Ocular toxoplasmosis - An update and review of the literature

Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz

Volumn 104, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 345-350

  Commodaro, Alessandra G ^a   Belfort, Rubens N ^a,b   Rizzo, Luiz Vicente ^c   Muccioli, Cristina ^a   Silveira, Claudio ^d   Burnier Jr , Miguel N ^a,b   Belfort Jr , Rubens ^a  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

^b MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^c Albert Einstein Jewish Institute for Education and Research   (Brazil)

^d Clinica Silveira   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Diagnosis; Ocular toxoplasmosis; Treatment and ocular lesions

Indexed keywords

EID: 65549127856     PISSN: 00740276     EISSN: 16788060     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1590/S0074-02762009000200030     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Abreu MT, Belfort Jr R, Oréfice F 1987. Toxoplasmose ocular. In F Oréfice, R Belfort Jr. Uveites, Roca, São Paulo, p. 211-230.
2. Aggio FB, Muccioli C, Belfort R Jr 2006. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide as an adjunct in the treatment of severe ocular toxoplasmosis. Eye 20: 1080-1082.
3. Antoniazzi E, Guagliano R, Meroni V, Pezzotta S, Bianchi PE 2008. Ocular impaiment of toxoplasmosis. Parasitologia 50: 35-36.
4. Belfort-Neto R, Nussenblatt V, Rizzo L, Muccioli C, Silveira C, Nussenblatt R, Khan A, Sibley LD, Belfort R Jr 2007. High prevalence of unusual genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pork meat samples from Erechim, Southern Brazil. An Acad Bras Cienc 79: 111-114.
5. Belfort RN, Rasmussen S, Kherani A, Lodha N, Williams G, Fernandes BF, Burnier Jr MN 2008. Bilateral progressive necrotizing retinichoroiditis in a immunocompromised patient: histopathologic diagnosis. Acta Ophthalmol, in press.
6. Bonfioli AA, Orefice F 2005. Toxoplasmosis. Semin Ophthalmol 20: 129-141.
7. Bosch-Driessen LH, Berendschot TT, Ongkosuwito JV, Rothova A 2002. Ocular toxoplasmosis: clinical features and prognosis of 154 patients. Ophthalmology 109: 869-878.
8. Bosch-Driessen LH, Karimi S, Stilma JS, Rothova A 2000. Retinal detachment in ocular toxoplasmosis. Ophthalmology 107: 36-40.
9. Brézin AP, Egwuagu CE, Burnier M Jr, Silveira C, Mahdi RM, Gazzinelli RT, Belfort R Jr, Nussenblatt RB 1990. Identification of Toxoplasma gondii in paraffin-embedded sections by the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Ophthalmol 110: 599-604.
10. Calderaro A, Piccolo G, Gorrini C, Peruzzi S, Zerbini L, Bommezzadri S, Dettori G, Chezzi C 2006. Comparison between two real-time PCR assays and a nested-PCR for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii. Acta Biomed 77: 75-80.
11. Colin J, Harie JC 1989. Presumed toxoplasmic chorioretinitis: comparative study of treatment with pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine or clindamycin. J Fr Ophtalmol 12: 161-165.
12. De Moura L, Bahia-Oliveira LM, Wada MY, Jones JL, Tuboi SH, Carmo EH, Ramalho WM, Camargo NJ, Trevisan R, Graça RM, da Silva AJ, Moura I, Dubey JP, Garrett DO 2006. Waterborne toxoplasmosis, Brazil, from field to gene. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 326-329.
13. Dubey JP, Gennari SM, Labruna MB, Camargo LM, Vianna MC, Marcet PL, Lehmann T 2006. Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates in free-range chickens from Amazon, Brazil. J Parasitol 92: 36-40.
14. Dworkin LL, Gibler TM, Van Gelder RN 2002. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction diagnosis of infectious posterior uveitis. Arch Ophthalmol 120: 1534-1539.
15. Eckert GU, Melamed J, Menegaz B 2007. Optic nerve changes in ocular toxoplasmosis. Eye 21: 746-751.
16. Fekkar A, Bodaghi B, Touafek F, Le Hoang P, Mazier D, Paris L 2008. Comparison of immunoblotting, calculation of the Goldmann- Witmer coefficient, and real-time PCR using aqueous humor samples for diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis. J Clin Microbiol 46: 1965-1967.
17. Ganesh SK, Sharma S, Narayana KM, Biswas J 2004. Fuchs' heterochromic iridocyclitis following bilateral ocular toxoplasmosis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 12: 75-77.
