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Volumn 13, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 396-420

A consolidated patrimonial democracy? Democratization in post-Suharto Indonesia

Author keywords

Corruption; Democratization; Indonesia; Islam; Military; Patrimonialism

Indexed keywords

CORRUPTION; DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION; DEMOCRATIZATION; POLITICAL HISTORY;

EID: 33744940543     PISSN: 13510347     EISSN: 1743890X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13510340600579284     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (87)

References (130)
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    • See, for example, the titles of the articles by Paul Dibb and Peter Prince, 'Indonesia's Grim Outlook', Orbis, Vol. 45, No. 4 (2001), pp. 621-36
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    • 'Conclusion: Good and Defective Democracies'
    • On the issue of the 'quality' of democracy in countries that have made recent democratic transitions, see
    • On the issue of the 'quality' of democracy in countries that have made recent democratic transitions, see Wolfgang Merkel and Aurel Croissant, 'Conclusion: Good and Defective Democracies', Democratization, Vol. 11, No. 5 (2004), pp. 199-213.
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    • 'Liberalization, Transition and Consolidation: Measuring the Components of Democratization'
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    • (2004) Democratization , vol.11 , Issue.5 , pp. 61-62
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    • note
    • As is customary in the analysis of Indonesian politics, I distinguish between different political blocs primarily according to whether parties prioritize the achievement of secular national goals (such as economic development) or religious ones. A secular-nationalist bloc is dominated by the PDIP and Golkar. A Muslim-nationalist bloc comprises parties (PKB - National Awakening Party and PAN - National Mandate Party) that basically share the same political agenda as the secular-nationalist parties, but were created by former leaders of the two biggest Muslim organizations in the country, the NU (Nahdlatul Ulama - Revival of Religious Scholars) and the Muhammadiyah and appeal especially to members or sympathizers of these organizations. The Islamist bloc of parties, especially the PPP (United Development Party) and the PKS (Justice and Prosperity Party), have a common goal of introducing (differing conceptions of) Islamic law in Indonesia. Given the predominance of santri (pious or devout) Muslims in the Indonesian population today (see the main text), the secular-nationalist parties would obviously not be as strong as they are unless most santri Muslims voted for them.
  • 10
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    • 'Embedded and Defective Democracies'
    • W. Merkel, 'Embedded and Defective Democracies', Democratization, Vol. 11, No. 5 (2004), pp. 49 and 51
    • (2004) Democratization , vol.11 , Issue.5 , pp. 49-51
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    • 12144272070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'From Transition to Defective Democracy: Mapping Asian Democratization'
    • A. Croissant, 'From Transition to Defective Democracy: Mapping Asian Democratization', Democratization, Vol. 11, No. 5 (2004), p. 165.
    • (2004) Democratization , vol.11 , Issue.5 , pp. 165
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    • 'Democracy as a Contingent Outcome of Conflicts'
    • has defined 'tutelary democracies' as regimes in which 'the military extricates itself from the direct performance of government and withdraws into barracks, but withdraws intact and contingently', remaining 'in the shadows' while elections take place and elected representatives govern, 'ready to fall upon anyone who transgresses too far in undermining their values and their interests'-see Przeworski, in Jon Elster and Rune Slagstad (eds), (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,)
    • Adam Przeworski has defined 'tutelary democracies' as regimes in which 'the military extricates itself from the direct performance of government and withdraws into barracks, but withdraws intact and contingently', remaining 'in the shadows' while elections take place and elected representatives govern, 'ready to fall upon anyone who transgresses too far in undermining their values and their interests'-see Przeworski, 'Democracy as a Contingent Outcome of Conflicts', in Jon Elster and Rune Slagstad (eds), Constitutionalism and Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 60-1.
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    • 'Indonesia: Transforming the Leviathan'
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    • Challenges of Change in Indonesia'
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    • 'Indonesia seeks to raise defence spending'
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    • (2005) Straits Times
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    • 28 February
