Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) 30 years later: Still the best option for insulin therapy

Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 99-111

  Bruttomesso, Daniela ^a   Costa, Silvana ^a   Baritussio, Aldo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion; Diabetes mellitus; Insulin analogues

Indexed keywords

HEMOGLOBIN A1C; INSULIN; INSULIN ASPART; INSULIN DERIVATIVE; INSULIN DETEMIR; INSULIN GLARGINE; INSULIN GLULISINE; INSULIN LISPRO; ISOPHANE INSULIN; LONG ACTING DRUG; METFORMIN; ORAL ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; SHORT ACTING DRUG; ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; DRUG DERIVATIVE;

BODY WEIGHT; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTACT DERMATITIS; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; COST CONTROL; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DESENSITIZATION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ERYTHEMA; FOOD DRUG INTERACTION; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HEMOGLOBIN BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; HYPOGLYCEMIA; INJECTION SITE INFLAMMATION; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; INSULIN PUMP; INSULIN TREATMENT; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; KETOACIDOSIS; LOW DRUG DOSE; LOW LEVEL LASER THERAPY; METABOLIC REGULATION; MULTIPLE DRUG DOSE; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; ONSET AGE; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PATIENT EDUCATION; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; RETINOPATHY; REVIEW; SKIN INFECTION; SUBCUTANEOUS NODULE; INSULIN INFUSION; STANDARD; SUBCUTANEOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION;

CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; INFUSIONS, SUBCUTANEOUS; INSULIN; INSULIN INFUSION SYSTEMS;

EID: 65549110626     PISSN: 15207552     EISSN: 15207560     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.931     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. Pickup JC, Keen H, Parsons JA, Alberti KG. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: an approach to achieving normoglycemia. BMJ 1978; 1: 204-207.
2. Tamborlane WV, Sherwin RS, Genel M, Felig P. Reduction to normal of plasma glucose in juvenile diabetics by subcutaneous administration of insulin with a portable infusion pump. N Engl J Med 1979; 300: 573-578.
3. Pickup J, Keen H. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion at 25 years. Evidence base for the expanding use of insulin pump therapy in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 593-598.
4. Pickup J, Martin M, Kerry S. Glycaemic control with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion compared with intensive insulin injections in patients with type 1 diabetes: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2002; 324: 705-708.
5. Weissberg-Benchell J, Antisdel-Lomaglio J, Seshadri R. Insulin pump therapy: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 1079-1087.
6. Lenhard MJ, Reeves GD. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: a comprehensive review of insulin pump therapy. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161: 2293-2300.
7. Kerr D, James J, Nicholls H. Technologies as therapeutic devices. What do we expect from users of insulin pump therapy? Infusyst Int 2008; 7: 1-4.
8. Danne T, Battelino T, Kordonouri O, et al. A cross-sectional international survey of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in 377 children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes mellitus from 10 countries. Pediatr Diabetes 2005; 6: 193-198.
9. Gross TM, Kayne D, King A, Rother C, Juth S. A bolus calculator is an effective means of controlling postprandial glycemia in patients on insulin pump therapy. Diabetes Technol Ther 2003; 5: 365-369.
10. Halvorson M, Carpenter S, Kaiserman K, Kaufman FR. A pilot trial in pediatrics with the sensor-augmented pump: combining real-time continuous glucose monitoring with the insulin pump. J Pediatr 2007; 150: 103-105.
11. Weinzimer SA, Tamborlane WV. Sensor-augmented pump therapy in type 1 diabetes. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2008; 15: 118-122.
12. Hirsch IB, Abelseth J, Bode BW, et al. Sensor-augmented insulin pump therapy: results of the first randomized treat-to-target study. Diabetes Technol Ther 2008; 10: 377-383.
13. Colquitt J, Royle P, Waugh N. Are analogue insulins better than soluble in continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion? Results of a meta-analysis. Diabet Med 2003; 20: 863-866.
14. Poulsen C, Langkjaer L, Worsøe C. Precipitation of insulin aspart and insulin glulisine products used for continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Diabetes Technol Ther 2007; 9: 26-35.
