Experimental studies of ion transport in PPy(DBS)

Journal of Physical Chemistry C

Volumn 113, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 369-381

  Wang, Xuezheng ^a   Smela, Elisabeth ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

APPLIED POTENTIALS; APPLIED VOLTAGES; CATION TRANSPORTS; DODECYLBENZENESULFONATE; ELECTROCHROMIC; EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES; INITIAL OXIDATIONS; ION TRANSPORTS; LATERAL ION TRANSPORTS; LINEAR DEPENDENCES; OXIDATION LEVELS; SUBSEQUENT REDUCTIONS; SWITCHING SPEED; TOP SURFACES;

CONJUGATED POLYMERS; OXIDATION; POLYPYRROLES; POSITIVE IONS;

POLYMER FILMS;

EID: 65249131792     PISSN: 19327447     EISSN: 19327455     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/jp809092d     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Otero, T. F.; Grande, H.-J.; Rodriguez, J. Reinterpretation of polypyrrole electrochemistry after consideration of conformational relaxation processes. J. Phys. Chem. B 1997, 101, 3688-3697.
2. Otero, T. F.; Boyano, I. Comparative study of conducting polymers by the ESCR model. J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107 (28), 6730-6738.
3. Wang, X.; Shapiro, B.; Smela, E. Visualizing ion transport in conjugated polymers. AdV. Mater. 2004, 6 (18), 1605-1609.
4. Wang, X.; Smela, E. Color and volume change in PPy(DBS) J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 359-368.
5. Otero, T. F.; Grande, H.; Rodri'guez, J. Role of conformational relaxation on the voltammetric behavior of polypyrrole. Experiments and mathematical model. J. Phys. Chem. B 1997, 101, 8525-8533.
6. West, B. J.; Otero, T. F.; Shapiro, B.; Smela, E. Chronoamperometric study of conformational relaxation in PPy(DBS) J. Phys. Chem. B 2008, submitted.
7. Pei, Q.; Inganäs, O. Electrochemical applications of the bending beam method; a novel way to study ion transport in electroactive polymers. Solid State Ionics 1993, 60, 161-166.
8. Shimoda, S.; Smela, E. The effect of pH on polymerization and volume change in PPy(DBS). Electrochim. Acta 1998, 44 (2-3), 219-238.
9. Wang, X.; Smela, E. Cycling conjugated polymers with different cations; SPIE 13th Annual Int'l. Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials, EAPAD, San Diego, CA, 2006.
10. Smela, E.; Inganäs, O.; Lundström, I. Controlled folding of micrometer-size structures. Science 1995, 268 (23 June), 1735-1738.
11. Smela, E. Microfabrication of PPy microactuators and other conjugated polymer devices. J. Micromech. Microeng. 1999, 9, 1-18.
12. Smela, E.; Kallenbach, M.; Holdenried, J. Electrochemically driven polypyrrole bilayers for moving and positioning bulk micromachined silicon plates. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 1999, 8 (4), 373-383.
13. Smela, E. A microfabricated movable electrochromic "pixel" based on polypyrrole. AdV. Mater. 1999, 11 (16), 1343-1345.
14. Maw, S.; Smela, E.; Yoshida, K.; Sommer-Larsen, P.; Stein, R. B. The effects of varying deposition current density on bending behaviour in PPy(DBS)-actuated bending beams. Sens. Actuators, A 2001, 89, 175-184.
15. Wang, X.; Smela, E. Fast switching of conjugated polymer films; SPIE 13th Annual Int'l. Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials, EAPAD, San Diego, CA, 2006.
16. Christophersen, M.; Shapiro, B.; Smela, E. Characterization and modeling of PPy bilayer microactuators. Part 1: Curvature. Sens. Actuators, B 2006, 115, 596-609.
17. Smela, E.; Gadegaard, N. Volume change in polypyrrole studied by atomic force microscopy. J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105 (39), 9395-9405.
18. De Paoli, M. A.; Peres, R. C. D.; Panero, S.; Scrosati, B. Properties of electrochemically synthesized polymer electrodes-X. Study of polypyrrole- dodecylbenzene sulfonate. Electrochim. Acta 1992, 37 (7), 1173-1182.
19. Matencio, T.; De Paoli, M.-A.; Peres, R. C. D.; Torresi, R. M.; Cordoba de Torresi, S. I. Ionic exchanges in dodecylbenzenesulfonate doped polypyrrole Part 1. Optical beam deflection studies. Synth. Met. 1995, 72 (1), 59-64.
20. Mao, H.; Pickup, P. G. Ion transport in a polypyrrole-based ionexchange polymer. J. Phys. Chem. 1989, 93 (17), 6480-6485.
