Acute myelogenous leukemia

Experimental Hematology

Volumn 37, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 649-658

  Shipley, Joshua L ^a   Butera, James N ^a  

^a BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

4 PHENYLBUTYRIC ACID; 5 AZA 2' DEOXYCYTIDINE; ANTHRACYCLINE DERIVATIVE; CLOFARABINE; CORE BINDING FACTOR; CYTARABINE; DAUNORUBICIN; ETOPOSIDE; FLUDARABINE; GEMTUZUMAB OZOGAMICIN; HYDROXYUREA; IDARUBICIN; LANIQUIDAR; LESTAURTINIB; MELPHALAN; MIDOSTAURIN; MITOXANTRONE; N (2 AMINOPHENYL) 4 (3 PYRIDINYLMETHOXYCARBONYLAMINOMETHYL)BENZAMIDE; N (2 AMINOPHENYL) 4 [4 (3 PYRIDINYL) 2 PYRIMIDINYLAMINOMETHYL]BENZAMIDE; RETINOIC ACID; ROMIDEPSIN; SUNITINIB; TANDUTINIB; TARIQUIDAR; TIPIFARNIB; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALPROIC ACID; VORINOSTAT; ZOSUQUIDAR;

ACUTE GRANULOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; AGING; AUTOLOGOUS STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; BILIRUBIN BLOOD LEVEL; CHILL; CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; CYTOGENETICS; DISEASE FREE SURVIVAL; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG FEVER; DRUG MEGADOSE; DYSPLASIA; DYSPNEA; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; LOW DRUG DOSE; MAINTENANCE THERAPY; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; MONOTHERAPY; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; MULTILINEAGE DYSPLASIA; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME; NEUTROPENIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RECURRENT DISEASE; REMISSION; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; THROMBOCYTOPENIA;

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION; HUMANS; LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACUTE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 65549090436     PISSN: 0301472X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2009.04.002     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. Farag S.S., Ruppert A.S., Mrozek K., et al. Outcome of induction and postremission therapy in younger adults with acute myeloid leukemia with normal karyotype: a Cancer and Leukemia Group B study. J Clin Oncol 23 (2005) 482
2. Grimwade D., Walker H., Oliver F., et al. The importance of diagnostic cytogenetics on outcome in AML: analysis of 1,612 patients entered into the MRC AML 10 trial. Blood 92 (1998) 2322-2233
3. Farag S.S., Archer K.J., Mrozek K., et al. Pretreatment cytogenetcs add to other prognostic factors predicting complete remission and long-term outcome in patients 60 years of age or older with acute myeloid leukemia: results from Cancer and Leukemia Group B 8461. Blood 108 (2006) 63-73
4. Appelbaum F.R., Kopecky K.J., Tallman M.S., et al. The clinical spectrum of adult acute myeloid leukemia associated with core binding factor translocations. Br J Haematol 135 (2006) 165-173
5. Kuchenbauer F., Schnittger S., Look T., et al. Identification of additional cytogenetic and molecular genetic abnormalities in acute myeloid leukemia with t(8;21)/AML1-ETO. Br J Haematol 134 (2006) 616-619
6. Mrozek K., and Bloomfield C.D. Chromosome aberrations, gene mutations and expression changes, and prognosis in adult acute myeloid leukemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program (2006) 169-177
7. Ichikawa H., Tanabe K., Mizushima H., et al. Common gene expression signatures in t(8;21)- and inv(16)-acute myeloid leukemia. Br J Haematol 135 (2006) 336-347
8. Paschka P., Marcucci G., Ruppert A.S., et al. Adverse prognostic significance of KIT mutations in adult acute myeloid leukemia with inv(16) and t(8;21): a Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study. J Clin Oncol 24 (2006) 3904-3911
9. Mrozek K., Marcucci G., Paschka P., Whitman S.P., and Bloomfield C.D. Clinical relevance of mutations and gene-expression changes in adult acute myeloid leukemia with normal cytogenetics: are we ready for a prognostically prioritized molecular classification?. Blood 109 (2007) 431-448
10. Dillman R.O., Davis R.B., Green M.R., et al. A comparative study of two different doses of cytarabine for acute myeloid leukemia: a phase III trial of Cancer and Leukemia Group B. Blood 78 (1991) 2520-2526
11. Weick J.K., Kopecky K.J., Appelbaum F.R., et al. A randomized investigation of high-dose versus standard -dose cytosine arabinoside with daunorubicin in patients with previously untreated acute myeloid leukemia; A Southwest Oncology Group Study. Blood 88 (1996) 2841-2851