15. Senstius J, Poulsen C, Hvass A. Comparison of in vitro stability for insulin aspart and insulin glulisine during simulated use in infusion pumps. Diabetes Technol Ther 2007; 9: 517-521.
16. DeFelippis M, Bell M, Heyob J, Storms S. In vitro stability of insulin lispro in continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Diabetes Technol Ther 2006; 8: 358-368.
17. Hoogma RP, Schumicki D. Safety of insulin glulisine when given by continuous subcutaneous infusion using an external pump in patients with type 1 diabetes. Horm Metab Res 2006; 38: 429-433.
18. Mathiesen ER, vaz JA. Insulin treatment in diabetic pregnancy. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2008; 24: S3-S20.
19. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 977-986.
20. Jeitler K, Horvath K, Berghold A, et al. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily insulin injections in patients with diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia 2008; 51: 941-951.
21. Retnakaran R, Hochman J, DeVries JH, et al. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 2590-2596.
22. Lepore G, Dodesini AR, Nosari I, Trevisan R. Effect of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion vs multiple daily insulin injection with glargine as basal insulin: an open parallel long-term study. Diabetes Nutr Metab 2004; 17: 84-89.
23. Harmel AP, Mathur R. Similar A1c outcomes in type 1 diabetic patients undergoing intensive diabetes management with preprandial rapid-acting insulin and either CSII or glargine. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 272-273.
24. Garg SK, Walker AJ, Hoff HK, D'Souza AO, Gottlieb PA, Chase HP. Glycemic parameters with multiple daily injections using insulin glargine versus insulin pump. Diabetes Technol Ther 2004; 6: 9-15.
25. Fahlén M, Eliasson B, Odén A. Optimization of basal insulin delivery in Type 1 diabetes: a retrospective study on the use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and insulin glargine. Diabet Med 2005; 22: 382-386.
26. Bolli GB, Capani F, Home PD, et al. Comparison of a Multiple Daily Injection Regimen with Once-Daily Insulin Glargine Basal Insulin and Mealtime Lispro, to Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion: A Randomised, Open, Parallel Study. Poster Presentation: n 455 02 B - Clinical Therapeutics/New Technology - Insulin Delivery. In 64th Meeting American Diabetes Association, Orlando (Florida) Giugno, 2004.
27. Alemzadeh R, Ellis JN, Holzum MK, Parton EA, Wyatt DT. Beneficial effects of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and flexible multiple daily insulin regimen using insulin glargine in type 1 diabetes. Pediatrics 2004; 114: 91-95.
28. Doyle (Boland) EA, Weinzimer SA, Steffen AT, Ahern JA, Vincent M, Tamborlane WV. A randomized, prospective trial comparing the efficacy of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion with multiple daily injections using insulin glargine. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 1554-1558.
29. Hirsch IB, Bode BW, Garg S, et al, For the insulin aspart CSII/MDI comparison study Group. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) of insulin Aspart versus multiple daily injection of insulin aspart/ insulin glargine in type 1 diabetic patients previously treated with CSII. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 533-538.
30. Thomas RM, Aldibbiat A, Griffin W, Cox MAA, Leech NJ, Shaw JAM. A randomized pilot study in Type 1 diabetes complicated by severe hypoglycaemia, comparing rigorous hypoglycaemia avoidance with insulin analogue therapy, CSII or education alone. Diabet Med 2007; 24: 778-783.
31. Schiaffini R, Patera PI, Bizzarri C, Ciampalini P, Cappa M. Basal insulin supplementation in Type 1 diabetic children: a long-term comparative observational study between continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and glargine insulin. J Endocrinol Invest 2007; 30: 572-577.
32. Bruttomesso D, Crazzolara D, Maran A, et al. In Type 1 diabetic patients with good metabolic control blood glucose variability is lower during continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion than during multiple daily injections with glargine. Diabet Med 2007; 25: 326-332.
33. Pickup JC, KiddJ, Burmiston S, Yemane N. Effectiveness of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in hypoglycaemiaprone type 1 diabetes. Pract Diabet Int 2005; 22: 10-14.
