메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 87, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 196-202

Reduced in vivo phosphodiesterase-4 response to acute noradrenaline challenge in diet-induced obese rats

Author keywords

(r) 11c rolipram; Diet induced thermogenesis; High fat diet; Obesity; Positron emission tomography; Sympathetic nervous system, noradrenergic signaling

Indexed keywords

DESIPRAMINE; GLUCOSE; INSULIN; NORADRENALIN; PHOSPHODIESTERASE IV; ROLIPRAM;

EID: 65249157958     PISSN: 00084212     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/Y09-001     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (5)

References (36)
  • 1
    • 0037008157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • betaAR signaling required for diet-induced thermogenesis and obesity resistance
    • PMID:12161655, doi:10.1126/science.1073160
    • Bachman, E.S., Dhillon, H., Zhang, C.Y., Cinti, S., Bianco, A.C., Kobilka, B.K., et al. 2002. betaAR signaling required for diet-induced thermogenesis and obesity resistance. Science, 297(5582): 843-845. doi:10.1126/science.1073160. PMID:12161655.
    • (2002) Science , vol.297 , Issue.5582 , pp. 843-845
    • Bachman, E.S.1    Dhillon, H.2    Zhang, C.Y.3    Cinti, S.4    Bianco, A.C.5    Kobilka, B.K.6
  • 3
    • 0018756428 scopus 로고
    • Hypothalamic and genetic obesity in experimental animals: An autonomic and endocrine hypothesis
    • PMID:379887
    • Bray, G.A., and York, D.A. 1979. Hypothalamic and genetic obesity in experimental animals: an autonomic and endocrine hypothesis. Physiol. Rev. 59(3): 719-809. PMID:379887.
    • (1979) Physiol. Rev , vol.59 , Issue.3 , pp. 719-809
    • Bray, G.A.1    York, D.A.2
  • 4
    • 0025670382 scopus 로고
    • Metabolic differences between obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats
    • PMID:2260721
    • Chang, S., Graham, B., Yakubu, F., Lin, D., Peters, J.C., and Hill, J.O. 1990. Metabolic differences between obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats. Am. J. Physiol. 259(6 Pt 2): R1103-R1110. PMID:2260721.
    • (1990) Am. J. Physiol , vol.259 , Issue.6 PART 2
    • Chang, S.1    Graham, B.2    Yakubu, F.3    Lin, D.4    Peters, J.C.5    Hill, J.O.6
  • 5
    • 0029590202 scopus 로고
    • Early alterations in the brown adipose tissue adenylate cyclase system of pre-obese Zucker rat fa/fa pups: Decreased G-proteins and beta 3-adrenoceptor activities
    • PMID:8554520
    • Charon, C., Krief, S., Diot-Dupuy, F., Strosberg, A.D., Emorine, L.J., and Bazin, R. 1995. Early alterations in the brown adipose tissue adenylate cyclase system of pre-obese Zucker rat fa/fa pups: decreased G-proteins and beta 3-adrenoceptor activities. Biochem. J. 312(Pt 3): 781-788. PMID:8554520.
    • (1995) Biochem. J , vol.312 , Issue.PART 3 , pp. 781-788
    • Charon, C.1    Krief, S.2    Diot-Dupuy, F.3    Strosberg, A.D.4    Emorine, L.J.5    Bazin, R.6
  • 6
    • 0035787319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The beta-adrenergic receptors and the control of adipose tissue metabolism and thermogenesis
    • PMID:11237219, doi:10.1210/rp.56.1.309
    • Collins, S., and Surwit, R.S. 2001. The beta-adrenergic receptors and the control of adipose tissue metabolism and thermogenesis. Recent Prog. Horm. Res. 56: 309-328. doi:10.1210/rp.56.1.309. PMID:11237219.
