Democratization and decentralization in post-Soeharto Indonesia: Understanding transition dynamics

Pacific Affairs

Volumn 81, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 515-525

  Carnegie, Paul J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTHORITARIANISM; DECENTRALIZATION; DEMOCRACY; DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION; DEMOCRATIZATION; POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY;

ASIA; EURASIA; INDONESIA; SOUTHEAST ASIA;

EID: 65449160147     PISSN: 0030851X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5509/2008814515     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Arief Budiman, Barbara Hatley and Damien Kingsbury, Reformasi: Crisis and Change in Indonesia (Clayton: Monash Asia Institute, Monash University, 1999);
2. Geoff Forrester, ed., Post-Soeharto Indonesia: Renewal or Chaos (Bathurst: Crawford House Publishing, 1999);
3. R. William Liddle, "Indonesia in 2000: A Shaky Start for Democracy," Asian Survey, vol. 41, no. 1 (2001), pp. 208-224.
4. Douglas Webber, "A consolidated patrimonial democracy? Democratization in post-Suharto Indonesia," Democratization, vol. 13, no. 3 (2006), pp. 396-420.
5. Vedi Hadiz, "Reorganizing Political Power in Indonesia: A Reconsideration of so-called Democratic Transitions," Pacific Review, vol. 16, no. 4 (2003), pp. 591-611.
6. Vedi Hadiz, "The Rise of Neo-Third Worldism? The Indonesian Trajectory and the Consolidation of Illiberal Democracy," Third World Quarterly, vol. 25, no. 1 (2004), pp. 55-71.
7. Vedi Hadiz and Richard Robison, "Neo-liberal Reforms and Illiberal Consolidations: The Indonesian Paradox," Journal of Development Studies, vol. 41, no. 2 (2005), pp. 220-241.
8. Richard Robison and Vedi Hadiz, Reorganizing Power in Indonesia: The Politics of Oligarchy in an Age of Markets (London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004).
9. Yong Cheol Kim, R. William Liddle and Salim Said, "Political Leadership and Civilian Supremacy in Third Wave Democracies: Comparing South Korea and Indonesia," Pacific Affairs, vol. 79, no. 2 (Summer 2006), pp. 247-268.
10. James Alm, Robert H. Aten and Roy Bahl, "Can Indonesia Decentralize Successfully? Plans, Problems and Prospects," Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, vol. 37, no. 1 (2001), pp. 83-102.
11. Geoffrey Hainsworth, Sarah Turner and David Webster, "Introduction: Indonesia's democratic struggle: Reformasi, Otonomi and Participasi," Asia Pacific Viewpoint, vol. 48, no. 1 (2007), pp. 41-46.
12. Dan Slater, "The Ironies of Instability in Indonesia," Social Analysis, vol. 50, no. 1 (Spring 2006), pp. 208-213.
13. Mark Turner, Owen Podger, Maria Samardjono and Wayan K. Tirthayasa, Decentralization in Indonesia: Redesigning the State (Canberra: Asia Pacific Press, 2003).
14. One merely has to consider the scandals surrounding the Indonesian Bank Restructuring Agency (IBRA), the State Logistics Agency (Bulog) or the Bank Indonesia Liquidity Assistance (BLBI) to appreciate the scale of the problem.
15. Nancy Bermeo, "Rethinking Regime Change," Comparative Politics, vol. 22, no. 1 (1990), pp. 359-377;
16. Terry Lynn Karl, "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America," Comparative Politics, vol. 23, no. 1 (1990), pp. 1-23.
17. Marina Ottoway, Democracy Challenged: The Rise of Semi-Authoritarianism (Washington, DC: Carnegie Foundation, 2003).
18. Henk Schulte Nordholt, "Renegotiating Boundaries: Access, Agency and Identity in Post-Suharto Indonesia," Bijdragen tot de Taal, Land en Volkenkunde vol. 159, no. 4 (2003), pp. 551.
19. Giuseppe Di Palma, To Craft Democracies: An Essay on Democratic Transitions (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990);
20. Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan, The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978);
21. Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter and Laurence Whitehead, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions About Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986).
22. Valerie Bunce, "Should Transitologists Be Grounded?" Slavic Review, vol. 54 no. 1 (1995), pp. 111-127;
23. Valerie Bunce, "Comparative Democratization: Big and Bounded Generalizations," Comparative Political Studies, vol. 33, no. 6-7 (2000), pp. 703-734;
24. Gerardo L. Munck, "Democratic Transitions in Comparative Perspective," Comparative Politics, vol. 26, no. 3 (1994), pp. 355-375.
25. Otto Kirchheimer, "Confining Conditions and Revolutionary Breakthroughs," American Political Science Review, vol. 59 (December 1965), p. 974.
26. O'Donnell et al., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, p. 38.
27. Laurence Whitehead, Democratization: Theory and Experience (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 2-3.
28. Geoffrey Pridham, "Political Actors, Linkages and Interactions: Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe," West European Politics, vol. 13, no. 4 (1990), pp. 103-117.
29. Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 26.
30. Andreas Schedler, "What is Democratic Consolidation?" Journal of Democracy, vol. 9, no. 2 (1998), pp. 91-107.
31. Gabriele Ferrazzi, "Using the 'F' Word: Federalism in Indonesia's Decentralization Discourse," The Journal of Federalism, vol. 30, no. 2 (2000), pp. 63-85.
32. Jacques Bertrand, Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in Indonesia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
33. Anders Uhlin, Indonesia and the 'Third Wave of Democratization': The Indonesian Pro-Democracy Movement in a Changing World (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997).
34. Michele Ford, "Continuity and Change in Indonesian Labour Relations in the Habibie Interregnum," Asian Journal of Social Science, vol. 28, no. 2 (2000), pp. 59-88.