12. Bishop J.F., Matthews J.P., Young G.A., et al. A randomized study of high-dose cytarabine in induction acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 87 (1996) 1710-1717
13. Dillman R.O., Davis R.B., Green M.R., et al. A comparative study of two different doses of cytarabine for acute myeloid leukemia: a phase III trial of Cancer and Leukemia Group B. Blood 78 (1991) 2520-2526
14. Bishop J.F., Lowenthal R.M., Joshua D., et al. Etoposide in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Blood 75 (1990) 27-32
15. Rowe J.M., Neuberg D., Friedenberg W., et al. A phase 3 study of three induction regimens and of priming with GM-CSF in older adults with acute myeloid leukemia: a trial by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Blood 103 (2004) 479-485
16. Vogler W.R., Velez-Garcia E., Weiner R.S., et al. A phase III trial comparing idarubicin and daunorubicin in combination with cytarabine in acute myelogenous leukemia: a Southeastern Cancer Study Group study. J Clin Oncol 10 (1992) 1103-1111
17. Wiernik P.H., Banks P.L.C., Case D.C., et al. Cytarabine plus idarubicin or daunorubicin as induction and consolidation therapy for previously untreated adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 79 (1992) 313-319
18. Berman E., Heller G., Santorsa J., et al. Results of a randomized trial comparing idarubicin and cytosine arabinoside with daunorubicin and cytosine arabinoside in adult patients with newly diagnosed acute myelogenous leukemia. Blood 77 (1991) 1666-1674
19. Arlin Z., Case D.C., Moore J., et al. Randomized multicenter trial of cytosine arabinoside with mitoxantrone or daunorubicin in previously untreated adult patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Lederle Cooperative Group. Leukemia 4 (1990) 177-183
20. Estey E.H., Thall P.F., Cortes J.E., et al. Comparison of idarubicin + ara-c-, fludarabine + ara-C-, and topotecan + ara-C-based regimens in treatment of newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia, refractory anemia with excess blasts in transformation, or refractory anemia with excess blasts. Blood 98 (2001) 3575-3583
21. Russo D., Malagola M., DeVivo A., et al. Multicenter phase III trial of fludarabine, cytarabine (Ara-C), and idarubicin versus idarubicin, Ara-C, and etoposide for induction treatment of younger, newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia patients. Br J Haematol 131 (2005) 172-179
22. Van Der Holt B., Sonneveld P., Burnett A.K., et al. Daunorubicin and cytarabine compared with daunorubicin, cytarabine and the MDR1 reversal agent PSC-833 in elderly patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 104 (2004) Abstract 863
23. Cripe L.D., Li X., Litzow M., Rowe E.J.M., Luger S., and Tallman M. A randomized, placebo controlled, double blind trial of the MDR modulator Zosuquidar, during conventional induction and post-remission therapy for patients >60 years of age with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia or high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome: ECOG 3999. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 108 (2006) Abstract 423
24. Burnett A.K., Kell W.J., Milligan A.D., et al. The addition of gemtuzumab ozogamicin to induction chemotherapy for AML improves disease free survival without extra toxicity: preliminary analysis of 1115 patients in the MRC AML15 Trial. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 108 (2006) Abstract 13
25. Stone R.M., and Mayer R.J. Treatment of the newly diagnosed adult with de novo acute myeloid leukemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 7 (1993) 47-64
26. Champlin R., Gajewski J., and Nimer S. Postremission chemotherapy for adults with acute myelogenous leukemia: improvement survival with high-dose cytarabine and daunorubicin consolidation treatment. J Clin Oncol 8 (1990) 1199-1206
27. Cassileth P.A., Lynch E., Hines J.D., et al. Varying intensity postremission therapy in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 79 (1992) 1924-1930
28. Schlenk R.F., Frohling S., Hartmann F., et al. Intensive consolidation verses oral maintenance therapy in patients 61 years or older with in acute myelogenous leukemia in first remission: results of second randomization of AML HD98-B treatment trial. Leukemia 20 (2006) 748-750
29. Cassileth P.A., Harrington D.P., Appelbaum F.R., et al. Chemotherapy compared with autologous or allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in the management of acute myeloid leukemia in first remission. N Engl J Med 339 (1998) 1649