    • (2001) Recent Prog. Horm. Res , vol.56 , pp. 309-328
    • Collins, S.1    Surwit, R.S.2
  • 7
    • 0022491171 scopus 로고
    • Energy expenditure in rats with diet-induced obesity
    • PMID:3728354
    • Corbett, S.W., Stern, J.S., and Keesey, R.E. 1986. Energy expenditure in rats with diet-induced obesity. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 44(2): 173-180. PMID:3728354.
    • (1986) Am. J. Clin. Nutr , vol.44 , Issue.2 , pp. 173-180
    • Corbett, S.W.1    Stern, J.S.2    Keesey, R.E.3
  • 8
    • 0032811473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for the presence of several phosphodiesterase isoforms in brown adipose tissue of Zucker rats: Modulation of PDE2 by the fa gene expression
    • PMID:10452559, doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(99) 00934-5
    • Coudray, C., Charon, C., Komas, N., Mory, G., Diot-Dupuy, F., Manganiello, V., et al. 1999. Evidence for the presence of several phosphodiesterase isoforms in brown adipose tissue of Zucker rats: modulation of PDE2 by the fa gene expression. FEBS Lett. 456(1):207-210. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(99) 00934-5. PMID:10452559.
    • (1999) FEBS Lett , vol.456 , Issue.1 , pp. 207-210
    • Coudray, C.1    Charon, C.2    Komas, N.3    Mory, G.4    Diot-Dupuy, F.5    Manganiello, V.6
  • 10
    • 0037008480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomedicine. A sympathetic defense against obesity
    • PMID:12161638, doi:10.1126/science. 1074923
    • Dulloo, A.G. 2002. Biomedicine. A sympathetic defense against obesity. Science, 297(5582): 780-781. doi:10.1126/science. 1074923. PMID:12161638.
    • (2002) Science , vol.297 , Issue.5582 , pp. 780-781
    • Dulloo, A.G.1
  • 11
    • 0027034997 scopus 로고
    • Energy expenditure and fuel selection in biological systems: The theory and practice of calcula-tions based on indirect calorimetry and tracer methods
    • PMID:1292242
    • Elia, M., and Livesey, G. 1992. Energy expenditure and fuel selection in biological systems: the theory and practice of calcula-tions based on indirect calorimetry and tracer methods. World Rev. Nutr. Diet. 70: 68-131. PMID:1292242.
    • (1992) World Rev. Nutr. Diet , vol.70 , pp. 68-131
    • Elia, M.1    Livesey, G.2
  • 12
    • 0028145823 scopus 로고
    • Expression and regulation of human and rat phosphodiesterase type IV isogenes
    • PMID:8070581, doi:10.1016/0014-5793(94)00788-8
    • Engels, P., Fichtel, K., and Lübbert, H. 1994. Expression and regulation of human and rat phosphodiesterase type IV isogenes. FEBS Lett. 350: 291-295. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(94)00788-8. PMID:8070581.
    • (1994) FEBS Lett , vol.350 , pp. 291-295
    • Engels, P.1    Fichtel, K.2    Lübbert, H.3
  • 13
    • 0029804743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attenuation of the obesity syndrome of ob/ob mice by the loss of neuropeptide Y
    • PMID:8939859, doi:10.1126/science. 274.5293.1704
    • Erickson, J.C., Hollopeter, G., and Palmiter, R.D. 1996. Attenuation of the obesity syndrome of ob/ob mice by the loss of neuropeptide Y. Science, 274(5293): 1704-1707. doi:10.1126/science. 274.5293.1704. PMID:8939859.
    • (1996) Science , vol.274 , Issue.5293 , pp. 1704-1707
    • Erickson, J.C.1    Hollopeter, G.2    Palmiter, R.D.3
  • 14
    • 0037123748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of diet-induced obese rats that develop persistent obesity after 6 months of high-fat followed by 1 month of low-fat diet
    • PMID:11988234, doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(02) 02493-9
    • Gao, J., Ghibaudi, L., van Heek, M., and Hwa, J.J. 2002. Characterization of diet-induced obese rats that develop persistent obesity after 6 months of high-fat followed by 1 month of low-fat diet. Brain Res. 936(1-2): 87-90. doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(02) 02493-9. PMID:11988234.