34. Alemzadeh R, Palma-Sisto P, Holzum M, Parton E, Kicher J. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion attenuated glycemic instability in preschool children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Technol Ther 2007; 9: 339-347.
35. Wilson DM, Buckingham BA, Kunselman EL, Sullivan MM, Paguntalan HU, Gitelman SE. A two-center randomized controlled feasibility trial of insulin pump therapy in young children with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 15-19.
36. Pickup JC, Sutton AJ. Severe hypoglycemia and glycaemic control in Type 1 diabetes; meta-analysis of multiple daily insulin injections compared with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Diabet Med 2008; 25: 765-774.
37. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Group. Implementation of treatment protocols on the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes Care 1995; 18: 361-376.
38. Bruttomesso D, Pianta A, Crazzolara D, et al. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) in Veneto Region: efficacy, acceptability and quality of life. Diabet Med 2002; 19: 628-634.
39. Aberle I, Zimprich D, Bach-Kliegel B, et al. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion leads to immediate, stable and long-term changes in metabolic control. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008; 10: 329-335.
40. Hoogma RP, Hammond PJ, Gomis R, et al, On behalf of the 5-Nations Study Group. Comparison of the effects of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and NPH-based multiple daily insulin injections (MDI) on glycaemic control and quality of life: results of the 5-nations trial. Diabet Med 2006; 23: 141-147.
41. Gough SCL. A review of human and analogue insulin trials. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007; 77: 1-15.
42. Pickup JC, Renard E. Long-acting insulin analogs versus insulin pump therapy for the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: S140-S145.
43. Bode BW, Steed RD, DavidsonPC. Reduction in severe hypoglycaemia with long-term continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1996; 19: 324-327.
44. Boland EA, Grey M, Osterle A, Fredrickson L, Tamborlane WV. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. A new way to lower risk of severe hypoglycemia, improve metabolic control, and enhance coping in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 1779-1784.
45. Rudolph JW, Hirsch IB. Assessment of therapy with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in an academic diabetes clinic. Endocr Pract 2002; 8: 401-405.
46. Chantelau E, Spraul M, Mühlhauser I, Gause R, Berger M. Long term safety, efficacy and side-effects of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion treatment for type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: a one centre experience. Diabetologia 1989; 32: 421-426.
47. National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE). Guidance on the Use of Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion for Diabetes. Technology Appraisal Guidance No 57. Revised by National Institute for Clinical Excellence (N. 194). London, 2003; Available at: http://www.nice.org.uk/ nicemedia/pdf/57_Insulin_pumps_fullguidance.pdf, accessed on October 20, 2008.
48. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. (Review of technology appraisal guidance 57). NICE technology; appraisal guidance 151, London, 2008; Available at: http://www.nice.org.uk/ guidance/index.jsp?action=byTopic&o=7239, accessed on October 20, 2008.
49. Barnard KD, Lloyd CE, Skinner TC. Systematic literature review: quality of life associated with insulin pump use in Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 2007; 24: 607-617.
50. Scheidegger U, Allemann S, Scheidegger K, Diem P. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy: effects on quality of life. Swiss Med Wkly 2007; 137: 476-482.
51. Nicolucci A, Maione A, Franciosi M, et al. Quality of life and treatment satisfaction in adults with Type 1 diabetes. A comparison between continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and multiple daily injections. Diabet Med 2008; 25: 213-220.
52. Radermecker RP, Scheen AJ. Allergy reactions to insulin: effects of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and insulin analogues. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2007; 23: 348-355.
53. Guilhem I, Leguerrier AM, Lecordier F, Poirier JY, Maugendre D. Technical risks with subcutaneous insulin infusion. Diabetes Metab 2006; 32: 279-284. June.
54. Peden NR, Braaten JT, McKendry JB. Diabetic ketoacidosis during long-term treatment with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Diabetes Care 1984; 7: 1-5.
55. Pickup JC, Sherwin RS, Tamborlane WV, Rizza RA, Service FJ. Conference on insulin pump therapy in diabetes. Multicenter study of effect on microvascular disease. The pump life. Patient responses and clinical and technological problems. Diabetes 1985; 34: 37-41.