18. Garweg JG 2005. Department of determinants of immunodiagnostic success in human ocular toxoplasmosis. Parasite Immunol 27: 61-68.
19. Grigg ME, Ganatra J, Boothroyd JC, Margolis TP 2001. Unusual abundance of atypical strains associated with human ocular toxoplasmosis. J Infect Dis 184: 633-639.
20. Holland GN 2004. Ocular toxoplasmosis: a global reassessment. Part II: disease manifestations and management. Am J Ophthalmol 137: 1-17.
21. Holland GN, O'Connor GR, Belfort Jr R, Remington JS 1996. Toxoplasmosis. In JS Pepose, GN Holland, KR Wilhelmus. Ocular infection & immunity, Mosby-Year Book, St. Louis, p. 1183-1223.
22. Howe DK, Honoré S, Derouin F, Sibley LD 1997. Determination of genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii strains isolated from patients with toxoplasmosis. J Clin Microbiol 35: 1411-1414.
23. Howe DK, Sibley DL 1995. Toxoplasma gondii comprises three clonal lineages: correlation of parasite genotype with human disease. J Infect Dis 172: 1561-1566.
24. Jones JL, Muccioli C, Belfort R Jr, Holland GN, Roberts JM, Silveira C 2006. Recently acquired Toxoplasma gondii infection, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 582-587.
25. Khan A, Jordan C, Muccioli C, Vallochi AL, Rizzo LV, Belfort R Jr, Vitor RW, Silveira C, Sibley LD 2006. Genetic divergence of Toxoplasma gondii strains associated with ocular toxoplasmosis, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 942-949.
26. Kishore K, Conway MD, Peyman GA 2001. Intravitreal clindamycin and dexamethasone for toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 32: 183-192.
27. Kodjikian L, Wallon M, Fleury J, Denis P, Binquet C, Peyron F, Garweg JG 2006. Ocular manifestations in congenital toxoplasmosis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 244: 14-21.
28. La Hey E, Baarsma GS 1993. Contralateral active ocular toxoplasmosis in Fuchs' heterochromic cyclitis. Br J Ophthalmol 77: 455-456.
29. Lin MH, Chen TC, Kuo TT, Tseng CC, Tseng CP 2000. Real-time PCR for quantitative detection of Toxoplasma gondii. J Clin Microbiol 38: 4121-4125.
30. Mahalakshmi B, Therese KL, Madhavan HN, Biswas J 2006. Diagnostic value of specific local antibody production and nucleic acid amplification technique-nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) in clinically suspected ocular toxoplasmosis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 14: 105-112.
31. Mets MB, Chhabra MS 2008. Eye manifestations of intrauterine infections and their impact on childhood blindness. Surv Ophthalmol 53: 95-111.
32. Mets MB, Holfels E, Boyer KM, Swisher CN, Roizen N, Stein L, Stein M, Hopkins J, Withers S, Mack D, Luciano R, Patel D, Remington JS, Meier P, McLeod R 1997. Eye manifestations of congenital toxoplasmosis. Am J Ophthalmol 123: 1-16.
33. Montoya JG, Liesenfeld O 2004. Toxoplasmosis. Lancet 363: 1965-1976.
34. Montoya JG, Parmley S, Liesenfeld O, Jaffe GJ, Remington JS 1999. Use of the polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis. Ophthalmology 106: 1554-1563.
35. Montoya JG, Remington JS 1996. Toxoplasmic chorioretinitis in the setting of acute acquired toxoplasmosis. Clin Infect Dis 23: 277-282.
36. Montoya JG, Remington JS 2008. Management of Toxoplasma gondii infection during pregnancy. Clin Infect Dis 47: 554-566.
37. Morhun PJ, Weisz JM, Elias SJ, Holland GN 1996. Recurrent ocular toxoplasmosis in patients treated with systemic corticosteroids. Retina 16: 383-387.
38. Nowakowska D, Colón I, Remington JS, Grigg M, Golab E, Wilczynski J, Sibley LD 2006. Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii by multiplex PCR and peptide-based serological testing of samples from infants in Poland diagnosed with congenital toxoplasmosis. J Clin Microbiol 44: 1382-1389.
39. Nussenblatt RB, Belfort R Jr 1994. Ocular toxoplasmosis. An old disease revisited. JAMA 271: 304-307.
40. Ongkosuwito JV, Bosch-Driessen EH, Kijlstra A, Rothova A 1999. Serologic evaluation of patients with primary and recurrent ocular toxoplasmosis for evidence of recent infection. Am J Ophthalmol 128: 407-412.