    • (2002) Brain Res , vol.936 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 87-90
    • Gao, J.1    Ghibaudi, L.2    van Heek, M.3    Hwa, J.J.4
  • 15
    • 18744427205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On raising energy expenditure in ob/ob mice
    • PMID:9173544, doi:10.1126/science.276. 5315.1132
    • Himms-Hagen, J. 1997. On raising energy expenditure in ob/ob mice. Science, 276(5315): 1132-1133. doi:10.1126/science.276. 5315.1132. PMID:9173544.
    • (1997) Science , vol.276 , Issue.5315 , pp. 1132-1133
    • Himms-Hagen, J.1
  • 16
    • 0031601339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The multien-zyme PDE4 cyclic adenosine monophosphate-specific phospho-diesterase family: Intracellular targeting, regulation, and selective inhibition by compounds exerting anti-inflammatory and antidepressant actions
    • PMID:9547887, doi:10.1016/S1054-3589(08)60128-3
    • Houslay, M.D., Sullivan, M., and Bolger, G.B. 1998. The multien-zyme PDE4 cyclic adenosine monophosphate-specific phospho-diesterase family: intracellular targeting, regulation, and selective inhibition by compounds exerting anti-inflammatory and antidepressant actions. Adv. Pharmacol. 44: 225-342. doi:10.1016/S1054-3589(08)60128-3. PMID:9547887.
    • (1998) Adv. Pharmacol , vol.44 , pp. 225-342
    • Houslay, M.D.1    Sullivan, M.2    Bolger, G.B.3
  • 17
    • 0031104328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PDE4 inhibitors: The use of molecular cloning in the design and development of novel drugs
    • doi:10.1016/S1359-6446(97)01000-3
    • Hughes, B., Owens, R., Perry, M., Warrellow, G., and Allen, R. 1997. PDE4 inhibitors: the use of molecular cloning in the design and development of novel drugs. Drug Discov. Today, 2: 89-101. doi:10.1016/S1359-6446(97)01000-3.
    • (1997) Drug Discov. Today , vol.2 , pp. 89-101
    • Hughes, B.1    Owens, R.2    Perry, M.3    Warrellow, G.4    Allen, R.5
  • 18
    • 0018958298 scopus 로고
    • Effects of desipramine and yohimbine on alpha 2-and beta-adrenoreceptor sensitivity
    • PMID:6252022, doi:10.1016/0014-2999(80)90019-9
    • Johnson, R.W., Reisine, T., Spotnitz, S., Wiech, N., Ursillo, R., and Yamamura, H.I. 1980. Effects of desipramine and yohimbine on alpha 2-and beta-adrenoreceptor sensitivity. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 67(1): 123-127. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(80)90019-9. PMID:6252022.
    • (1980) Eur. J. Pharmacol , vol.67 , Issue.1 , pp. 123-127
    • Johnson, R.W.1    Reisine, T.2    Spotnitz, S.3    Wiech, N.4    Ursillo, R.5    Yamamura, H.I.6
  • 19
    • 0014075484 scopus 로고
    • Relation of body weight to development of coronary heart disease: The Framingham study
    • PMID:6024013
    • Kannel, W.B., LeBauer, E.J., Dawber, T.R., and McNamara, P.M. 1967. Relation of body weight to development of coronary heart disease: the Framingham study. Circulation, 35(4): 734-744. PMID:6024013.