30. Zittoun R.A., Mandelli F., Willemze R., et al. Autologous or allogeneic bone marrow transplantation compared Cawith intensive chemotherapy in acute myelogenous leukemia. N Engl J Med 332 (1995) 217
31. Burnett A.K., Goldstone A.H., Stevens R.M.F., et al. Randomised comparison of addition of autologous bone-marrow transplantation to intensive chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukaemia in first remission: results of MRC AML 10 trial. Lancet 351 (1998) 700
32. Nathan P.C., Sung L., Crump M., and Beyene J. Consolidation therapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation in adults with acute myeloid leukemia: a meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 96 (2004) 38
33. Harousseau J., Cahn J., Pignon B., et al. Comparison of autologous bone marrow transplantation and intensive chemotherapy as postremission therapy in adult acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 90 (1997) 2978-2986
34. Tsimberidou A.M., Stavroyianni N., Viniou N., et al. Comparison of allogeneic stem cell transplantation, high-dose cytarabine, and autologous peripheral stem cell transplantation as postremission treatment in patients with de nova acute myelogenous leukemia. Cancer 97 (2003) 1721
35. Slovak M.L., Kopecky K.J., Cassileth P.A., et al. Karyotypic analysis predicts outcome of preremission and postremission therapy in adult acute myeloid leukemia: a Southwest Oncology Group/Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study. Blood 96 (2000) 4075-4083
36. Keating S., de Whitte T., Suciu S., et al. The influence of HLA-matched sibling donor availability on treatment outcome for patients with AML: an analysis of the AML 8A study of the EORTC Leukaemia Cooperative Group and GIMEMA. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche Maligne dell' Adulto. Br J Haematol 102 (1998) 1344-1353
37. Suciu S., Mandelli F., de Witte, et al. Allogeneic compared with autologous stem cell transplantation in the treatment of patients younger than 46 years with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in first complete remission (CR1):an intention-to-treat analysis of the EORTC/GIMEMAAML-10 trial. Blood 102 (2003) 1232-1240
38. Burnett A., Wheatley K., Goldstone A., et al. The value of allogeneic bone marrow transplant in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia at differing risk of relapse: results of the UK MRC. AML trial. Br J of Haematol 118 (2002) 385-400
39. Estey E.H. Treatment of relapsed and refractory acute myelogenous leukemia. Leukemia 14 (2000) 276
40. Craddock C., Tauro S., Moss P., et al. Biology and management of relapsed acute myeloid leukemia. Br J Haematol 129 (2005) 18
41. Breems D.A., Van Putten W.L., Huijgens P.C., et al. Prognosic index for adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia in first relapse. J Clin Oncol 23 (2005) 1969
42. Brown R.A., Herzig R.H., Wolff S.N., et al. High-dose etoposide and cyclophosphamide without bone marrow transplantation for resistant hematologic malignancy. Blood 76 (1990) 473-479
43. Ho A.D., Lipp T., Ehninger, et al. Combination of mitoxantrone and etoposide in refractory acute myelogenous leukemia-an active and well-tolerated regimen. J Clin Oncol 6 (1988) 213-217
44. Jackson G., Taylor P., Smith G.M., et al. A multicentre, open, noncomparative phase II study of a combination of fludarabine phosphate, cytarabine, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in relapsed and refractory acute myeloid leukaemia and de novo refractory anaemia with excess blasts in transformation. Br J Haematol 112 (2001) 127-137
45. Vignetti M., Orsini E., Petti M.C., et al. Probability of long-term disease-free survival for acute myeloid leukemia patients after first relapse: a single-centre experience. Ann Oncol 7 (1996) 933-938
46. Chantry A.D., Snowden J.A., Craddock C., et al. Long-term outcomes of myeloablation and autologous transplantation of relapsed acute myeloid leukemia in second remission: a British Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation registry study. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 12 (2006) 1310-1317
47. Grigg A.P., Szer J., Beresford J., et al. Factors affecting the outcome of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for adult patients with refractory or relapsed acute leukaemia. Br J Haematol 107 (1999) 409-418
48. Boiron J.M., Lerner D., Pigneux A., et al. Allogeneic transplantation for patients with advanced acute leukemia: a single center retrospective study of 92 patients. Leuk Lymphoma 41 3-4 (2001) 285-296
