Comorbidity and “Self-medication”

Journal of Addictive Diseases

Volumn 26, Issue , 2007, Pages 13-23

  DuPont, Robert L ^a,b   Gold, Mark S ^c  

^a Institute for Behavior and Health   (United States)

^b GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Addiction; Benzodiazepine; Comorbidity; Dependence; Mental disorder; Nonmedical use; Self medication; Substance use disorder

Indexed keywords

BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; PSYCHOTROPIC AGENT;

ADDICTION; ARTICLE; COMORBIDITY; HUMAN; MAJOR DEPRESSION; SELF MEDICATION; STATISTICS;

BENZODIAZEPINES; COMORBIDITY; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; HUMANS; PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS; SELF MEDICATION; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS;

EID: 65349083165     PISSN: 10550887     EISSN: 15450848     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1300/J069v26S01_03     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Kessler, R C, and Merikangas, K R., 2007. Drug use disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey:Have we come a long way? [A response letter to Cottler]. Archives of General Psychiaty, 64(3):381–32.
2. Kessler, R C, Aguilar-Gaxiola, S, Andrade, L, Bijl, R V, Borges, G, Caraveo-Anduaga, J J, DeWit, D J, Kolody, B, Merikangas, K R, Molnar, B E, Vega, W A, Walters, E E, Wittchen, H-U, and Ustun, T B., 2001. Mental-substance comor-bidities in the ICPE surveys. Psychiatria Fennica., 32(suppl. 2):62–79.
3. Andrade, L H, Berglund, P, Bijl, R V, Caraveo-Anduaga, J J, de Graaf, R, Dragomirecka, E, Kohn, R, Keller, M, Kawakami, N, Kessler, R C, Kilic, C, Offord, D R, Ustun, T B, Vollebergh, W, and Wittchen, H-U. 2003. The epidemiology of major depressive episodes:Results from the International Consortium of Psychiatric Epidemiology (ICPE) Surveys. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 12(1):3–21.
4. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 2006. Office of Applied Studies. Drug Abuse Warning Network, Rockville, MD.:Emergency Department Visits Involving Patients with Co-occurring Disorders (15). [Available at http://dawninfo.samhsa. gov/files/TNDR05CoOccurringDisorders.htm
5. Office of Applied Studies. 2005. Results from the 2004 National Survey on Drug Use and Health:National findings, (DHHS Publication No. SMA 05--4062, NSDUH Series H-28) Rockville, MD:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. [Available at http://oas.samhsa.gov/p0000016.htm#2k4
6. Kessler, R C, Chiu, W T, Demler, O, and Walters, E E., 2005. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of twelve-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6):617–27.
7. Nitenson, N, and Gastfriend, D R., 2003. “Co-occurring addictive and anxiety disorders”. In Principles of addiction medicine, 3rd ed., Edited by:Graham, A W, Schultz, T K, Mayo-Smith, M F, Ries, R K, and Wilford, B B. 1287–96. Chevy Chase, MD:American Society of Addiction Medicine.
8. Khantzian, E J., 1999. Treating addiction as a human process, Northvale, NJ:Jason Aronson Inc.
9. Khantzian, E J., 1997. The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders:A reconsideration and recent applications. Harvard Review Psychiatry, 4:231–44.
10. Khantzian, E J., 1989. Addiction:Self-destruction or self-repair?. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 6(2):75
11. Khantzian, E J., 1985. The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders:Focus on heroin and cocaine dependence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142:1259–64.
12. Gold, M S., 2000. Treating addiction as a human process. Am J Psychiatry, 157:1892–4.
13. Busch, A B, Weiss, R D, and Najavits, L M., 2005. “Co-occurring substance use disorders and other psychiatric disorders”. In Clinical textbook of addictive disorders, 3rd ed., Edited by:Frances, R. J., Miller, S. I., and Mack, A. H., 271–302. New York:Guilford Press.
14. Johnson, E O, and Breslau, N., 2006. Is the association of smoking and depression a recent phenomenon?. Nico tine Tob Res., 8(2) Apr:257–62.
15. de Leon, J, Diaz, F J, Aguilar, M C, Juradon, D, and Gurpegui, M., 2006. Does smoking reduce akathisia? Testing a narrow version of the self medication hypothesis. Schizophr Res., 86(1-3) Sep:256–68.
16. Solomon, J., 1989. “Alcoholism and psychiatric disorders”. In Alcoholism:Biomedical and genetic aspects, Edited by:Goedde, H W, and Agarwal, P D., 216–27. New York:Pergamon Press.
17. Schuckit, M A, Tipp, J E, Bergman, M, Reich, W, Hesselbrock, V M, and Smith, T L., 1997. Comparison of induced and independent major depressive disorders in 2, 945 al-coholics. Am J Psychiatry, 154:948–57. [Abstract]
18. Brown, S A, and Schuckit, M A., 1988. Changes in depression among abstinent male alcoholics. J Stud Alcohol, 52:55–61.
19. Dorus, W, Ostrow, D G, Anton, R, Cushman, P, Collins, J F, Schaefer, M, Charles, H L, Desai, P, Hayashida, M, and Malkerneker, U., 1989. Lithium treatment of depressed and nondepressed alcoholics. JAMA, 262:1646–52.
20. Greenfield, S F, Weiss, R D, Muenz, L R, Vagge, L M, Kelly, J F, Bello, L R, and Michael, J., 1998. The effect of depression on return to drinking:A prospective study. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 55:259–65.
21. Hasin, D S, Tsai, W Y, Endicott, J, and Mueller, T I., 1996. The effects of major depression on alcoholism:Five-year course. Am J Addict., 5:144–55.