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    • 25 March
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    • (2005) Straits Times
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    • note
    • There is, however, growing evidence that, in exchange for better government funding, the military is prepared to wind down the scope of its business activities. After the Indonesian Parliament adopted a law in 2004 requiring the military to hand over its business interests to the government by 2009, the head of the military pledged in April 2004 that the military would end its role in business in the next two years.
  • 26
    • 33744899763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'The key determinants of Indonesia's political future'
    • text of a lecture delivered at the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS) Forum on Regional Strategic and Political Developments Singapore, 25 July
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    • former editor of Tempo magazine, programme director, Sekolah Tinggi Filsafat Driyarkara, interview with the author, Jakarta, 19 February
    • Goenawan Mohamad, former editor of Tempo magazine, programme director, Sekolah Tinggi Filsafat Driyarkara, interview with the author, Jakarta, 19 February 2003
    • (2003)
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    • (2003)
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    • 33744927052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Senior Research Fellow, Centre for Strategic and International Studies interview with the author, Jakarta, 9 January
    • Jusuf Wanandi, Senior Research Fellow, Centre for Strategic and International Studies, interview with the author, Jakarta, 9 January 2002.
    • (2002)
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    • (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press) understand by 'democratic consolidation' a state of affairs in which democracy has become '"the only game in town"...routinized and deeply internalized in social, institutional, and even psychological life, as well as in calculations for achieving success'. They distinguish between behavioural, attitudinal and constitutional dimensions of democratic consolidation. Behaviourally, they argue, democracy becomes the only game in town 'when no significant political groups seriously attempt to overthrow the democratic regime or secede from the state'. Democracy is consolidated attitudinally when 'the overwhelming majority of the people believe that any further political change must emerge from within the parameters of democratic formulas and constitutionally when 'all actors in the polity become habituated to the fact that political conflict will be resolved according to the established [i.e. democratic] norms'.
    • Hence, J. Linz and A. Stepan, in Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p.5, understand by 'democratic consolidation' a state of affairs in which democracy has become '"the only game in town"...routinized and deeply internalized in social, institutional, and even psychological life, as well as in calculations for achieving success'. They distinguish between behavioural, attitudinal and constitutional dimensions of democratic consolidation. Behaviourally, they argue, democracy becomes the only game in town 'when no significant political groups seriously attempt to overthrow the democratic regime or secede from the state'. Democracy is consolidated attitudinally when 'the overwhelming majority of the people believe that any further political change must emerge from within the parameters of democratic formulas and constitutionally when 'all actors in the polity become habituated to the fact that political conflict will be resolved according to the established [i.e. democratic] norms'. If democratic consolidation is so conceptualized, Indonesia may fall some distance short of being a consolidated democracy, depending in particular on the significance that is attributed to terrorist groups such as the JI (Jemaah Islamiyah) or independence movements that have taken up arms against the central government such as the GAM (Free Aceh Movement) in Aceh and the degree to which the military is regarded as having accepted the new democratic system.
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    • Director, Centre of Political Studies interview with the author, Jakarta, 20 February
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    • 11 December
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    • 'Determinants of Democracy'
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    • 'Same Faith, Different Names: Islam and the Problem of Radicalism in Indonesia'
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    • G. Forrester and R.J. May (eds), (Bathurst: Crawford House)
    • Geoff Forrester, 'A Jakarta Diary, May 1998', in G. Forrester and R.J. May (eds), The Fall of Soeharto (Bathurst: Crawford House, 1998), pp. 56-7
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    • With reputedly some 35 million members, the NU is the largest voluntary Muslim organization in the world