41. Opremcak EM, Scales DK, Sharpe MR 1992. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy for ocular toxoplasmosis. Ophthalmology 99: 920-925.
42. Pleyer U, Torun N, Liesenfeld O 2007. Ocular toxoplasmosis. Ophthalmologe 104: 603-615.
43. Rao NA, Font RL 1977. Toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis: electron-microscopic and immunofluorescence studies of formalin-fixed tissue. Arch Ophthalmol 95: 273-277.
44. Rothova A 2003. Ocular manifestations of toxoplasmosis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 14: 384-388.
45. Rothova A, Buitenhuis HJ, Meenken C, Baarsma GS, Boen-Tan TN, de Jong PT, Schweitzer CM, Timmerman Z, de Vries J, Zaal MJ, Kijlstra A 1989. Therapy of ocular toxoplasmosis. Int Ophthalmol 13: 415-419.
46. Rothova A, de Boer JH, Ten Dam-van Loon NH, Postma G, de Visser L, Zuurveen SJ, Schuller M, Weersink AJ, van Loon AM, de Groot-Mijnes JD 2008. Usefulness of aqueous humor analysis for the diagnosis of posterior uveitis. Ophthalmology 115: 306-311.
47. Rothova A, Meenken C, Buitenhuis HJ, Brinkman CJ, Baarsma GS, Boen-Tan TN, de Jong PT, Klaassen-Broekema N, Schweitzer CM, Timmerman Z, Vries J de, Zaal MJW, Kijlstra A 1993. Therapy for ocular toxoplasmosis. Am J Ophthalmol 115: 517-523.
48. Schwab IR 1991. The epidemiologic association of Fuchs' heterochromic iridocyclitis and ocular toxoplasmosis. Am J Ophthalmol 111: 356-362.
49. Silveira C, Belfort R Jr, Burnier M Jr, Nussenblatt R 1988. Acquired toxoplasmic infection as the cause of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis in families. Am J Ophthalmol 106: 362-364.
50. Silveira C, Belfort R Jr, Muccioli C, Abreu MT, Martins MC, Victora C, Nussenblatt RB, Holland GN 2001. A follow-up study of Toxoplasma gondii infection in Southern Brazil. Am J Ophthalmol 131: 351-354.
51. Silveira C, Belfort R Jr, Muccioli C, Holland GN, Victora CG, Horta BL, Yu F, Nussenblatt RB 2002. The effect of long-term intermittent trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole treatment on recurrences of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Am J Ophthalmol 134: 41-46.
52. Silveira C, Ferreira R, Muccioli C, Nussenblatt R, Belfort R Jr 2003. Toxoplasmosis transmitted to a newborn from the mother infected 20 years earlier. Am J Ophthalmol 136: 370-381.
53. Smith JR, Cunningham ET Jr 2002. Atypical presentations of ocular toxoplasmosis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 13: 387-392.
54. Sobrin L, Kump LI, Foster CS 2007. Intravitreal clindamycin for toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Retina 27: 952-957.
55. Soheilian M, Heidari K, Yazdani S, Shahsavari M, Ahmadieh H, Dehghan M 2004. Patterns of uveitis in a tertiary eye care center in Iran. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 12: 297-310.
56. Soheilian M, Sadoughi MM, Ghajarnia M, Dehghan MH, Yazdani S, Behboudi H, Anisian A, Peyman GA 2005. Prospective randomized trial of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole versus pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine in the treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis. Ophthalmology 112: 1876-1882.
57. Tan HK, Schmidt D, Stanford M, Teär-Fahnehjelm K, Ferret N, Salt A, Gilbert R 2007. Risk of visual impairment in children with congenital toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Am J Ophthalmol 144: 648-653.
58. Toledo de Abreu M, Belfort R Jr, Hirata PS 1982. Fuchs' heterochromic cyclitis and ocular toxoplasmosis. Am J Ophthalmol 93: 739-744.
59. Vallochi AL, Goldberg AC, Falcai A, Ramasawmy R, Kalil Filho J, Silveira C, Belfort R Jr, Rizzo LV 2008. Molecular markersos susceptibility to ocular toxoplasmosis, host and guest behaving badly. Clin Ophthalmol 4: 1-12.
60. Vallochi AL, Muccioli C, Martins MC, Silveira C, Belfort R Jr, Rizzo LV 2005. The genotype of Toxoplasma gondii strains causing ocular toxoplasmosis in humans in Brazil. Am J Ophthalmol 139: 350-361.
61. Wallon M, Kodjikian L, Binquet C, Garweg J, Fleury J, Quantin C, Peyron F 2004. Long-term ocular prognosis in 327 children with congenital toxoplasmosis. Pediatrics 113: 1567-1572.