Adrenocortical function and dysfunction in the fetus and neonate

Seminars in Neonatology

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 13-21

  Watterberg, Kristi L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO   (United States)

Author keywords

Adrenal cortex; Adrenal development; Adrenal insufficiency; Cortisol; Fetal; Hypotension; Infant; Premature infant

Indexed keywords

HYDROCORTISONE; PRASTERONE SULFATE;

ADRENAL CORTEX DISEASE; ADRENAL CORTEX FUNCTION; ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY; FETUS DEVELOPMENT; FETUS DISEASE; GESTATIONAL AGE; HOMEOSTASIS; HORMONE SYNTHESIS; HUMAN; HYPERCORTISOLISM; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; NEWBORN DISEASE; NONHUMAN; ORGANOGENESIS; PERINATAL PERIOD; PREMATURITY; PRENATAL GROWTH; REVIEW; STRESS;

EID: 1642391894     PISSN: 10842756     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2003.08.003     Document Type: Review

References (50)

1. Williams HW, Dluhy RG. Diseases of the adrenal cortex. In: Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ et al., editors. Harrison's principles of internal medicine. The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc., 1998;2035-57.
2. Reynolds RM, Walker BR, Syddall HE et al. Altered control of cortisol secretion in adult men with low birth weight and cardiovascular risk factors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:245-50.
3. Thompson C, Syddall H, Rodin I et al. Birth weight and the risk of depressive disorder in late life. Br J Psychiatry 2001;179:450-5.
4. Lackland DT, Bendall HE, Osmond C et al. Low birth weights contribute to the high rates of early-onset chronic renal failure in the southeastern United States. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:1472-6.
5. Colasurdo MA, Hanna CE, Gilhooly JT et al. Hydrocortisone replacement in extremely premature infants with cortisol insufficiency. Clin Res 1989;37:180A.
6. Ward RM, Kimura RE, Rich-Denson C. Addisonian crisis in extremely premature neonates. Clin Res 1991;39:11A.
7. Lamberts SWJ, Bruining HA, de Jong FH. Corticosteroid therapy in severe illness. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1285-92.
8. Cooper MS, Stewart PM. Corticosteroid insufficiency in acutely ill patients. N Engl J Med 2003;348:727-34.
9. Mesiano S, Jaffe RB. Developmental and functional biology of the primate fetal adrenal cortex. Endocr Rev 1997;18:378-403.
10. Rudolph AM, Roman C, Gournay V. Perinatal myocardial DNA and protein changes in the lamb: effect of cortisol in the fetus. Pediatr Res 1999;46:141-6.
11. Pepe GJ, Albrecht ED. Actions of placental and fetal adrenal steroid hormones in primate pregnancy. Endocr Rev 1995;16:608-48.
12. McTernan CL, Draper N, Nicholson H et al. Reduced placental 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 mRNA levels in human pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth restriction: an analysis of possible mechanisms. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:4979-83.
13. McLean M, Smith R. Corticotrophin-releasing hormone and human parturition. Reproduction 2001;121:493-501.
14. Wadhwa PD, Sandman CA, Garite TJ. The neurobiology of stress in human pregnancy: implications for prematurity and development of the fetal central nervous system. Prog Brain Res 2001;133:131-42.
15. Parker CR Jr, Faye-Peterson O, Stankovic AK et al. Immunohistochemical evaluation of the cellular localization and ontogeny of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/delta 5-4 isomerase in the human fetal adrenal gland. Endocr Res 1995;21:69-80.
16. Economides DL, Nicolaides KH, Linton EA et al. Plasma cortisol and adrenocorticotropin in appropriate and small for gestational age fetuses. Fetal Ther 1988;3:158-64.
17. Kajantie E, Dunkel L, Turpeinen U et al. Placental 11β -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-2 and fetal cortisol/ cortisone shuttle in small preterm infants. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:493-500.
18. Falkenberg ER, Davis RO, DuBard M et al. Effects of maternal infections on fetal adrenal steroid production. Endocr Res 1999;25:239-49.
19. Ng PC, Lam CWK, Lee CH et al. Reference ranges and factors affecting the human corticotropin-releasing hormone test in preterm, very low birth weight infants. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:4621-8.
20. Watterberg KL, Scott SM, Naeye RL. Chorioamnionitis, cortisol and acute lung disease in very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 1997;99 (URL http://www.pediatrics.ors/cgi/content/full/99/2/e6.
21. Newnham JP, Moss TJM, Nitsos I et al. Antenatal steroids: the good, the bad and the unknown. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2002;14:607-12.
22. Bolt RJ, van Weissenbruch MM, Popp-Snijders C et al. Feta growth and the function of the adrenal cortex in preterm infants. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:1194-9.
