum Mine, Zwartklip Facies, western Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Canadian Mineralogist 42, 243-260.
    • (2004) Canadian Mineralogist , vol.42 , pp. 243-260
    • Smith, D.S.1    Basson, I.J.2    Reid, D.L.3
  • 70
    • 0029526364 scopus 로고
    • The fractionation of platinum-group elements in magmatic systems, with the suggestion of a novel causal mechanism
    • Tredoux, M., Lindsay, N. M., Davies, G. & McDonald, I. (1995). The fractionation of platinum-group elements in magmatic systems, with the suggestion of a novel causal mechanism. South African Journal of Geology 98, 157-167.
    • (1995) South African Journal of Geology , vol.98 , pp. 157-167
    • Tredoux, M.1    Lindsay, N.M.2    Davies, G.3    McDonald, I.4
  • 71
    • 43049130012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The geology and structure of the Rustenburg Layered Suite in the Potgietersrus/Mokapane area of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa
    • Van der Merwe, M. J. (2008). The geology and structure of the Rustenburg Layered Suite in the Potgietersrus/Mokapane area of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Mineralium Deposita 43, 405-420.
    • (2008) Mineralium Deposita , vol.43 , pp. 405-420
    • Van der Merwe, M.J.1
  • 72
    • 0016871595 scopus 로고
    • The nickel pipes of Vlakfontein and vicinity, Western Transvaal
    • Vermaak, C. F. (1976). The nickel pipes of Vlakfontein and vicinity, Western Transvaal. Economic Geology 71, 261-286.
    • (1976) Economic Geology , vol.71 , pp. 261-286
    • Vermaak, C.F.1
  • 73
    • 0033190344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The nature and origin of the Merensky Reef of theWestern Bushveld Complex based on geological facies and geophysical data
    • Viljoen, M. J. (1999). The nature and origin of the Merensky Reef of theWestern Bushveld Complex based on geological facies and geophysical data. South African Journal of Geology 102, 221-239.
    • (1999) South African Journal of Geology , vol.102 , pp. 221-239
    • Viljoen, M.J.1
  • 74
    • 0001059014 scopus 로고
    • The Rustenburg Section of Rustenburg Platinum Mines Limited, with reference to the Merensky Reef
    • Anhaeusser, C. R. & Maske, S, eds, Johannesburg: Geological Society of South Africa, pp
    • Viljoen, M. J. & Hieber, R. (1986). The Rustenburg Section of Rustenburg Platinum Mines Limited, with reference to the Merensky Reef. In: Anhaeusser, C. R. & Maske, S. (eds)Mineral Deposits of Southern Africa. Johannesburg: Geological Society of South Africa, pp. 1107-1134.
    • (1986) Mineral Deposits of Southern Africa , pp. 1107-1134
    • Viljoen, M.J.1    Hieber, R.2
  • 75
    • 0001059014 scopus 로고
    • The Union Section of Rustenburg Platinum Mines Ltd with reference to the Merensky Reef
    • Anhaeusser, C. R. & Maske, S, eds, Johannesburg: Geological Society of South Africa, pp
    • Viljoen, M. J., de Klerk, W. J., Coetzer, P. M., Hatch, N. P., Kinloch, E. & Peyerl, W. (1986a). The Union Section of Rustenburg Platinum Mines Ltd with reference to the Merensky Reef. In: Anhaeusser, C. R. & Maske, S. (eds)Mineral Deposits of Southern Africa. Johannesburg: Geological Society of South Africa, pp. 1061-1090.
    • (1986) Mineral Deposits of Southern Africa , pp. 1061-1090
    • Viljoen, M.J.1    de Klerk, W.J.2    Coetzer, P.M.3    Hatch, N.P.4    Kinloch, E.5    Peyerl, W.6
  • 76
    • 0001059010 scopus 로고
    • The Amandelbult Section of Rustenburg Platinum Mines Ltd with reference to the Merensky Reef
    • Anhaeusser, C. R. & Maske, S, eds, Johannesburg: Geological Society of South Africa, pp
    • Viljoen, M. J., Theron, J., Underwood, B., Walters, B.M., Weaver J. & Peyerl, W. (1986b). The Amandelbult Section of Rustenburg Platinum Mines Ltd with reference to the Merensky Reef. In: Anhaeusser, C. R. & Maske, S. (eds)Mineral Deposits of Southern Africa. Johannesburg: Geological Society of South Africa, pp. 1041-1060.
    • (1986) Mineral Deposits of Southern Africa , pp. 1041-1060
    • Viljoen, M.J.1    Theron, J.2    Underwood, B.3    Walters, B.M.4    Weaver, J.5    Peyerl, W.6
  • 77
    • 0002699789 scopus 로고
    • The main and upper zones of the Bushveld complex in the Roossenekal area Eastern Transvaal
    • Von Gruenewaldt, G. (1973). The main and upper zones of the Bushveld complex in the Roossenekal area Eastern Transvaal. Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa 76, 207-227.
    • (1973) Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa , vol.76 , pp. 207-227
    • Von Gruenewaldt, G.1
  • 78
    • 0001461860 scopus 로고
    • A review of some recent concepts of the Bushveld Complex with particular reference to sulfide mineralization
    • Von Gruenewaldt, G. (1979). A review of some recent concepts of the Bushveld Complex with particular reference to sulfide mineralization. Canadian Mineralogist 17, 233-256.
    • (1979) Canadian Mineralogist , vol.17 , pp. 233-256
    • Von Gruenewaldt, G.1
  • 79
  • 80
    • 4444275831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gravity modeling of Bushveld connectivity supported by South African seismic results
    • Webb, S. J., Cawthorn, R. G., Nguuri,T. & James, D. (2004). Gravity modeling of Bushveld connectivity supported by South African seismic results. South African Journal of Geology 107, 207-218.
    • (2004) South African Journal of Geology , vol.107 , pp. 207-218
    • Webb, S.J.1    Cawthorn, R.G.2    Nguuri, T.3    James, D.4
  • 81
    • 0033787490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The halogen geochemistry of the Bushveld Complex, Republic of South Africa: Implications for chalcophile element distribution in the Lower and Critical Zones
    • Wilmore, C. C., Boudreau, A. E. & Kruger, F. J. (2000). The halogen geochemistry of the Bushveld Complex, Republic of South Africa: Implications for chalcophile element distribution in the Lower and Critical Zones. Journal of Petrology 41, 1517-1590.
    • (2000) Journal of Petrology , vol.41 , pp. 1517-1590
    • Wilmore, C.C.1    Boudreau, A.E.2    Kruger, F.J.3
  • 82
    • 33846008075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trace element and platinum group element distributions and the genesis of the Merensky Reef, Western Bushveld Complex, South Africa
    • Wilson, A. H. & Chunnett, G. C. (2006).Trace element and platinum group element distributions and the genesis of the Merensky Reef, Western Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Journal of Petrology 47, 2369-2403.
    • (2006) Journal of Petrology , vol.47 , pp. 2369-2403
    • Wilson, A.H.1    Chunnett, G.C.2
  • 83
    • 0033386554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geochemistry of the Merensky reef, Rustenburg Section, Bushveld Complex: Controls on the silicate framework and distribution of trace elements
    • Wilson, A. H., Lee, C. A. & Brown, R.T. (1999). Geochemistry of the Merensky reef, Rustenburg Section, Bushveld Complex: Controls on the silicate framework and distribution of trace elements. Mineralium Deposita 34, 657-672.
    • (1999) Mineralium Deposita , vol.34 , pp. 657-672
    • Wilson, A.H.1    Lee, C.A.2    Brown, R.T.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.