56. Mecklenburg RS, Guinn TS, Sannar CA, Blumenstein BA. Malfunction of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion systems: a one-year prospective study of 127 patients. Diabetes Care 1986; 9: 351-355.
57. Nowakowska M, Jarosz-Chobot P, Polańska J, Machnica L. Bacterial strains colonizing subcutaneous catheters of personal insulin pumps. Pol J Microbiol 2007; 56(4): 239-243.
58. Owen S. Pediatrics pumps: Barriers and breakthroughs. Diabetes Educ 2006; 32: 29S-38S.
59. Guerci B, Meyer L, Sallé A, et al. Comparison of metabolic deterioration between insulin analog and regular insulin after a 5-hour interruption of a continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in type 1 diabetic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 2673-2678.
60. Knight G. Risks with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion can be serious. BMJ 2001; 323: 693-694.
61. Schuffham P, Carr L. The cost-effectiveness of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion compared with multiple daily injections for the management of diabetes. Diabet Med 2003; 20: 586-593.
62. Colquitt JL, Green C, Sidhu MK, Hartwell D, Waugh N. Clinical and cost-effectiveness of continuous subcutaneous infusion for diabetes. Health Technol Assess 2004; 8(43): iii, 1-171.
63. Conget Donlo I, Serrano Contreras D, Rodriguez Barrios JM, Levy Mizrahi I, Castell Abat C, Roze S. Cost-utility analysis of insulin pumps compared to multiple daily doses of insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Spain. Rev Esp salud Publica 2006; 80: 679-695.
64. Roze S, Valentine WJ, Zakrzewska KE, Palmer AJ. Health-economic comparison of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion with multiple daily injections for the treatment of type 1 diabetes in the UK. Diabet Med 2005; 22: 1239-1245.
65. Cohen N, Minshall ME, Sharon-Nash L, Zakrzewska K, Valentine WJ, Palmer AJ. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections of insulin. Economic comparison in adult and adolescent type 1 diabetes mellitus in Australia. Pharmacoeconomics 2007; 25: 881-897.
66. Ter Braak EW, Evers IM, Willem Erkelens D, Visser GH. Maternal hypoglycemia during pregnancy in type 1 diabetes: maternal and fetal consequences. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2002; 18: 96-105.
67. Kimmerle R, Heinemann L, Delecki A, Berger M. Severe hypoglycemia incidence and predisposing factors in 85 pregnancies of type 1 diabetic women. Diabetes Care 1992; 15: 1034-1037.
68. Hiéronimus S, Capelli C, Bongain A, Durand-Réville M, Berthier F, Fénichel P. Pregnancy in type 1 diabetes: insulin pump versus intensified conventional therapy. Ginecol Obstet Fertil 2005; 33: 389-394.
69. Mukhopadhyay A, Farrel T, Fraser R, Ola B. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion vs intensive conventional insulin therapy in pregnant diabetic women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 197: 447-456.
70. Lapolla A, Dalfrà MG, Masin M, et al. Analysis of outcome of pregnancy in type 1 diabetics treated with insulin pump or conventional insulin therapy. Acta Diabetol 2003; 40: 143-149.
71. Chen R, Ben-Haroush A, Weissman-Brenner A, Melamed N, Hod M, Yogev Y. Level of glycemic control and pregnancy outcome in type 1 diabetes: a comparison between multiple daily insulin injections and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusions. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 197: 404.e1-404.e5.
72. Gabbe SG, Holing E, Temple P, Brown ZA. Benefits, risks, costs, and patient satisfaction associated with insulin pump therapy for the pregnancy complicated by type 1 diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 182: 1283-1291.
73. Giménez M, Conget I, Nicolau J, Pericot A, Levy I. Outcome of pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes intensively treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion or conventional therapy. A case-control study. Acta Diabetol 2007; 44: 34-37.
74. Gabbe SG. New concepts and applications in the use of the insulin pump during pregnancy. J Matern Fetal Med 2000; 9: 42-45.