    • With reputedly some 35 million members, the NU is the largest voluntary Muslim organization in the world.
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    • official, NU Society for the Advancement of the Pesantren (religious boarding schools), interview with the author, Jakarta, 19 February
    • Masdar Farid Mas'udi, official, NU Society for the Advancement of the Pesantren (religious boarding schools), interview with the author, Jakarta, 19 February 2003.
    • (2003)
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    • rector, State Institute for Islamic Studies, Jakarta, interview with the author, Jakarta, 11 January
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    • 'Half-Hearted Reform: Electoral Institutions and the Struggle for Democracy in Indonesia'
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    • Paige Johnson Tan, 'Half-Hearted Reform: Electoral Institutions and the Struggle for Democracy in Indonesia' (book review), Perspectives on Politics, Vol. 2, No. 1 (2004), pp. 176.
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    • proceedings of a conference held at the Institute for Defence and Strategic Studies, (Singapore, 17 June)
    • Irwan Prayitno, proceedings of a conference held at the Institute for Defence and Strategic Studies, The Future of Indonesia's Islam: The Quest for An Equilibrium (Singapore, 17 June 2002), p. 9
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    • From (Singapore: Times Editions)
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    • 'Trends in Indonesian Student Movements in 1998'
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    • (1998) The Fall of Soeharto , pp. 174
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    • 'Ten Days that Shook Indonesia'
    • 24 July
    • Susan Berfield and Dewi Loveard, 'Ten Days that Shook Indonesia', Asiaweek, 24 July 1998.
    • (1998) Asiaweek
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    • 'Introduction'
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    • Forrester and May (eds), (Bathurst: Crawford House)
    • Forrester, 'A Jakarta Diary', in Forrester and May (note 25), p. 46.
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    • interview with the author
    • Wanandi, interview with the author.
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    • ff
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    • 'The key determinants of Indonesia's political future'
    • text of a lecture delivered at the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS) Forum on Regional Strategic and Political Developments, Singapore, 25 July
    • Crouch (note 15), p. 7
    • (2002) , pp. 7
    • Crouch, H.1
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    • 'Indonesia: A Failed State?'
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    • (2002) The Washington Quarterly , vol.25 , Issue.3 , pp. 145
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    • 'Time to Deliver'
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    • The Economist , pp. 15
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    • (2005) The Jakarta Post
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    • 'Minister wages war on slack bureaucrats'
    • As quoted in 13 June The poor qualifications of many Indonesian civil servants are widely attributed to the allegedly widespread practice of selling government jobs to the highest bidder in the Suharto era
    • As quoted in 'Minister wages war on slack bureaucrats', Straits Times, 13 June 2003. The poor qualifications of many Indonesian civil servants are widely attributed to the allegedly widespread practice of selling government jobs to the highest bidder in the Suharto era.
    • (2003) Straits Times
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    • The International Foundation for Election Systems, (Jakarta)
    • The International Foundation for Election Systems, National Public Opinion Survey 2003 (Jakarta, 2003)
    • (2003) National Public Opinion Survey 2003
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    • and 'Public opinion survey conducted in Indonesia, 2-9 September 2004' (Jakarta, 2004).
    • (2004)
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    • For details of sources of estimates of the extent of corruption in the Indonesian police force and judicial system, see (Fontainebleau/Singapore: INSEAD Background Note 04/2002-5002)
    • For details of sources of estimates of the extent of corruption in the Indonesian police force and judicial system, see Ulla Fionna and Douglas Webber, 'Politics, Legal Systems and Corruption in Indonesia: A Historical Overview' (Fontainebleau/Singapore: INSEAD Background Note 04/ 2002-5002), p. 11.
    • Fionna, U.1    Webber, D.2
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    • For details of sources of estimates of the extent of corruption in the Indonesian police force and judicial system, see (Fontainebleau/Singapore: INSEAD Background Note 04/2002-5002)
    • Ibid.
    • Fionna, U.1    Webber, D.2
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    • Cf. Croissant (note 7).