49. Mori M., Beatty P.G., Graves M., et al. HLA gene and haplotype frequencies in the North American population: the National Marrow Donor Program Donor Registry. Transplantation 64 (1997) 1017-1027
50. Bertz H., Potthoff K., and Finke J. Allogeneic stem-cell transplantation from related and unrelated donors in older patients with myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol 21 (2003) 1480-1484
51. VanDer Velden V.H., te Marvelde J.G., Hoogeveen P.G., et al. Targeting of the CD33-calicheamicin immunoconjugate Mylotarg (CMA-676) in acute myeloid leukemia: in vivo and in vitro saturation and internalization by leukemic and normal myeloid cells. Blood 97 (2001) 3197-3204
52. Tsimberidou A.M., Giles F.J., Estey E., et al. The role of gemtuzumab ozogamicin in acute leukaemia therapy. Br J Haematol 132 (2005) 398
53. Tilly H., Castaigne S., Bordessoule D., et al. Low-dose cytarabine versus intensive chemotherapy in the treatment of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in the elderly. J Clin Oncol 8 (1990) 272-279
54. Aul C., and Schneider W. The role of low-dose cytosine arabinoside and aggressive chemotherapy in advanced myelodysplastic syndromes. Cancer 64 (1989) 1812-1818
55. Robak T., Szmigielska-Kaplon A., Urbanska-Rys H., et al. Efficacy and toxicity of low-dose melphalan in myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia with multilineage dysplasia. Neoplasma 50 (2003) 172-175
56. Small D. FLT3 mutations: biology and treatment. Hematology (2006) 178-184
57. O'Farrell A.M., Foran J.M., Fiedler W., et al. An innovative phase I clinical study demonstrates inhibition of FLT3 phosphorylation by SU11248 in acute myeloid leukemia patients. Clin Cancer Res 15 (2003) 5465-5476
58. Fiedler W., Serve H., Dohner H., et al. A phase I study of SU11248 in the treatment of patients with refractory or resistant acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or not amenable to conventional therapy for disease. Blood 105 (2005) 986-993
59. O'Farrell A.M., Yuen H.A., Smolich B., et al. Effects of SU5416, a small molecule tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor, on FLT3 expression and phosphorylation in patients with refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Res 28 (2004) 679-689
60. Fiedler W., Mester R., Tinnefeld H., et al. A phase 2 clinical study of SU5416 in patients with refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 102 (2003) 2763-2767
61. Giles F.J., Stopeck A.T., Silverman L.R., et al. SU5416, a small molecule tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor, has biologic activity in patients refractory acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood 102 (2003) 795-801
62. Smith B.D., Levis M., Beran M., et al. Single-agent CEP-701, a novel FLT3 inhibitor, shows biologic and clinical activity in patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 103 (2004) 3669-3676
63. Knapper S., Burnett A.K., Littlewood T., et al. A phase 2 trial of the FLT3 inhibitor lestaurtinib (CEP701) as first-line treatment for older patients with acute myeloid leukemia not considered fit for intensive chemotherapy. Blood 108 (2006) 3262-3270
64. Stone R.M., DeAngelo D.J., Klimek V., et al. Patients with acute myeloid leukemia and an activating mutation in FLT3 respond to a small molecule FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitor, PKC412. Blood 105 (2005) 54-60
65. Stone R.M., Klimek V., DeAngelo D.J., et al. Oral PKC412 has activity in patients with mutant FLT3 acute myeloid leukemia: a phase II trial. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol (2003) 22 Abstract. 2265
66. DeAngelo D.J., Stone R.M., Heaney M.L., et al. Phase 1 clinical results with tandutinib (MLN518), a novel FLT3 antagonist, in patients with acute myeloid leukemia or high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome: safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Blood 108 (2006) 3674-3681
67. Levis M., Pham R., Smith B.D., et al. In vitro studies of a FLT3 inhibitor combined with chemotherapy: sequence of administration is important to achieve synergistic toxic effects. Blood 104 (2004) 1145-1150
68. Levis M., Smith B.D., Beran M., et al. A randomized, open-label study of Lestaurtinib (CEP-701), an oral FLT3 inhibitor, administered in sequence with chemotherapy in patients with relapsed AML harboring FLT3 activating mutations: clinical response correlates with successful FLT3 inhibition. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 106 (2005) Abstract 403