    • (1967) Circulation , vol.35 , Issue.4 , pp. 734-744
    • Kannel, W.B.1    LeBauer, E.J.2    Dawber, T.R.3    McNamara, P.M.4
  • 20
    • 33845936888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vivo selective binding of (i?)-[nC]roli-pram to phosphodiesterase-4 provides the basis for studying in-tracellular cAMP signaling in the myocardium and other peripheral tissues
    • PMID:17210463, doi:10.1016/j. nucmedbio.2006.10.002
    • Kenk, M., Greene, M., Thackeray, J., Dekemp, R.A., Lortie, M., Thorn, S., et al. 2007. In vivo selective binding of (i?)-[nC]roli-pram to phosphodiesterase-4 provides the basis for studying in-tracellular cAMP signaling in the myocardium and other peripheral tissues. Nucl. Med. Biol. 34(1): 71-77. doi:10.1016/j. nucmedbio.2006.10.002. PMID:17210463.
    • (2007) Nucl. Med. Biol , vol.34 , Issue.1 , pp. 71-77
    • Kenk, M.1    Greene, M.2    Thackeray, J.3    Dekemp, R.A.4    Lortie, M.5    Thorn, S.6
  • 21
    • 0034733021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conformational difference between PDE4 apoenzyme and holoenzyme
    • PMID:10828959, doi:10.1021/bi992432w
    • Laliberte, F., Han, Y., Govindarajan, A., Giroux, A., Liu, S., Bo-bechko, B., et al. 2000. Conformational difference between PDE4 apoenzyme and holoenzyme. Biochemistry, 39(21):6449-6458. doi:10.1021/bi992432w. PMID:10828959.
    • (2000) Biochemistry , vol.39 , Issue.21 , pp. 6449-6458
    • Laliberte, F.1    Han, Y.2    Govindarajan, A.3    Giroux, A.4    Liu, S.5    Bo-bechko, B.6
  • 22
    • 0021470653 scopus 로고
    • Sympathoadre-nal system and regulation of thermogenesis
    • PMID:6380306
    • Landsberg, L., Saville, M.E., and Young, J.B. 1984. Sympathoadre-nal system and regulation of thermogenesis. Am. J. Physiol. 247(2 Pt 1): E181-E189. PMID:6380306.
    • (1984) Am. J. Physiol , vol.247 , Issue.2 PART 1
    • Landsberg, L.1    Saville, M.E.2    Young, J.B.3
  • 23
    • 0034029704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defense of body weight against chronic caloric restriction in obesity-prone and-resistant rats
    • PMID:10644644
    • Levin, B.E., and Dunn-Meynell, A.A. 2000. Defense of body weight against chronic caloric restriction in obesity-prone and-resistant rats. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 278(1): R231-R237. PMID:10644644.
    • (2000) Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol , vol.278 , Issue.1
    • Levin, B.E.1    Dunn-Meynell, A.A.2
  • 24
    • 0024370868 scopus 로고
    • Glucose-induced sympathetic activation in obesity-prone and resistant rats
    • PMID:2744935
    • Levin, B.E., and Sullivan, A.C. 1989. Glucose-induced sympathetic activation in obesity-prone and resistant rats. Int. J. Obes. 13(2): 235-246. PMID:2744935.
    • (1989) Int. J. Obes , vol.13 , Issue.2 , pp. 235-246
    • Levin, B.E.1    Sullivan, A.C.2
  • 25
    • 0020726951 scopus 로고
    • Altered sympathetic activity during development of diet-induced obesity in rat
    • PMID:6131610
    • Levin, B.E., Triscari, J., and Sullivan, A.C. 1983. Altered sympathetic activity during development of diet-induced obesity in rat. Am. J. Physiol. 244(3): R347-R355. PMID:6131610.