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    • Benedict R. O'G. Anderson, 'The Idea of Power in Javanese Culture', in Anderson, Language and Power: Exploring Political Culture in Indonesia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990), pp. 46-8 and 59-61.
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    • Remark made to the author by the Chief Executive Offier of the Indonesian subsidiary of a foreign-owned insurance company, in an interview, Jakarta
    • Remark made to the author by the Chief Executive Offier of the Indonesian subsidiary of a foreign-owned insurance company, in an interview, Jakarta, 2001.
    • (2001)
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    • On the impact of longevity on the prospects of democratic consolidation, see Schneider and Schmitter (note 4), p. 85.
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    • Aceh: Why Military Force will not Bring Lasting Peace
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    • International Crisis Group, Aceh: Why Military Force will not Bring Lasting Peace, Asia Report No. 17 (Jakarta/Brussels: International Crisis Group, 2001), pp. 12-14 and 17-19.
    • (2001) , pp. 17-19
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    • See, for example, the International Crisis Group, Aceh: A New Chance for Peace, Asia Briefing No. 40 (Jakarta/Brussels: International Crisis Group), 15 August 2005.
    • (2005)
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    • (chairman of the PKS), 19 April
    • Hidayat Nurwahid (chairman of the PKS), '"We want to change the national leadership"', Tempo, 19 April 2004, pp. 30-3.
    • (2004) Tempo , pp. 30-33
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    • 5 April
    • 'Proof's in the free pudding', Tempo, 5 April 2004, pp. 18-19.
    • (2004) Tempo , pp. 18-19
  • 114
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    • 'Religion is a necessity in Indonesian politics'
    • 26 October
    • M. C. Ricklefs, 'Religion is a necessity in Indonesian politics', Straits Times, 26 October 2004.
    • (2004) Straits Times
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    • See also pp. 12 and
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    • Crouch (note 71), pp. 583-5.
    • (1979) World Politics , vol.31 , Issue.4 , pp. 583-585
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    • Abubakar Hara, 'The Difficult Journey of Democratization in Indonesia', Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 23, No. 2 (2001), p. 319.
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    • For a discussion of Golkar in this regard, see also
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    • (1999) Asian Survey , vol.39 , Issue.2 , pp. 252-256
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    • 'Rift widens between Indonesian public and politicians'
    • as quoted 15 July
    • Maxwell Lane, as quoted in: 'Rift widens between Indonesian public and politicians', Straits Times, 15 July 2004.
    • (2004) Straits Times
    • Lane, M.1
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    • 'Bambang's people power'
    • 14 September
    • 'Bambang's people power', Straits Times, 14 September 2004.
    • (2004) Straits Times
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    • 20 July
    • John McBeth, 'Indonesian voters making wise choices', Straits Times, 20 July 2005.
    • (2005) Straits Times
    • McBeth, J.1
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    • 'Retrieving the Past for the Future? Indonesia and the New Order Legacy'
    • For a similar analysis of this issue, see also 10 and
    • For a similar analysis of this issue, see also Vedi R. Hadiz, 'Retrieving the Past for the Future? Indonesia and the New Order Legacy', Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science, Vol. 28, No. 2 (2000), pp. 10 and 15.
    • (2000) Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science , vol.28 , Issue.2 , pp. 15
    • Hadiz, V.R.1
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    • 'Labor movement in Indonesia still weak'
    • 15 January
    • 'Labor movement in Indonesia still weak', Jakarta Post, 15 January 2003.
    • (2003) Jakarta Post
  • 128
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    • 'Indonesia's Quiet Revolution'
    • Lex Rieffel, 'Indonesia's Quiet Revolution', Foreign Affairs, Vol. 83, No. 5 (2004), p. 109.
    • (2004) Foreign Affairs , vol.83 , Issue.5 , pp. 109
    • Rieffel, L.1
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    • 'Indonesia steps up the struggle against graft
    • 19 July
    • 'Indonesia steps up the struggle against graft, The Financial Times, 19 July 2004.
    • (2004) The Financial Times
  • 130
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    • 'Greater democracy key to success for Asia, says Anwar'
    • As quoted 8 April
    • As quoted in: 'Greater democracy key to success for Asia, says Anwar', Straits Times, 8 April 2005.
    • (2005) Straits Times


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.