69. Stone R.M., Fischer T., Paquette R., et al. Phase IB study of PKC-412, an oral FLT3 kinase inhibitor, in sequential and simultaneous combinations with daunorubicin and cytarabine induction and high-dose cytarabine consolidation in newly diagnosed adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia under age 61. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 108 (2006) Abstract 157
70. DeAngelo D.J., Amrein P.C., Kovacsovics T.J., et al. Phase 1/2 study of Tandutinib (MLN518) plus standard induction chemotherapy in newly diagnosed acute myelogenous leukemia. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 108 (2006) Abstract 158
71. Le D.T., and Shannon K.M. Ras processing as a therapeutic target in hematologic malignancies. Curr Opin Hematol 9 (2002) 308-315
72. Korycka A., Smolewski P., and Robak T. The influence of farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor R115777 (Zarnestra) alone and in combination with purine nucleoside analogs on acute myeloid leukemia progenitors in vitro. Eur J Haematol 73 (2004) 418-426
73. Liesveld J.L., Lancet J.E., Rosell K.E., et al. Effects of farnesyl transferase inhibitor R115777 on normal and leukemic hematopoiesis. Leukemia 17 (2003) 1806-1812
74. Lancet J.E., Gojo I., Gotlib J., et al. A phase 2 study of the farnesyl transferase inhibitor tipifarnib in poor-risk and elderly patients with previously untreated acute myelogenous leukemia. Blood 109 (2007) 1387-1394
75. Alvarez R.H., Kantarjian H., Garcia-Manero G., et al. Farnesyl transferase inhibitor (Tipifarnib, Zarnestra) in combination with standard chemotherapy with idarubicin and cytarabine for patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia or high risk myelodysplastic syndrome. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 108 (2006) Abstract 1999
76. Fandy T.E., Carraway H., and Gore S. DNA demethylating agents and histone deacetylase inhibitors in hematologic malignancies. Cancer J 13 (2007) 40-48
77. Issa J.P., Garcia-Manero G., Giles F.J., et al. Phase 1 study of low-dose prolonged exposure schedules of the hypomethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (decitabine) in hematopoietic malignancies. Blood 103 (2004) 1635-1640
78. Al-Ali H.K., Schwind S., Becker C., Mueller C., and Niederwieser D. 5-Azacytidine induces hematologic responses in a high proportion of patients with acute myeloid leukemia refractory to or not eligible for intensive chemotherapy. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 108 (2006) Abstract 1953
79. Garcia-Manero G., Yang H., Sanchez-Gonzalez B., et al. Final results of a phase 1 study of the histone deacetylase inhibitor Vorinostat (suberoyanilide hydroxamic acid SAHA), in patients with leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 106 (2005) Abstract 2801
80. Kuendgen A., Schmid M., Schlenk R., et al. The histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor valproic acid as monotherapy or in combination with all-trans retinoic acid in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer 106 (2006) 112-119
81. Kuendgen A., Knipp S., Fox F., et al. Results of a phase 2 study of valproic acid alone or in combination with all-trans retinoic acid in 75 patients with myelodysplastic syndrome and relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Ann Hematol 84 Suppl 13 (2005) 61-66
82. Byrd J.C., Marcucci G., Parthun M.R., et al. A phase 1 and pharmacodynamic study of depsipeptide (FK228) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 105 (2005) 959-967
83. Maslak P., Chanel S., Camacho L.H., et al. Pilot study of combination transcriptional modulation therapy with sodium phenylbutyrate and 5-azacytidine in patients with acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. Leukemia 20 (2006) 212-217
84. Garcia-Manero G., Kantarjian H.M., Sanchez-Gonzalez B., et al. Phase 1/2 study of the combination of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine with valproic acid in patients with leukemia. Blood 108 (2006) 3271-3279
85. Garcia-Manero G., Yang A.S., Giles F., et al. Phase 1/2 study of the oral isotype selective histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor MGCD0103 in combination with azacitidine in patients with high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome or acute myelogenous leukemia. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 108 (2006) Abstract 1954