75. Gin H, Vanberque A, Vasseur C, et al. Groupe diabète et grossesse. Diabetes Metab 2006; 32: 592-597.
76. Gottlieb PA, Frias JP, Peters KA, Chillare B, Garg SK. Optimizing insulin therapy in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Treat Endocrinol 2002; 1: 235-240.
77. Simmons D, Thompson CF, Conroy C, Scott DJ. Use of insulin pumps in pregnancies complicated by type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes in a multiethnic community. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 2078-2082.
78. Knee TS, Seidensticker DF, Walton JL, Solberg LM, Lasseter DH. A novel use of U-500 insulin for continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in patients with insulin resistance: a case series. Endocr Pract 2003; 9: 181-186.
79. DCCT Research Group. Resource utilization and costs of care in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes Care 1995; 18: 1468-1478.
80. Tamborlane WV, Bonfig W, Boland E. Recent advances in treatment of youth with Type 1 diabetes: better care through technology. Diabet Med 2001; 18: 864-870.
81. Phillip M, Battelino T, Rodriguez H, Danne T, Kaufman F, For the Consensus Forum Participants. Use of insulin pump therapy in the pediatric age-group. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 1653-1662.
82. Nimri R, Weintrob N, Benzaquen H, Ofan R, Fayman G, Phillip M. Insulin pump therapy in youth with Tipe 1 diabetes: a retrospective paired study. Pediatrics 2006; 117: 2126-2131.
83. Wood JR, Moreland EC, Volkening LK, Svoren BM, Butler DA, Laffel LMB. Durability of insulin pump use in pediatric patients with Type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 2355-2360.
84. Sulli N, Shashaj B. Long-term benefits of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in children with Type 1 diabetes: a 4-year follow-up. Diabet Med 2006; 23: 900-906.
85. Scrimgeour L, Cobry E, McFann K, et al. Improved glycemic control after long-term insulin pump use in pediatric patients with Type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther 2006; 8: 67-75.
86. Jakisch BI, Wagner VM, Heidtmann B, et al. On behalf of the German/Austrian DPV initiative and the Working Group for paediatric Pump Therapy. Diabet Med 2008; 25: 80-85.
87. Weintrob N, Benzaquen H, Galatzer A, et al. Comparison of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and multiple daily injections regimens in children with Type 1 diabetes: a randomized open crossover trial. Pediatrics 2003; 112: 559-564.
88. DiMeglio LA, Pottorf TM, Boyd SR, France L, Fineberg N, Eugster EA. A randomized, controlled study of insulin pump therapy in diabetic preschoolers. J Pediatr 2004; 145: 380-384.
89. Weintrob N, Schechter A, Benzaquen H, Shalitin S, Lilos P, Galatzer A. Glycemic patterns detected by continuous subcutaneous glucose sensing in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus treated by multiple daily injections vs continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004; 158: 677-684.
90. Fox LA, Buckloh LM, Smith SD, Wysocki T, Mauras N. A randomized controlled trial of insulin pump therapy in young children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 1277-1281.
91. Pańkowska E, Błazik M, Dziechciarz P, Szypowska A, Szajewska H. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion vs. multiple daily injections in children with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Pediatr Diabetes 2009; 18761648, [Epub ahead of print]. PMID.
92. Pedersen-Bjergaard U, Pramming S, Heller SR, et al. Severe hypoglycemia in 1076 adult patients with type 1 diabetes: influence of risk markers and selection. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2004; 20: 479-486.
93. Conwell LS, Pope E, Artiles AM, Mohanta A, Daneman A, Daneman D. Dermatological complications of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in children and adolescents. J Pediatr 2008; 152: 622-628.
94. Hanas R, Ludvigsson J. Hypoglycemia and ketoacidosis with insulin pump therapy in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes 2006; 7: 32-38.
95. The DirecNet Study Group. Impact of exercise on overnight glycemic control in children with Type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr 2005; 147: 528-534.
96. The Diabetes Research in children Network (DirecNet) Study Group. Prevention of hypoglycaemia during exercise in children with Type 1 diabetes by suspending basal insulin. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 2200-2204.