    • (1983) Am. J. Physiol , vol.244 , Issue.3
    • Levin, B.E.1    Triscari, J.2    Sullivan, A.C.3
  • 26
    • 0034994998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of (R)-[nC]rolipram for PET imaging of phos-phodiesterase-4: In vivo binding, metabolism, and dosimetry studies in rats
    • PMID:11395307, doi:10.1016/ S0969-8051(01)00206-2
    • Lourenco, C.M., Houle, S., Wilson, A.A., and DaSilva, J.N. 2001. Characterization of (R)-[nC]rolipram for PET imaging of phos-phodiesterase-4: in vivo binding, metabolism, and dosimetry studies in rats. Nucl. Med. Biol. 28(4): 347-358. doi:10.1016/ S0969-8051(01)00206-2. PMID:11395307.
    • (2001) Nucl. Med. Biol , vol.28 , Issue.4 , pp. 347-358
    • Lourenco, C.M.1    Houle, S.2    Wilson, A.A.3    DaSilva, J.N.4
  • 27
    • 33744546885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 11C]rolipram in rat brain, lung and heart
    • PMID:16499932, doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2006. 01.010
    • 11C]rolipram in rat brain, lung and heart. Life Sci. 79(4): 356-364. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2006. 01.010. PMID:16499932.
    • (2006) Life Sci , vol.79 , Issue.4 , pp. 356-364
    • Lourenco, C.M.1    Kenk, M.2    Beanlands, R.S.3    DaSilva, J.N.4
  • 28
    • 0029935979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid regulation of a cyclic AMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE IV) by forskolin and iso-proterenol in LRM55 astroglial cells
    • PMID:8687489, doi:10.1016/0006-2952(96)00167-0
    • Madelian, V., and La Vigne, E. 1996. Rapid regulation of a cyclic AMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE IV) by forskolin and iso-proterenol in LRM55 astroglial cells. Biochem. Pharmacol. 51: 1739-1747. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(96)00167-0. PMID:8687489.
    • (1996) Biochem. Pharmacol , vol.51 , pp. 1739-1747
    • Madelian, V.1    La Vigne, E.2
  • 29
    • 0030075351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prolonged beta adreno-ceptor stimulation up-regulates cAMP phosphodiesterase activity in human monocytes by increasing mRNA and protein for phos-phodiesterases 4A and 4B
    • PMID:8632354
    • Manning, C.D., McLaughlin, M.M., Livi, G.P., Cieslinski, L.B., Torphy, T.J., and Barnette, M.S. 1996. Prolonged beta adreno-ceptor stimulation up-regulates cAMP phosphodiesterase activity in human monocytes by increasing mRNA and protein for phos-phodiesterases 4A and 4B. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 276(2): 810-818. PMID:8632354.
    • (1996) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther , vol.276 , Issue.2 , pp. 810-818
    • Manning, C.D.1    McLaughlin, M.M.2    Livi, G.P.3    Cieslinski, L.B.4    Torphy, T.J.5    Barnette, M.S.6
  • 30
    • 0035195056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioral thermoregulation in obese and lean Zucker rats in a thermal gradient
    • PMID:11641140
    • Maskrey, M., Wiggins, P.R., and Frappell, P.B. 2001. Behavioral thermoregulation in obese and lean Zucker rats in a thermal gradient. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 281(5): R1675-R1680. PMID:11641140.
    • (2001) Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol , vol.281 , Issue.5
    • Maskrey, M.1    Wiggins, P.R.2    Frappell, P.B.3
  • 31
    • 0031802458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 3 expression in vivo: Evidence for tissue-specific expression of phos-phodiesterase 3A or 3B mRNA and activity in the aorta and adipose tissue of atherosclerosis-prone insulin-resistant rats
    • PMID:9648839, doi:10.2337/diabetes. 47.7.1135
    • Nagaoka, T., Shirakawa, T., Balon, T.W., Russell, J.C., and Fujita-Yamaguchi, Y. 1998. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 3 expression in vivo: evidence for tissue-specific expression of phos-phodiesterase 3A or 3B mRNA and activity in the aorta and adipose tissue of atherosclerosis-prone insulin-resistant rats. Diabetes, 47(7):1135-1144. doi:10.2337/diabetes. 47.7.1135. PMID:9648839.
