Relative adrenal insufficiency in the preterm and term infant

Journal of Perinatology

Volumn 29, Issue , 2009, Pages S44-S49

  Fernandez, E F ^a   Watterberg, K L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Acth; Adrenal insufficiency; Adrenocorticotropin; Corticotrophin releasing hormone; Cortisol; Critically ill infants hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis; Newborns full term

Indexed keywords

FLUDROCORTISONE; GLUCOCORTICOID; HYDROCORTISONE; HYPERTENSIVE FACTOR; IBUPROFEN; INDOMETACIN; PLACEBO;

ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGM HERNIA; CRITICAL ILLNESS; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM PERFORATION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG RESPONSE; DRUG SAFETY; HORMONE ACTION; HORMONE SYNTHESIS; HUMAN; HYDROCORTISONE RELEASE; HYPOTENSION; NONHUMAN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PREMATURITY;

ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY; ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS; BLOOD PRESSURE; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; GESTATIONAL AGE; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMANS; HYDROCORTISONE; HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM; INFANT, EXTREMELY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; INFANT, NEWBORN; INFANT, PREMATURE, DISEASES; INTENSIVE CARE, NEONATAL; PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYSTEM; RESPIRATION, ARTIFICIAL;

EID: 65549145610     PISSN: 07438346     EISSN: 14765543     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/jp.2009.24     Document Type: Review

References (74)