97. Admon G, Weinstein Y, Falk B, et al. Exercise with and without an insulin pump among children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics 2005; 116: e348-e355.
98. Burdick J, ChaseHP, SloverRH, et al. Missed insulin meal boluses and elevated hemoglobin A1c levels in children receiving insulin pump therapy. Pediatrics 2004; 113: e221-e224.
99. Patton SR, Dolan LM, Henry R, Powers SW. Parental fear of hypoglycaemia: young children treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Pediatr Diabetes 2007; 8: 362-368.
100. Bharucha T, Brown J, McDonnell C, et al. Neonatal diabetes mellitus: insulin pump as an alternative management strategy. J Paediatr Child Health 2005; 41: 522-526.
101. Liberatore R Jr, Perlman K, Buccino J, Artiles-Sisk A, Daneman D. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion pump treatment in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2004; 17: 223-226.
102. Holterhus PM, Odendahl R, Oesingmann S, et al, German/Austrian DPV Initiative; German Pediatric CSII Working Group. Classification of distinct baseline insulin infusion patterns in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 568-573.
103. Cope JU, Morrison AE, Samuels-Reid J. Adolescent use of insulin and patient-controlled analgesia pump technology~: a 10-year food and drug administration retrospective study of adverse events. Pediatrics 2008; 121: e1133-e1138.
104. Ilkova H, Glaser B, Tunckale A, Bagriacik N, Cerasi E. Induction of long-term glycemic control in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients by transient intensive insulin treatment. Diabetes Care 1997; 20: 1353-1356.
105. Valensi P, Moura I, Le Magoarou M, Paries J, Perret G, Attali JR. Short-term effects of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion treatment on insulin secretion in non-insulindependent overweight patients with poor glycaemic control despite maximal oral anti-diabetic treatment. Diabetes Metab 1997; 23: 51-57.
106. Jennings AM, Lewis KS, Murdoch S, Talbot JF, Bradley C, Ward JD. Randomized trial comparing continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and conventional insulin therapy in type II diabetic patients poorly controlled with sulfonylureas. Diabetes Care 1991; 14: 738-744.
107. Wainstein J, Metzeger M, Boaz M, et al. Insulin pump therapy vs multiple daily injections in obese type 2 diabetic patients. Diabet Med 2005; 22: 1037-1046.
108. Berthe E, Lireux B, Coffin C, et al. Effectiveness of intensive insulin therapy by multiple daily injections and continuous subcutaneous infusion~: a comparison study in type 2 diabetes with conventional insulin regimen failure. Horm Metab Res 2007; 39: 224-229.
109. Raskin P, Bode BW, Marks JB, et al. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and multiple daily injection therapy are equally effective in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 2598-2603.
110. Herman Wh, Ilag LL, Johnson SL, et al. A clinical trial of continuos subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections in older adults with type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 1568-1573.
111. Labrousse-Lhermine F, Cazals L, Ruidavets JB, The GEDEC Study Group, Hanaire H. Long-term treatment combining continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion with oral hypoglycaemic agents is effective in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab 2007; 33: 253-260.
112. Coté B, St-Hilaire C. Comparison of the insulin pump and multiple daily insulin injections in intensive therapy for type 1 diabetes. Montreal, PQ, Canada: Agence d'Evaluation des Technologies et des Modes d'intervention en Santé (AETMIS), 2005; 1-104.
113. Farkas-Hirsch R, Hirsch IB. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: a review of the past and its implementation for the future. Diabetes Spectr 1994; 7: 80-84 e 136-138.
114. Rodrigues IAS, Reid HA, Ismail K, Amiel SA. Indications and efficacy of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) therapy in Type 1 diabetes mellitus: a clinical audit in a specialist service. Diabet Med 2005; 22: 842-849.
115. Berkeley J, Lunt H, Frampton C. Efficacy of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) in patients with classical contraindications to its use. Diabet Med 2007; 24: 1496-1497.
116. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Early worsening of diabetic retinopathy in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Arch Ophthalmol 1998; 116: 874-886.