86. Mahadevan D., and List A.F. Targeting the multidrug resistance-1 transporter in AML: molecular regulation and therapeutic strategies. Blood 104 (2004) 1940-1951
87. List A.F., Kopecky K.J., William C.L., et al. Benefit of cyclosporine modulation of drug resistance in patients with poor-risk acute myeloid leukemia: a Southwest Oncology Group study. Blood 98 (2001) 3212-3220
88. Greenberg P.L., Lee S.J., Advani R., et al. Mitoxantrone, etoposide, and cytarabine with or without valspodar in patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome: a phase III trial (E2995). J Clin Oncol 22 (2004) 1078-1086
89. Cripe L., Tallman M., and Karanes C. A phase II trial of zosuquidar (LY335979), a modulator of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) activity, plus daunorubicin and high-dose cytarabine in patients with newly diagnosed secondary acute leukemia (AML), refractory anemia with excess blasts in transformation (RAEB-t) or relapsed/refractory AML [abstract]. Blood 98 (2001) 595
90. Chanan-Khan A. Bcl-2 antisense therapy in hematologic malignancies. Curr Opin Oncol 16 (2004) 581-585
91. Tallman M.S. New strategies for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia including antibodies and other novel agents. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program (2005) 143-150
92. Marcucci G., Byrd J.C., Dai G., et al. Phase 1 and pharmacodynamic studies of G3139, a bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotide, in combination with chemotherapy in refractory or relapsed acute leukemia. Blood 101 (2003) 425-432
93. Marcucci G., Stock W., Dai G., et al. Phase 1 study of oblimersen sodium, an antisense to bcl-2, in untreated older patients with acute myeloid leukemia: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and clinical activity. J Clin Oncol 23 (2005) 3404-3411
94. Tallman M.S., Gilliland D.G., and Rowe J.M. Drug therapy for acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 106 (2005) 1154-1163
95. Roboz G.J., Giles F.J., List A.F., et al. Phase 1 study of PTK787/ZK222584, a small molecule tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor, for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Leukemia 20 (2006) 952-957
96. Giles F.J., Bellamy W.T., Estrov Z., et al. The anti-angiogenesis agent, AG-013736, has minimal activity in elderly patients with poor prognosis acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. Leuk Res 30 (2006) 801-811
97. Fiedler W., Serve H., Dohner H., et al. A phase 1 study of SU11248 in the treatment of patients with refractory or resistant acute myeloid leukemia or not amenable to conventional therapy for the disease. Blood 105 (2005) 986-993
98. Fiedler W., Mesters R., Tinnefeld H., et al. A phase 2 clinical study of SU5416 in patients with refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 102 (2003) 2763-2767
99. Karp J.E., Gojo I., Pili R., et al. Targeting vascular endothelial growth factor for relapsed and refractory adult acute myeloid leukemias: therapy with sequential 1 beta-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine, mitoxantrone, and bevacizumab. Clin Cancer Res 10 (2004) 3577-3585
100. Zahiragic L., Schliemann C., Bieker R., Berdel W.E., and Mesters R.M. Bevacizumab reduces VEGF expression in patients with relapsed and/or refractory acute myeloid leukemia without clinical antileukemic activity. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 108 (2006) Abstract 4543
101. Thomas D.A., Estey E., Giles F.J., et al. Single agent thalidomide in patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Br J Haematol 123 (2003) 436-441
102. Cortes J., Kantarjian H., Albitar M., et al. A randomized trial of liposomal daunorubicin and cytarabine versus liposomal daunorubicin and topotecan with or without thalidomide as initial therapy for patients with poor prognosis acute myelogenous leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. Cancer 97 (2003) 1234-1241
103. Faderl S., Gandhi V., O'Brien S., et al. Results of a phase 1-2 study of clofarabine in combination with cytarabine (ara-c) in relapsed and refractory acute leukemias. Blood 105 (2005) 940-947
104. Kantarjian H., Gandhi V., Cortes J., et al. Phase 2 clinical and pharmacologic study of clofarabine in patients with refractory or relapsed acute leukemia. Blood 102 (2003) 2379-2386
105. Faderl S., Verstovsek S., Cortes J., et al. Clofarabine and cytarabine combination as induction therapy for acute myeloid leukemia in patients 50 years of age or older. Blood 108 (2006) 45-51