    • (1998) Diabetes , vol.47 , Issue.7 , pp. 1135-1144
    • Nagaoka, T.1    Shirakawa, T.2    Balon, T.W.3    Russell, J.C.4    Fujita-Yamaguchi, Y.5
  • 32
    • 33644850953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obesity and cardiovascular disease: Pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss: an update of the 1997 American Heart Association Scientific Statement on Obesity and Heart Disease from the Obesity Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism
    • PMID:16380542, doi:10.1161/ circulationaha.106.171016
    • Poirier, P., Giles, T.D., Bray, G.A., Hong, Y., Stern, J.S., Pi-Sunyer, F.X., et al. 2006. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss: an update of the 1997 American Heart Association Scientific Statement on Obesity and Heart Disease from the Obesity Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Circulation, 113(6): 898-918. doi:10.1161/ circulationaha.106.171016. PMID:16380542.
    • (2006) Circulation , vol.113 , Issue.6 , pp. 898-918
    • Poirier, P.1    Giles, T.D.2    Bray, G.A.3    Hong, Y.4    Stern, J.S.5    Pi-Sunyer, F.X.6
  • 33
    • 0023956341 scopus 로고
    • Alpha 1-and beta-adrenergic receptors in brown adipose tissue of lean (Fa/?) and obese (fa/ fa) Zucker rats: Effects of cold-acclimation, sucrose feeding and adrenalectomy
    • PMID:2895637
    • Raasmaja, A., and York, D.A. 1988. Alpha 1-and beta-adrenergic receptors in brown adipose tissue of lean (Fa/?) and obese (fa/ fa) Zucker rats: effects of cold-acclimation, sucrose feeding and adrenalectomy. Biochem. J. 249(3): 831-838. PMID:2895637.
    • (1988) Biochem. J , vol.249 , Issue.3 , pp. 831-838
    • Raasmaja, A.1    York, D.A.2
  • 34
    • 0030006920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phosphorylation and activation of a cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase
    • PMID:8663227, doi:10.1074/jbc. 271.28.16526
    • Sette, C., and Conti, M. 1996. Phosphorylation and activation of a cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 16526-16534. doi:10.1074/jbc. 271.28.16526. PMID:8663227.
    • (1996) J. Biol. Chem , vol.271 , pp. 16526-16534
    • Sette, C.1    Conti, M.2
  • 35
    • 0035090283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypothesis: Beta-adrenergic receptor blockers and weight gain: a systematic analysis
    • PMID:11230280
    • Sharma, A.M., Pischon, T., Hardt, S., Kunz, I., and Luft, F.C. 2001. Hypothesis: beta-adrenergic receptor blockers and weight gain: a systematic analysis. Hypertension, 37(2):250-254. PMID:11230280.
    • (2001) Hypertension , vol.37 , Issue.2 , pp. 250-254
    • Sharma, A.M.1    Pischon, T.2    Hardt, S.3    Kunz, I.4    Luft, F.C.5
  • 36
    • 0345375306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential effects of high-fat and high-carbohydrate isoenergetic meals on cardiac autonomic nervous system activity in lean and obese women
    • PMID:14624401, doi:10.1016/S0026-0495(03) 00322-6
    • Tentolouris, N., Tsigos, C., Perea, D., Koukou, E., Kyriaki, D., Kit-sou, E., et al. 2003. Differential effects of high-fat and high-carbohydrate isoenergetic meals on cardiac autonomic nervous system activity in lean and obese women. Metabolism, 52(11): 1426-1432. doi:10.1016/S0026-0495(03) 00322-6. PMID:14624401.
    • (2003) Metabolism , vol.52 , Issue.11 , pp. 1426-1432
    • Tentolouris, N.1    Tsigos, C.2    Perea, D.3    Koukou, E.4    Kyriaki, D.5    Kit-sou, E.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.