22. Mitchell, A J., 2006. Adherence behaviour with psychotropic medication is a form of self-medication. Med Hypotheses, Sep 20 [Epub ahead of print], PMID:16996228.
23. Gold, M S, Melker, R J, Dennis, D M, Morey, T E, Bajpai, L K, Pomm, R, and Frost-Pineda, K., 2006. Fentanyl abuse and dependence:Further evidence for second hand exposure hypothesis. J Addict Dis., 25(1):15–21.
24. DuPont, R L., 1995. Anxiety and addiction:A clinical perspective on comorbidity. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 59(Suppl. A):A53–A72.
25. Cryan, J F, Markou, A, and Lucki, I., 2002. Assessing antide-pressant activity in rodents:Recent developments and future needs. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 23(5):238–45.
26. Coleman, J J, Bensinger, P B, Gold, M S, Smith, D E, Bianchi, R P, and DuPont, R L., 2005. Can drug design inhibit abuse?. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 37(4):343–62.
27. Volkow, N D, Fowler, J S, and Wang, G., 2004. The addicted human brain viewed in the light of imaging studies:Brain circuits and treatment strategies. Neuropharma-cology, 47(Suppl 1):3–13.
28. DuPont, R L, and Gold, M S., 1995. Withdrawal and reward:Implications for detoxification and relapse prevention. Psychiatric Annals, 25(11):663–8.
29. DuPont, R L., 1997. Panic disorder and addiction:The clinical issues of comorbidity. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 61(Suppl. A):A54–A65.
30. Tomlinson, K L, Tate, S R, Anderson, K G, McCarthy, D M, and Brown, S A., 2005. An examination of self-medication and rebound effects:Psychiatric symptomatology before and after alcohol or drug relapse. Addict Behav., 1(3) Mar:461–74.
31. Robinson, T E., 2004. Addicted rats. Science, 305:951–3.
32. Vanderschuren, L J, and Everitt, B J., 2004. Drug seeking becomes compulsive after prolonged cocaine self-administration. Science, 305:1017–9.
33. Deroche-Gamonet, V, Belin, D, and Piazza, P V., 2004. Evidence for addiction-like behavior in the rat. Science, 305:1014–7.
34. Warren, M W, Zheng, W, Kobeissy, F H, Liu, M C, Hayes, R L, Gold, M S, Larner, S F, and Wang, K KW. 2007. Calpain and caspase mediated aII-spectrin and tau proteolysis in rat cerebrocortical neuronal cultures after ecstasy or methamphetamine exposure. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 10(4):479–89.
35. Snyder, L B, Milici, F F, Slater, M, Sun, H, and Strizhava, Y., 2006. Effects of alcohol advertising exposure on drinking among youth. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 160:18–24.
36. McClure, A C, Cin, S D, Gibson, J, and Sargent, J D., 2006. Ownership of alcohol-branded merchandise and initiation of teen drinking. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 30(4):277–83.
37. Johnson, E O, and Breslau, N., 2001. Sleep problems and substance use in adolescence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 64:1–7.
38. Kurzthaler, I, Wambacher, M, Golser, K, Sperner, G, Sperner-Unterweger, B, Haidekker, A, Pavlic, M, Kemmler, G, and Fleischhacker, W W., 2005. Alcohol and benzo-diazepines in falls:An epidemiological view. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 79:225–30.
39. Langleben, D D, Schroeder, L, Maldjian, J A, Gur, R C, McDonald, S, Ragland, J D, O'Brien, C P, and Childress, A R., 2002. Brain activity during simulated deception:An event-related functional magnetic resonance study. NeuroImage, 15:727–32.
40. DuPont, R L., 2000. The selfish brain:Learning from addiction, Center City, MN:Hazelden.
41. O'Brien, C P., 2006. What's in a word? Addiction versus dependence in DSM-V [Editorial]. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(5):764–5.
42. Ziedonis, D, and Brady, K., 1997. Dual diagnosis in primary care. Med Clin North Am., 81:1017–36.
43. Regier, D A, Myers, J K, Kramer, M, Robins, L N, Blazer, D G, Hough, R L, Eaton, W W, and Locke, B Z., 1984. The NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program:Historical context, major objectives, and study population characteristics. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 41:934–41. [Abstract]
44. Begleiter, H, and Kissin, B., eds. 1995. The genetics of alcoholism, New York:Oxford University Press.
45. Ventkoff, M, Shapiro, S, Burke, J D, Teitlebaum, M, Skinner, E A, German, P, Turner, R W, Klein, L, and Burns, B., 1987. Anxiety and depression in a primary care clinic:Comparison of Diagnostic Interview Schedule, General Health Questionnaire, and practitioner assessments. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 44:152–66. [Abstract]
46. Schuckit, M A., 1979. “Alcoholism and affective disorder:Diagnostic confusion”. In Alcoholism and affective disorders, Edited by:Goodwin, D W, and Erikson, C K., 9–19. New York:SP Medical & Scientific Books.
47. DuPont, R L, and Gold, M S., 1997. “Naltrexone pharmaco-therapy for the treatment of alcohol dependence”. In The Hatherleigh guide to treating substance abuse, 63–85. New York:Hatherleigh Press.
48. Miller, N S, and Janicak, P G., 1997. “Treatment of comorbid psychiatric disorders”. In Manual of therapeutics for addictions, Edited by:Miller, N S, Gold, M S, and Smith, D E., 168–80. New York:Wiley-Liss.
49. Alcoholics Anonymous. 1989. New York, AA.:Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, Inc.
50. Miller, N S, and Mahler, J C., 1991. Alcoholics Anonymous and the “AA” model for treatment. Alcohol Treatment Q., 8:39–51.