1. Annane D, Sebille V, Troche G, Raphael J, Gajdos P, Bellissant E. A 3-level prognostic classification in septic shock based on cortisol levels and cortisol response to corticotrophin. JAMA 2000; 283: 1038–1045.
2. Cooper MS, Stewart PM. Corticosteroid insufficiency in acutely ill patients. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 727–734.
3. Annane D, Bellissant E, Bollaert PE, Briegel J, Keh D, Kupfer Y. Corticosteroids for severe sepsis and septic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2004; 329: 480–488.
4. Arafah BM. Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal function during critical illness: limitation of current assessment methods. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 3725–3745.
5. Annane D, Sebille V, Charpentier C, Bollaert PE, Francois B, Korach JM et al. Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock. JAMA 2002; 288: 862–871.
6. Keh D, Boehnke T, Weber-Cartens S, Schulz C, Ahlers O, Bercker S et al. Imunologic and hemodynamic effects of ‘low-dose’ hydrocortisone in septic shock: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167: 512–520.
7. Briegel J, Kellermann W, Forst H, Haller M, Bittle M, Hoffmann GE et al. Low-dose hydrocortisone infusion attenuates the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Clin Investig 1994; 72: 782–787.
8. Sprung CL, Annane D, Keh D, Moreno R, Singer M, Freivogel K, et al., CORTICUS Study Group. Hydrocortisone therapy for patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 111–124.
9. Cooper MS, Stewart PM. Adrenal insufficiency in critical illness. J Intensive Care Med 2007; 22: 348–362.
10. Falkenstein E, Tillmann HC, Christ M, Feuring M, Wehling M. Multiple actions of steroid hormonesFa focus on rapid, nongenomic effects. Pharmacol Rev 2000; 52: 513–555.
11. Chrousos GP. The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and immune-mediated inflammation. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 1351–1362.
12. Prigent H, Maxime V, Annane D. Clinical review: corticotherapy in sepsis. Crit Care 2004; 8: 122–129.
13. Swingle WW, Pfiffner JJ, Vars HM, Bott PA, Parkins WM. The function of the adrenal cortical hormone and the cause of death from adrenal insufficiency. Science 1933; 77: 58–64.
14. Swingle WW, DaVanzo JP, Crossfield HC, Glenister D, Osborn M, Rowan R et al. Glucocorticoids and maintenance of blood pressure and plasma volume of adrenalectomized dogs subjected to stress. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1959; 100: 617–622.
15. Udelsman R, Ramp J, Gallucci WT, Gordon A, Lipford E, Norton JA et al. Adaption during surgical stress: a reevaluation of the role of glucocorticoids. J Clin Invest 1986; 77: 1377–1381.
16. deJong FH, Mallios C, Jansen C, Scheck PAE, Lamberts SWJ. Etomidate suppresses adrenocortical function by inhibition of 11B-hydroxylation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984; 59: 1143–1147.
17. Lamberts SWJ, Bruining HA, deJong FH. Corticosteroid therapy in severe illness. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 1285–1292.
18. de Kleijn ED, Joosten FM, Van Rijn B, Westerterp M, De Groot R, Hokken-Koelega ACS et al. Low serum cortisol in combination with high adrenocorticotrophic hormone concentrations are associated with poor outcome in children with severe meningococcal disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002; 21: 330–336.
19. den Brinker M, Koen FM, Joosten FM, Liem O, de Jong FH, Hop WCJ et al. Adrenal insufficiency in meningococcal sepsis: bioavailable cortisol levels and impact of interleukin-6 levels and intubation with etomidate on adrenal function and mortality. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 5110–5117.
20. Finlay WE, McKee JI. Serum cortisol levels in severely stressed patients. Lancet 1982; 1: 1414–1415.
21. McKee JI, Finlay WE. Cortisol replacement in severely stressed patients. Lancet 1983; 1: 484.
22. Mesiano S, Jaffe RB. Developmental and functional biology of the primate fetal adrenal cortex. Endocr Rev 1997; 18: 378–403.
23. Donaldson A, Nicolini U, Symes EK, Rodeck CH, Tannirandorn Y. Changes in concentrations of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate and progesterone in fetal and maternal serum during pregnancy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1991; 35: 447–451.
24. Ward RM, Kimura RE, Rich-Denson C. Addisonian crisis in extremely premature neonates. Clin Res 1991; 39: 11A.
25. Colasurdo MA, Hanna CE, Gilhooly JT, Reynolds JW. Hydrocortisone replacement in extremely premature neonates with cortisol insufficiency. Clin Res 1989; 37: 180A.
26. Scott SM, Watterberg KL. Effect of gestational age, postnatal age, and illness on plasma cortisol concentrations in premature infants. Pediatr Res 1995; 37: 112–116.
