Ocular manifestations of toxoplasmosis

Current Opinion in Ophthalmology

Volumn 14, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 384-388

  Rothova, Aniki ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER UTRECHT   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Congenital and acquired toxoplasmosis; Ocular manifestations; Ocular toxoplasmosis; Recurrent ocular toxoplasmosis; Strains of Toxoplasma gondii; Treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis

Indexed keywords

ANTIPARASITIC AGENT; ATOVAQUONE; AZITHROMYCIN; CLINDAMYCIN; CORTICOSTEROID; COTRIMOXAZOLE; FOLINIC ACID; PYRIMETHAMINE; SULFADIAZINE; TETRACYCLINE;

ANTIBODY DETECTION; BONE MARROW TOXICITY; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONGENITAL INFECTION; CONGENITAL TOXOPLASMOSIS; DISEASE SEVERITY; DNA DETERMINATION; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; EYE DISEASE; HUMAN; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; NEWBORN INFECTION; PARASITE TRANSMISSION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROPHYLAXIS; RECURRENT DISEASE; REVIEW; SEROLOGY; TERATOGENICITY; TOXOPLASMA GONDII; TOXOPLASMOSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

AFRICA, WESTERN; EUROPE; HUMANS; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST; INCIDENCE; INFANT; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS; TOXOPLASMOSIS, OCULAR;

EID: 1542512177     PISSN: 10408738     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00055735-200312000-00011     Document Type: Review

References (59)