35. The three co-opted political parties that remained were Golkar, Partai Demokrasi Indonesia (PDI - Indonesian Democratic Party) and Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (PPP - United Development Party).
36. Ruth Berins Collier and David Collier, Shaping the Political Arena: Critical Junctures, the Labor Movement, and Regime Dynamics in Latin America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991);
37. Dietrich Rueschmeyer, Evelyn Huber Stephens and John Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1992).
38. Andrew MacIntyre, Business and Politics in Indonesia (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1991).
39. Hal Hill, The Indonesian Economy in Crisis: Causes, Consequences and Lessons (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1999).
40. David Bourchier, "Habibie's Interregnum: Reformasi, Elections, Regionalism and the Struggle for Power," in C. Manning and P. van Diermen, eds., Indonesia in Transition: Social Aspects of Reformasi and Crisis (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2000), p. 15.
41. Megawati Sukarnoputri entered competitive electoral politics through Partai Demokrasi Indonesia - Perjuangan (PDI-P, Indonesian Democratic Party - Struggle) as did Amien Rais with Partai Amanat Nasional (PAN, National Mandate Party) and Abdurrahman Wahid with Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa (PKB, National Awakening Party).
42. Terry Lynn Karl and Philippe C. Schmitter, "Modes of Transition in Latin America and Eastern Europe," International Social Science Journal, vol. 43, no. 128 (1991), pp. 274.
43. Anthony Smith, "Indonesia: Transforming the Leviathan," in J. Funston, ed., Government and Politics in Southeast Asia (London: Zed Books Limited, 2001), pp. 74-117.
44. Lesley McCulloch, "Trifungsi: The Role of the Indonesian Military in Business," in J. Brommelhorster and W.C. Paes, eds., The Military as Economic Actor - Soldiers in Business (London: MacMillan Palgrave, 2003), pp. 94-124;
45. Marcus Mietzner, "Business as usual? The Indonesian armed forces and local politics in the post-Soeharto era," in Edward Aspinall and Greg Fealy, eds., Local Power and Politics in Indonesia: Decentralisation and Democratisation (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 2003), pp. 245-58.
46. Maribeth Erb, Priyambudi Sulistiyanto and Carole Faucher, Regionalism in Post-Suharto Indonesia (London: Routledge, 2005);
47. Ed Aspinall and Greg Fealy, eds., Local Power and Politics in Indonesia: Decentralization and Democratization (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2003);
48. Damien Kingsbury and Harry Aveling, eds., Autonomy and Disintegration in Indonesia (London/New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003).
49. Fitria Fitrani, Bert Hofman and Kai Kaiser, "Unity in Diversity? The creation of new local governments in a decentralizing Indonesia," Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, vol. 41, no. 1 (2005), pp. 57-79.
50. Christopher R. Duncan, "Mixed Outcomes: The Impact of Regional Autonomy and Decentralization on Indigenous Ethnic Minorities in Indonesia," Development and Change, vol. 38, no. 4 (2007), pp. 711-733.
51. This may be little more than parochial opportunism in many areas but it is still a worrying trend.
52. Law no. 32/2004 (Regional Government) enacted these amendments.
53. Sebastian Eckardt, "Political accountability, fiscal conditions and local government performance - cross-sectional evidence from Indonesia," Public Administration and Development, vol. 28 no. 1 (2008), pp. 1-17.
54. James Davidson, "Politics-as-usual on trial: Regional anti-corruption campaigns in Indonesia," Pacific Review, vol. 20, no. 1 (March 2007), pp. 75-99.
55. Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the late Twentieth Century (Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991), pp. 263.
56. The 2004 elections heralded improved civilian rule over the military, a meaningful and extensive number of permitted political parties, stabilized election rules, amendments to the decentralization legislation and constitutional limitations on the power of the executive.
57. Since 2004, the restructured People's Consultative Assembly (MPR, Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat) consists entirely of popularly elected members sitting in the People's Representative Council (DPR, Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat) and the new DPD.
58. Douglas E. Ramage, "A Reformed Indonesia," Australian Financial Review, 12 October 2007.
59. Paige Johnson Tan, "Indonesia Seven Years after Soeharto: Party System Institutionalization in a New Democracy," Contemporary Southeast Asia, vol. 28, no. 1 (2006), pp. 88-114.
60. R. William Liddle and Saiful Mujani, "Indonesia in 2005: A New Multiparty Presidential Democracy," Asian Survey, vol. 46, no. 1 (2006), pp. 132-139.
61. Edward McBride, "Survey: Indonesia," The Economist, 9 December 2004.
62. Hal Hill and Takashi Shiraishi, "Indonesia After the Asian Crisis," Asian Economic Policy Review, vol. 2, no. 1 (2007), pp. 123-141.
63. In April 2008, the DPR approved Boediono's nomination as the new governor of Bank Indonesia (BI).
64. Hamish MacDonald, "Increasingly sophisticated Yudhoyono will leave an impressive record," Sydney Morning Herald, 15 September 2007.
65. Erwida Mulia, "Prevention crucial to combat corruption," The Jakarta Post, 6 March 2008.
66. This is despite the decision of the Attorney General's Office to drop charges against two major BLBI debtors, Sjamsul Nursalim and Anthony Salim, due to a lack of evidence.
67. "Opportunity there for KPK to take over BLBI probe," The Jakarta Post, 22 March 2008;
68. and "Lawmaker, deputy governor arrested for graft," The Jakarta Post, 18 April 2008.