27. Hanna CE, Jett PL, Laird MR, Mandel SH, LaFranchi SH, Reynolds JW. Corticosteroid binding globulin, total serum cortisol, and stress in extremely low-birth weight infants. Am J Perinatol 1997; 14: 201–204.
28. Huysman MWA, Hokken-Koelega ACS, De Ridder MAJ, Sauer PJJ. Adrenal function in sick very preterm infants. Pediatr Res 2000; 48: 629–633.
29. Karlsson R, Kallio J, Irjala K, Ekblad S, Toppari J, Kero P. Adrenocorticotropin and corticotropin-releasing hormone tests in preterm infants. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 4592–4595.
30. Ng P, Wong G, Lam CWK, Lee CH, Wong M, Fok T et al. The pituitary–adrenal response to exogenous human corticotropin-releasing hormone in preterm, very low birth weight infants. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 797–799.
31. Watterberg KL, Scott SM. Evidence of early adrenal insufficiency in babies who develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatrics 1995; 95: 120–125.
32. Watterberg KL, Scott SM, Backstrom C, Gifford KL, Cook KL. Links between early adrenal function and respiratory outcome in preterm infants: airway inflammation and patent ductus arteriosus. Pediatrics 2000; 105: 320–324.
33. Watterberg KL, Gerdes JS, Cole CH, Aucott SW, Thilo EH, Mammel MC et al. Prophylaxis of early adrenal insufficiency to prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a multicenter trial. Pediatrics 2004; 114: 1649–1657.
34. Banks BA, Stouffer N, Cnaan A, Ning Y, Merrill JD, Ballard RA et al., North American Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Trial Collaborators. Association of plasma cortisol and chronic lung disease in preterm infants. Pediatrics 2001; 107: 494–498.
35. Ng PC, Lam CW, Fok TF, Lee CH, Ma KC, Chan IH et al. Refractory hypotension in preterm infants with adrenocortical insufficiency. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2001; 84: F122–F124.
36. Arnold JD, Bonacruz G, Leslie GI, Veldhuis JD, Milmlow D, Silink M. Antenatal glucocorticoids modulate the amplitude of pulsatile cortisol secretion in premature neonates. Pediatr Res 1998; 44: 876–881.
37. Yoder B, Martin H, McCurnin DC, Coalson JJ. Impaired urinary cortisol excretion and early cardiopulmonary dysfunction in immature baboons. Pediatr Res 2002; 51: 426–432.
38. Gertsmann D, Minton S, Stoddard R, Lang L, Burnham E, Auxier P. Capillary leak syndrome in ventilated neonates needing cardiovascular support (CVS)-response to hydrocortisone. J Invest Med 1997; 45: 166A.
39. Helbock HJ, Insoft RM, Conte FA. Glucocorticoid-responsive hypotension in extremely low birth weight newborns. Pediatrics 1993; 92: 715–717.
40. Gaissmaier RE, Pohlandt F. Single-dose dexamethasone treatment of hypotension in preterm infants. J Pediatr 1999; 134: 701–705.
41. Fauser A, Pohlandt F, Bartmann P, Gortner L. Rapid increase of blood pressure in extremely low birth weight infants after a single dose of dexamethasone. Eur J Pediatr 1993; 152: 354–356.
42. Seri I, Tan R, Evans J. Cardiovascular effects of hydrocortisone in preterm infants with pressor-resistant hypotension. Pediatrics 2001; 107: 1070–1074.
43. Kopelman AE, Moise AA, Holbert D, Hegemier SE. A single very early dexamethasone dose improves respiratory and cardiovascular adaptation in preterm infants. J Pediatr 1999; 135: 345–350.
44. Noori S, Friedlich P, Wong P, Ebrahimi M, Siassi B, Seri I. Hemodynamic changes after low-dosage hydrocortisone administration in vasopressor-treated preterm and term neonates. Pediatrics 2006; 118: 1456–1466.
45. Ng PC, Lee CH, Bnur FL, Chan IH, Lee AW, Wong E et al. A double-blind, randomized, controlled study of a ‘stress dose’ of hydrocortisone for rescue treatment of refractory hypotension in preterm infants. Pediatrics 2006; 117: 367–375.
46. Bonsante F, Latorre G, Iacobelli S, Forziati V, Laforgia N, Esposito L et al. Early low-dose hydrocortisone in very preterm infants: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Neonatology 2007; 91: 217–221.
47. Efird MM, Heerens AT, Gordon PV, Bose CL, Young DA. A randomized-controlled trial of prophylactic hydrocortisone supplementation for the prevention of hypotension in extremely low birth weight infants. J Perinatol 2005; 25: 119–124.
48. Watterberg KL. Adrenocortical function and dysfunction in the fetus and neonate. Semin Neonatol 2004; 9: 13–21.
49. Goland RS, Wardlaw SL, Blum M, Tropper PJ, Stark RI. Biologically active corticotrophin-releasing hormone in maternal and fetal plasma during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 159: 884–890.
50. McLean M, Smith R. Corticotrophin-releasing hormone and human parturition. Reproduction 2001; 121: 493–501.
51. Anand KJ, Hansen DD, Hickey PR. Hormonal-metabolic stress responses in neonates undergoing cardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 1990; 73: 661–670.