1. Jones JL, Kruszon-Moran D, Wilson M, et al.: Toxoplasma gondii infection in the United States: seroprevalence and risk factors. Am J Epidemiol 2001, 154:357-365.
2. Monthly Vital Statistics Report, series 1, no 32. National Center for Health Statistics. Plan and operation of the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-94. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 1994.
3. Janku J: Pathogenesa a patologicka anatomie tak nazvaneho vrozeneho kolobomu zlute skvrny v oku normalne velikem a microphthalmickem s nalezem parasitu v sitnici. Cas Lek Ces 1923, 62:1021, 1054,1081,1111,1138.
4. Bosch-Driessen LE, Berendschot TT, Ongkosuwito JV, et al.: Ocular toxoplasmosis: clinical features and prognosis of 154 patients. Ophthalmology 2002, 109:869-878. This large study on clinical manifestations and visual outcomes of OT describes high recurrence rate despite standard treatments and highlights low recurrence rate in unaffected healthy fellow eyes in contrast with already affected fellow eyes.
5. Smith JR, Cunningham Jr ET: Atypical presentations of ocular toxoplasmosis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2002, 13:387-392. Well referenced review of atypical features of OT.
6. Hovakimyan A, Cunningham ET Jr: Ocular toxoplasmosis. Ophthalmol Clin North Am 2002, 15:327-332.
7. Gilbert RE, Stanford ME, Jackson H, et al.: Incidence of acute symptomatic toxoplasma retinochoroiditis in south London according to country of birth. BMJ 1995, 310:1037-1040.
8. Wilson CB, Remington JS, Stagno S, et al.: Development of adverse sequelae in children born with subclinical congenital Toxoplasma infection. Pediatrics 1980, 66:767-774.
9. Koppe JG, Rothova A: Congenital toxoplasmosis. A long-term follow-up of 20 years. Int Ophthalmol 1989, 13:387-390.
10. Fardeau C, Romand S, Rao NA, et al.: Diagnosis of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis with atypical clinical features. Am J Ophthalmol 2002, 134:196-203. New European study pointing out the necessity of analysis of intraocular fluids (polymerase chain reaction and specific antibodies) in patients with (atypical) OT.
11. Labalette P, Delhaes L, Margaron F, et al.: Ocular toxoplasmosis after the fifth decade. Am J Ophthalmol 2002, 133:506-515. Systematic analysis of OT in elderly patients that shows that the severity of OT encountered in elderly patients is also dependent on medical awareness and management of frequently atypical features.
12. Bahia-Oliveira LM, Jones JL, Azevedo-Silva J, et al.: Highly endemic, waterborne toxoplasmosis in north Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2003, 9:55-62. Almost a detective story leading from unusually high number of cases with OT to identification of contaminated water reservoir.
13. Bowie WR, King AS, Werker DH, et al.: Outbreak of toxoplasmosis associated with municipal drinking water. Lancet 1997, 350:173-177.
14. Roberts F, Mets MB, Ferguson DJ, et al.: Histopathological features of ocular toxoplasmosis in the fetus and infant. Arch Ophthalmol 2001, 119:51-58.
15. Fatoohi AF, Cozon GJ, Wallon M, et al.: Cellular immunity to toxoplasma gondii in congenitally infected newborns and immunocompetent infected hosts. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2003, 22:181-184.
16. Lieberman LA, Hunter CA: The role of cytokines and their signaling pathways in the regulation of immunity to Toxoplasma gondii. Int Rev Immunol 2002, 21:373-403.
17. Muino JC, Juarez CP, Luna JD, et al.: The importance of specific IgG and IgE autoantibodies to retinal S antigen, total serum IgE, and sCD23 levels in autoimmune and infectious uveitis. J Clin Immunol 1999, 19:215-222.
18. Holland GN: Ocular toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised host. Int Ophthalmol 1989, 13:399-402.
19. Holland GN, Lewis KG: An update on current practices in the management of ocular toxoplasmosis. Am J Ophthalmol 2002, 134:102-114.
20. Bosch-Driessen EH, Rothova A: Sense and nonsense of corticosteroid administration in the treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis. Br J Ophthalmol 1998, 82:858-860.
21. Grigg ME, Suzuki Y: Sexual recombination and clonal evolution of virulence in Toxoplasma. Microbes Infect 2003, 5:685-690.
22. Howe DK, Honore S, Derouin F, et al.: Determination of genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii strains isolated from patients with toxoplasmosis. J Clin Microbiol 1997, 35:1411-1414.
23. Boothroyd JC, Grigg ME: Population biology of Toxoplasma gondii and its relevance to human infection: do different strains cause different disease? Curr Opin Microbiol 2002, 5:438-442. This paper summarizes literature on population biology of T. gondii [21-25] and shows that different strain types might be linked to ocular symptoms in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients and that these correlations - if proven in large studies form different locations - might profoundly alter the treatment of toxoplasmic infections.
24. Honore S, Couvelard A, Garin YJ, et al.: Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii strains from immunocompromised patients. Pathol Biol 2000, 48:541-547.
25. Grigg ME Ganatra J, Boothroyd JC, et al.: Unusual abundance of atypical strains associated with human ocular toxoplasmosis. J Infect Dis 2001, 184:633-639.
26. Ross RD, Stec LA, Werner JC, et al.: Presumed acquired ocular toxoplasmosis in deer hunters. Retina 2001, 21:226-229.
27. Silveira C, Belfort R Jr, Muccioli C, et al.: A follow-up study of Toxoplasma gondii infection in southern Brazil. Am J Ophthalmol 2001, 13:351-354.
28. Burnett AJ, Shortt SG, Isaac-Renton J, King A, et al.: Multiple cases of acquired toxoplasmosis retinitis presenting in an outbreak. Ophthalmology 1998, 105:1032-1037.
29. Holland GN, Muccioli C, Silveira C, et al.: Intraocular inflammatory reactions without focal necrotizing retinochoroiditis in patients with acquired systemic toxoplasmosis. Am J Ophthalmol 1999, 128:413-420.
30. Bosch-Driessen EH, Rothova A: Recurrent ocular disease in postnatally acquired toxoplasmosis. Am J Ophthalmol 1999, 128:421-425.
31. Evengard B, Petersson K, Engman ML, et al.: Low incidence of toxoplasma infection during pregnancy and in newborns in Sweden. Epidemiol Infect 2001, 127:121-127.