23. Naeye RL, Harcke HT Jr, Blanc WA. Adrenal gland structure and the development of hyaline membrane disease. Pediatrics 1971;47:650-7.
24. Yanowitz TD, Jordan JA, Gilmour CH et al. Hemodynamic disturbances in premature infants born after chorioamnionitis: association with cord blood cytokine concentrations. Pediatr Res 2002;51:310-6.
25. Watterberg KL, Demers LM, Scott SM et al. Chorioamnionitis and early lung inflammation in babies who develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatrics 1996;97:210-5.
26. Yoon BH, Jun JK, Romero R et al. Amniotic fluid inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6, interleukin-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha), neonatal brain white matter lesions, and cerebral palsy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;177:19-26.
27. De Kloet ER, Vreugdenhil E, Oitzl MS et al. Brain corticosteroid receptor balance in health and disease. Endocr Rev 1998;19:269-301.
28. Sed I, Tan R, Evans J. Cardiovascular effects of hydrocortisone in preterm infants with pressor-resistant hypotension. Pediatrics 2001;107:1070-4.
29. Joosten KFM, De Kleijn ED, Westerterp M et al. Endocrine and metabolic responses in children with meningococcal sepsis: striking differences between survivors and nonsurvivors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:3746-53.
30. Annane D, Sebille V, Charpentier C et al. Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock. JAMA 2002;288:862-71.
31. Briegel J, Jochum M, Gippner-Steppert C et al. Immunomodulation in septic shock: hydrocortisone differentially regulates cytokine responses. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001;12:S70-4.
32. Al Saedi S, Dean H, Dent W et al. Reference ranges for serum cortisol and 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels in preterm infants. J Pediatr 1995;126:985-7.
33. Korte C, Styne D, Merritt TA et al. Adrenocortical function in the very low birth weight infant: improved testing sensitivity and association with neonatal outcome. J Pediatr 1996;128:257-63.
34. Hingre RV, Gross SJ, Hingre KS et al. Adrenal steroidogenesis in very low birth weight preterm infants. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;78:266-70.
35. Huysman MWA, Hokken-Koelega ACS, DeRidder MAJ et al. Adrenal function in sick very preterm infants. Pediatr Res 2000;48:629-33.
36. Watterberg KL, Scott SM. Evidence of early adrenal insufficiency in babies who develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatrics 1995;85:120-5.
37. Scott SM, Watterberg KL. Effect of gestational age, postnatal age, and illness on plasma cortisol concentrations in premature infants. Pediatr Res 1995;37:112-6.
38. Hanna CE, Jett PL, Laird MR et al. Corticosteroid binding globulin, total serum cortisol and stress in extremely low birth weight infants. Am J Perinatol 1997;14:201-4.
39. Arnold JD, Bonacruz G, Leslie GI et al. Antenatal steroids modulate the amplitude of pulsatile cortisol secretion in premature neonates. Pediatr Res 1998;44:876-81.
40. Goldstein RF, Thompson RJ Jr, Oehler JM et al. Influence of acidosis, hypoxemia and hypotension on neurodevelopmental outcome in very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 1995;95:238-43.
41. Yoder BA, Martin H, McCurnin DC et al. Impaired urinary cortisol excretion and early cardiopulmonary dysfunction in immature baboons. Pediatr Res 2002;51:426-32.
42. Bourchier D, Weston PJ. Randomised trial of dopamine compared with hydrocortisone for the treatment of hypotensive very low birth weight infants. Arch Dis Child 1997;76:F174-8.
43. Watterberg KL, Gerdes JS, Gifford KL et al. Prophylaxis against early adrenal insufficiency to prevent chronic lung disease in premature infants. Pediatrics 1999;104:1258-63.
44. Banks BA, Stouffer N, Cnaan A et al. Association of plasma cortisol and chronic lung disease in preterm infants. Pediatrics 2001;107:494-8.
45. Merz U, Pfaffle R, Peschgens T et al. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in preterm infants weighing ≤1250 g: association with perinatal data and chronic lung disease. Acta Paediatr 1998;87:313-7.
46. Watterberg KL, Scott SM, Backstrom C et al. Links between early adrenal function and respiratory outcome in preterm infants: airway inflammation and patent ductus arteriosus. Pediatrics 2000;105:320-4.
47. Watterberg KL, Gerdes JS, Cook KL. Impaired glucocorticoid synthesis in premature infants developing chronic lung disease. Pediatr Res 2001;50:190-5.
48. Tantivit P, Subramanian N, Garg M et al. Low serum cortisol in term newborns with refractory hypotension. J Perinatol 1999;19:352-7.
49. Pittinger TP, Sawin RS. Adrenocortical insufficiency in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a pilot study. J Pediatr Surg 2000;35:223-6.
50. Fernandez EF, Watterberg KL. Evidence of adrenal insufficiency in term infants with refractory hypotension. Pediatric Res 2002;51:288A.