52. Naito Y, Fukata J, Tamai S, Seo N, Nakai Y, Mori K et al. Biphasic changes in hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal function during the early recovery period after major abdominal surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991; 73: 111–117.
53. Anand KJ, Aynsley-Green A. Measuring the severity of surgical stress in newborn infants. J Pediatr Surg 1988; 23: 297–305.
54. Thomas S, Murphy JF, Dyas J, Ryalls M, Hughes IA. Response to ACTH in the newborn. Arch Dis Child 1986; 61: 57–60.
55. Pittinger TP, Sawin RS. Adrenocortical insufficiency in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a pilot study. J Pediatr Surg 2000; 35: 223–226.
56. Tantavit P, Subramanian N, Garg M, Ramanathan R, deLemos RA. Low serum cortisol in term newborns with refractory hypotension. J Perinatol 1999; 19: 352–357.
57. Soliman AT, Taman KH, Rizk MM, Nasr IS, AIRimawy H, Hamido MS. Circulating adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol concentrations in normal, appropriate_for_gestational_age newborns versus those with sepsis and respiratory distress: cortisol response to low-dose and standard-dose ACTH tests. Metabolism 2004; 53: 209–214.
58. Fernandez EF, Watterberg KL. Prevalence of low cortisol values in term and near-term infants with vasopressor-resistant hypotension. J Perinatol 2005; 25: 114–118.
59. Fernandez EF, Montman R, Watterberg KL. ACTH and cortisol response to critical illness in term and late preterm newborns. J Perinatol 2008; 28: 797–802.
60. Reincke M, Allolio B, Wurth G, Winkelmann W. The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in critical illness: response to dexamethasone and corticotropin-releasing hormone. J Clin Edocrinol Metab 1993; 77: 151–156.
61. Joosten KFM, De Kleijn ED, Westerterp M, De Hoog M, Eijck FCV, Hop WCJ et al. Endocrine and metabolic responses in children with meningococcal sepsis: striking differences between survivors and nonsurvivors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 3746–3753.
62. Mial-Allen VM, DeVries LS, Whitelaw AGL. Mean arterial blood pressure and neonatal cerebral lesions. Arch Dis Child 1987; 62: 1068–1069.
63. Watterberg KL, Gerdes JS, Cook KL. Impaired glucocorticoid synthesis in premature infants developing chronic lung disease. Pediatr Res 2001; 50: 190–195.
64. Mial-Allen VM, DeVries LS, Dubowitz LMS, Whitelaw AGL. Blood pressure fluctuation and intraventricular hemorrhage in the preterm infant of less than 31 weeks gestation. Pediatrics 1989; 83: 657–661.
65. Kopelman AE. Blood pressure and cerebral ischemia in very low birth weight infants. J Pediatr 1990; 116: 1000–1002.
66. Goldstein RF, Thompson RJ, Oehler JM, Brazy JE. Influence of acidosis, hypoxemia and hypotension on neurodevelopmental outcome in very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 1995; 95: 238–243.
67. Murphy DJ, Hope PL, Johnson A. Neonatal risk factors for cerebral palsy in very preterm babies: case–control study. BMJ 1997; 314: 404–408.
68. Peltoniemi O, Kari MA, Heinonen K, Saarela T, Nikolajev K, Andersson S et al. Pretreatment cortisol values may predict responses to hydrocortisone administration for the prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in high-risk infants. J Pediatr 2005; 146: 632–637.
69. Rademaker KJ, Uiterwaal CS, Groenendaal F, Venema MM, van Bel F, Beek FJ et al. Neonatal hydrocortisone treatment: neurodevelopmental outcome and MRI at school age in preterm-born children. J Pediatr 2007; 150: 351–357.
70. Watterberg KL, Shaffer ML, Mishefske MJ, Leach CL, Mammel MC, Couser RJ et al. Growth and neurodevelopmental outcomes after early low-dose hydrocortisone treatment in extremely low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 2007; 120: 40–48.
71. Watterberg KL, Shaffer ML, for The PROPHET Study Group. Cortisol concentrations and apparent serum half-life during hydrocortisone therapy in extremely low birth weight infants. PAS 2005; 57: 1501.
72. Gordon PV, Price WA, Stiles AD, Rutledge JC. Early postnatal dexamethasone diminishes transforming growth factor alpha localization within the ileal muscularis propria of newborn mice and extremely low-birth-weight infants. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2001; 4: 532–537.
73. Reynolds JW, Colle E, Ulstrom RA. Adrenocortical steroid metabolism in newborn infants. V. Physiologic disposition of exogenous cortisol loads in the early neonatal period. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1962; 22: 245–254.
74. Ng PC, Lee CH, Lam CW, Ma KC, Chan IH, Wong E et al. Early pituitary–adrenal response and respiratory outcomes in preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2004; 89: F127–F130.