Syllables and Bigrams: Orthographic Redundancy and Syllabic Units Affect Visual Word Recognition at Different Processing Levels

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance

Volumn 35, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 461-479

  Conrad, Markus ^a   Carreiras, Manuel ^b   Tamm, Sascha ^a   Jacobs, Arthur M ^a  

^a FREIE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA   (Spain)

Author keywords

bigram frequency; computational models; orthographic redundancy; syllable frequency; visual word recognition

Indexed keywords

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ARTICLE; COMPUTER SIMULATION; DECISION MAKING; HUMAN; LANGUAGE; PATTERN RECOGNITION; PHONETICS; READING; RECOGNITION; REFERENCE VALUE; STATISTICAL MODEL;

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; COMPUTER SIMULATION; DECISION MAKING; HUMANS; LANGUAGE; MODELS, STATISTICAL; PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; PHONETICS; READING; RECOGNITION (PSYCHOLOGY); REFERENCE VALUES;

EID: 65349173494     PISSN: 00961523     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0013480     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Álvarez C.J., Carreiras M., and de Vega M. Syllable frequency effect in visual word recognition: Evidence of sequential type-processing. Psicológica 21 (2000) 341-374
2. Álvarez C.J., Carreiras M., and Perea M. Are syllables phonological units in visual word recognition?. Language and Cognitive Processes 19 (2004) 427-452
3. Álvarez C.J., Carreiras M., and Taft M. Syllables and morphemes: Contrasting frequency effects in Spanish. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 27 (2001) 545-555
4. Ans B., Carbonnel S., and Valdois S. A connectionist multiple-trace model for polysyllabic word reading. Psychological Review 105 (1998) 678-723
5. Barber H., Vergara M., and Carreiras M. Syllable-frequency effects in visual word recognition: Evidence from ERPs. Neuroreport 15 (2004) 545-548
6. Carreiras M., Álvarez C.J., and de Vega M. Syllable-frequency and visual word recognition in Spanish. Journal of Memory and Language 32 (1993) 766-780
7. Carreiras M., Ferrand L., Grainger J., and Perea M. Sequential effects of phonological priming in visual word recognition. Psychological Science 16 8 (2005) 585-589
8. Carreiras, M., & Marín, A. (2007). Early syllabic effects in printed words revealed through perceptual tasks. Manuscript submitted for publication.
9. Carreiras M., Mechelli A., and Price C. The effect of word and syllable frequency on activation during lexical decision and reading aloud. Human Brain Mapping 27 (2006) 963-972
10. Carreiras M., Vergara M., and Barber H. Early event-related potential effects of syllabic processing during visual word recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17 (2005) 1803-1817
11. Coltheart M., Rastle K., Perry C., Langdon R., and Ziegler J.C. DRC: A dual route model of visual word recognition and reading aloud. Psychological Review 108 (2001) 204-256
12. Conrad M., Carreiras M., and Jacobs A.M. Contrasting effects of token and type syllable frequency in lexical decision. Language and Cognitive Processes 23 (2008) 296-326
13. Conrad, M., Carreiras, M., & Jacobs, A. M. (2008b). Effects of syllable structure and syllable frequency in lexical decision. Manuscript submitted for publication.
14. Conrad M., and Jacobs A.M. Replicating syllable-frequency effects in Spanish in German: One more challenge to computational models of visual word recognition. Language and Cognitive Processes 19 3 (2004) 369-390
15. Conrad M., Stenneken P., and Jacobs A.M. Associated or dissociated effects of syllable-frequency in lexical decision and naming. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 13 (2006) 339-345
16. Davis C.J., and Perea M. BuscaPalabras: A program for deriving orthographic and phonological neighborhood statistics and other psycholinguistic indices in Spanish. Behavior Research Methods 37 (2005) 665-671
17. Doignon N., and Zagar D. Illusory conjunctions in French: The nature of sublexical units in visual word recognition. Language and Cognitive Processes 20 3 (2005) 443-464
18. Ferrand L., and Grainger J. Phonology and orthography in visual word recognition: Evidence from masked nonword priming. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 45A (1992) 353-372
19. Frost R. Towards a strong phonological theory of visual word recognition: True issues and false trails. Psychological Bulletin 123 (1998) 71-99
20. Goslin J., Grainger J., and Holcomb P.J. Syllable frequency effects in French visual word recognition: An ERP study. Brain Research 1115 (2006) 121-134
21. Grainger J., and Ferrand L. Phonology and orthography in visual word recognition: Effects of masked homophone primes. Journal of Memory & Language 33 (1994) 218-233
22. Grainger J., and Jacobs A.M. Masked partial-word priming in visual word recognition: Effects of positional letter frequency. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 19 (1993) 951-964
23. Grainger J., and Jacobs A.M. Orthographic processing in visual word recognition: A multiple read-out model. Psychological Review 103 (1996) 518-565
24. Hauk O., Patterson K., Woollams A., Watling L., Pulvermüller F., and Rogers T.T. When would you prefer a SOSSAGE to a SAUSAGE? At about 100 msec. ERP correlates of orthographic typicality and lexicality in written word recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18 5 (2006) 818-832
25. Holcomb P.J., Grainger J., and O'Rourke T. An electrophysiological study of the effects of orthographic neighborhood size on printed word perception. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14 (2002) 938-950