32. Jones JL, Lopez A, Wilson M, et al.: Congenital toxoplasmosis: a review. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2001, 56:296-305.
33. Neto EC, Anele E, Rubim R, et al.: High prevalence of congenital toxoplasmosis in Brazil estimated in a 3-year prospective neonatal screening study. Int J Epidemiol 2000, 29:941-947.
34. Gilbert R, Dunn D, Wallon M, et al.: Ecological comparison of the risks of mother-to-child transmission and clinical manifestations of congenital toxoplasmosis according to prenatal treatment protocol. Epidemiol Infect 2001, 127:113-120.
35. Dunn D, Wallon M, Peyron F, et al.: Mother-to-child transmission of toxoplasmosis: risk estimates for clinical counselling. Lancet 1999, 353:1829-1833.
36. Avelino MM, Campos D, de Parada Jdo C, et al.: Pregnancy as a risk factor for acute toxoplasmosis seroconversion. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2003, 108:19-24.
37. Hennequin C, Dureau P, N'Guyen L, et al.: Congenital toxoplasmosis acquired from an immune woman. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997, 16:75-77.
38. Gras L, Gilbert RE, Ades AE, et al.: Effect of prenatal treatment on the risk of intracranial and ocular lesions in children with congenital toxoplasmosis. Int J Epidemiol 2001, 30:1309-1313.
39. Jara M, Hsu HW, Eaton RB, et al.: Epidemiology of congenital toxoplasmosis identified by population-based newborn screening in Massachusetts. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001, 20:1132-1135.
40. Mets MB, Holfels E, Boyer KM, et al.: Eye manifestations of congenital toxoplasmosis. Am J Ophthalmol 1997, 123:1-16.
41. McAuley J, Boyer KM, Patel D, et al.: and longitudinal evaluations of treated infants and children and untreated historical patients with congenital toxoplasmosis: the Chicago Collaborative Treatment Trial. Clin Infect Dis 1994, 18:38-72.
42. Aramini JJ, Stephen C, Dubey JP, et al.: Potential contamination of drinking water with Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. Epidemiol Infect 1999, 122:305-315.
43. Smith RE, Ganley JP: Ophthalmic survey of a community. 1. Abnormalities of the ocular fundus. Am J Ophthalmol 1972, 74:1126-1130.
44. Aspinall TV, Guy EC, Roberts KE, et al.: Molecular evidence for multiple Toxoplasma gondii infections in individual patients in England and Wales: public health implications. Int J Parasitol 2003, 33:97-103.
45. Stanford MR, Gras L, Wade A, et al.: Reliability of expert interpretation of retinal photographs for the diagnosis of toxoplasma retinochoroiditis. Br J Ophthalmol 2002, 86:636-639. Illustrates the drawbacks of clinical diagnosis in OT and underlines the necessity of other diagnostic means See also Fardeau et al [10*].
46. Fawzy M, Mahmoud LA, El Gindy AE, et al.:. Value of estimating intraocular antibody production in diagnosis of typical and atypical lesions of ocular toxoplasmosis. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 1999, 29:735-743.
47. Torun N, Liekfeld A, Hartmann C, et al.: Ocular toxoplasmosis antibodies in aqueous humor and serum. Ophthalmologe 2002, 99:109-112.
48. Miller D, Davis J, Rosa R, et al.: Utility of tissue culture for detection of Toxoplasma gondii in vitreous humor of patients diagnosed with toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. J Clin Microbiol 2000, 38:3840-3842.
49. Ronday MJ, Ongkosuwito JV, Rothova A, et al.: Intraocular anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgA antibody production in patients with ocular toxoplasmosis. Am J Ophthalmol 1999, 127:294-300.
50. Stanford MR, See SE, Jones LV, et al.: Antibiotics for toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis: an evidence-based systematic review. Ophthalmology 2003, 110:926-931. Recent large review on efficacy of antiparasitic treatment in OT points out lack of evidence to support routine antibiotic treatment for OT and second, lack of controlled randomized trials with outcomes measures addressing short-and long-term efficacy.
51. Bosch-Driessen LH, Verbraak FD, Suttorp-Schulten MS, et al.: A prospective, randomized trial of pyrimethamine and azithromycin vs pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine for the treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis. Am J Ophthalmol 2002, 134:34-40. This report attempts to innovate standard treatment of OT with less toxic antiparasitic drugs and shows similar efficacy using relatively nontoxic azithromycin instead of sulfadiazine.
52. Smith JM, Curi AL, Pavesio CE: Crystalluria with sulphadiazine. Br J Ophthalmol 2001, 85:1265.
53. Kim P, Younan N, Coroneo MT: Hypersensitivity reaction to intravitreal clindamycin therapy. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2002, 30:147-148.
54. Ben Zina Z, Abid D, Kharrat W, et al.: Interest in treatment with subconjunctival clindamycin in toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Tunis Med 2001, 79:157-160.
55. Kishore K, Conway MD, Peyman GA. Intravitreal clindamycin and dexamethasone for toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 2001, 32:183-192.
56. Bosch-Driessen LH, Plaisier MB, Stilma JS, et al.: Reactivations of ocular toxoplasmosis after cataract extraction. Ophthalmology 2002, 109:41-45.
57. Silveira C, Belfort R Jr, Muccioli C, et al.: The effect of long-term intermittent trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole treatment on recurrences of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Am J Ophthalmol 2002, 134:41-46. First systematic report on long-term treatment efficacy in recurrent OT in immunocompetent patients.
58. Holland GN: Ocular toxoplasmosis in the immunocompromised host. Int Ophthalmol. 1989, 13:399-402.
59. Masur H, Kaplan JE, Holmes KK: Guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections among HIV-infected persons - 2002: recommendations of the U.S. Public Health Service and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Ann Intern Med 2002, 137:435-478. Evidence-based, very useful, and detailed guidelines for prevention of opportunistic infections among HIV infected persons. Also available on the Internet at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/ mmwrhtml/rr5108a1.htm