26. Hutzler F., Bergmann J., Conrad M., Kronbichler M., Stenneken P., and Jacobs A.M. Inhibitory effects of first syllable-frequency in lexical decision: An event related potential study. Neuroscience Letters 372 (2004) 179-184
27. Hutzler F., Ziegler J.C., Perry C., Wimmer H., and Zorzi M. Do current connectionist learning models account for reading development in different languages?. Cognition 91 (2004) 273-296
28. Jacobs A.M., Rey A., Ziegler J.C., and Grainger J. MROM-P: An interactive activation, multiple read-out model of orthographic and phonological processes in visual word recognition. In: Grainger J., and Jacobs A.M. (Eds). Localist connectionist approaches to human cognition (1998), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ 147-187
29. Lukatela G., Eaton T., Lee C.H., Carello C., and Turvey M.T. Equal homophonic priming with words and pseudowords. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance 28 (2002) 3-21
30. Lukatela G., Frost S.J., and Turvey M.T. Phonological priming by masked nonword primes in the lexical decision task. Journal of Memory & Language 39 (1998) 666-683
31. Lukatela G., and Turvey M.T. Visual lexical access is initially phonological: 1. Evidence from associative priming by words, homophones, and pseudohomophones. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 123 (1994) 107-128
32. Massaro D.W., and Cohen M.M. Visual, orthographic, phonological, and lexical influences in reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 20 (1994) 1107-1128
33. Mathey S., and Zagar D. Lexical similarity in visual word recognition: The effect of syllabic neighborhood in French. Current Psychology Letters: Behavior, Brain & Cognition 8 (2002) 107-121
34. Mathey S., Zagar D., Doignon N., and Seigneuric A. The nature of the syllabic neighbourhood effect in French. Acta Psychologica 123 (2006) 372-393
35. Pallier C., Dupoux E., and Jeannin X. EXPE: An expandable programming language for on-line psychological experiments. Behaviour Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers 29 3 (1997) 322-327
36. Perea M., and Carreiras M. Effects of syllable-frequency and syllable neighborhood frequency in visual word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 24 (1998) 134-144
37. Perfetti C.A., and Bell L. Phonemic activation during the first 40 ms of word identification: Evidence from backward masking and priming. Journal of Memory & Language 30 (1991) 473-485
38. Perry C., Ziegler J.C., and Zorzi M. Nested incremental modeling in the development of computational theories: The CDP+ model of reading aloud. Psychological Review 114 (2007) 273-315
39. Plaut D.C., McClelland J.L., Seidenberg M.S., and Patterson K. Understanding normal and impaired word reading: Computational principles in quasi-regular domains. Psychological Review 103 (1996) 56-115
40. Pollatsek A., Lesch M., Morris R.K., and Rayner K. Phonological codes are used in integrating information across saccades in word identification and reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance 18 (1992) 148-162
41. Pollatsek A., Perea M., and Carreiras M. Does conal prime CANAL more than cinal? Masked phonological priming effects in Spanish with the lexical decision task. Memory and Cognition 33 (2005) 557-565
42. Prinzmetal W., Treiman R., and Rho S.H. How to see a reading unit. Journal of Memory and Language 25 (1986) 461-475
43. Rapp B. The nature of sublexical orthographic organization: The bigram trough hypothesis examined. Journal of Memory and Language 31 (1992) 33-53
44. Schiller N.O. The effect of visually masked syllabic primes on the naming latencies of words and pictures. Journal of Memory and Language 39 (1998) 484-507
45. Schiller N.O. Single word production in English: The role of subsyllabic units during phonological encoding. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 26 (2000) 512-528
46. Sebastián-Gallés N., Martí M.A., Carreiras M., and Cuetos F. LEXESP: Una base de datos informatizada del español [LEXESP: An informatic database of Spanish] (2000), Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
47. Seidenberg M.S. Sublexical structures in visual word recognition: Access units or orthographic redundancy?. In: Coltheart M. (Ed). Attention and performance XII: The psychology of reading (1987), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 245-263
48. Seidenberg M.S. Reading complex words. In: Carlson G., and Tannenhaus M. (Eds). Linguistic structure in language processing (1989), Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, the Netherlands 53-105
49. Seidenberg M.S., and McClelland J.L. A distributed, developmental model of word recognition and naming. Psychological Review 96 (1989) 523-568
50. Spoehr K.T., and Smith E.E. The role of syllables in perceptual processing. Cognitive Psychology 5 (1973) 71-89
51. Tousman S., and Inhoff A.W. Phonology in multisyllabic word recognition. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 21 (1992) 525-544
52. Van Orden G.C. A ROWS is a ROSE: Spelling, sound, and reading. Memory & Cognition 15 (1987) 181-198
53. Van Orden G.C., Johnston J.C., and Hale B.L. Word identification in reading proceeds from spelling to sound to meaning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 14 (1988) 371-386
54. Ziegler J.C., Jacobs A.M., and Stone G.O. Statistical analysis of the bi-directional inconsistency of spelling and sound in French. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers 28 (1996) 504-515
55. Ziegler J.C., Perry C., and Coltheart M. The DRC model of visual word recognition and reading aloud: An extension to German. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 12 (2000) 413-430
56. Zorzi M., Houghton G., and Butterworth B. Two routes or one in reading aloud? A connectionist dual-process model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 24 (1998) 1131-1161