21. Kaneto, K.; Ura, S.; Yoshino, K.; Inuishi, Y. Optical and electrical properties of electrochemically doped n- and p-type polythiophenes. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 1984, 23 (3), L189-191.
22. Tezuka, Y.; Aoki, K. Direct demonstration of the propagation theory of a conductive zone in a polypyrrole film by observing temporal and spatial variations of potentials at addressable microband array electrodes. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1989, 273 (1-2), 161-168.
23. Tezuka, Y.; Aoki, K.; Ishii, T. Alternation of conducting zone from propagation-control to diffusion-control at polythiophene films by solvent substitution. Electrochim. Acta 1999, 44, 1871-1877.
24. Tezuka, Y.; Ohyama, S.; Ishii, T.; Aoki, K. Observation of propagation speed of conductive front in electrochemical doping proces of polypyrrole films. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1991, 64, 2045-2051.
25. Tezuka, Y.; Kimura, T.; Ishii, T.; Aoki, K. Concentration distribution of conducting species with time resolution in electrochemical undoping process at the polypyrrole-film-coated electrode in the light of electric percolation. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1995, 395, 51-55.
26. Carlberg, J. C.; Inganas, O. Fast optical spectroscopy of the electrochemical doping of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). J. Electrochem. Soc. 1998, 145 (11), 3810-3814.
27. Johansson, T.; Persson, N. K.; Inganas, O. Moving redox fronts in conjugated polymers studies from lateral electrochemistry in polythiophenes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2004, 151 (4), E119-E124.
28. Wang, X.; Shapiro, B.; Smela, E. Ion transport in conjugated polymers: Model development J. Phys. Chem. B 2008, submitted.
29. Otero, T. F.; Padilla, J. Anodic shrinking and compaction of polypyrrole blend: electrochemical reduction under conformational relaxation kinetic control. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2004, 561 (1), 167-171.
30. Yang, H.; Kwak, J. Mass transport investigated with the electrochemical and electrogravimetric impedance techniques 1. Water transport in PPy/CuPTS films. J. Phys. Chem. B 1997, 101 (5), 774-781.
31. Baker, C. K.; Qiu, Y.-J.; Reynolds, J. R. Electrochemically induced charge and mass transport in polypyrrole/poly(styrenesulfonate) molecular composites. J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 4446-4452.
32. Gandhi, M. R.; Murray, P.; Spinks, G. M.; Wallace, G. G. Mechanism of electromechanical actuation in polypyrrole. Synth. Met. 1995, 73 (3), 247-256.
33. Duffitt, G. L.; Pickup, P. G. Enhanced ionic conductivity of polypyrrole due to incorporation of excess electrolyte during potential cycling. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1992, 88 (10), 1417-1423.
34. Li, Y. On the large overpotential of the first reduction of polypyrrole perchlorate films in organic solutions. Electrochim. Acta 1997, 42 (2), 203-210.
35. Lizarraga, L.; Andrade, E. M.; Molina, F. V. Swelling and volume changes of polyaniline upon redox switching. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2004,561 (1), 127-135.
36. Lacroix, J. C.; Fraoua, K.; Lacaze, P. C. Moving front phenomena in the switching of conductive polymers. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1998, 444 (1), 83-93.
37. Wang, X.; Smela, E.; Shapiro, B. Understanding ion transport in conjugated polymers; SPIE 12th Annual Int'l. Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials, EAPAD, San Diego, CA, 2005.
38. Otero, T. F.; Angulo, E. Oxidation-reduction of polypyrrole filmskinetics, structural model and applications. Solid State Ionics 1993, 63-5, 803-809.
39. Otero, T. F.; Grande, H.; Rodriguez, J. A new model for electrochemical oxidation of polypyrrole under conformational relaxation control. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1995, 394, 211.
40. Otero, T. F.; Grande, H.; Rodriguez, J. Conformational relaxation during polypyrrole oxidation: from experiment to theory. Electrochim. Acta 1996, 41 (11/12), 1863-1869.
41. Otero, T. F.; Grande, H.; Rodriguez, J. An electromechanical model for the electrochemical oxidation of conducting polymers. Synth. Met. 1996, 76, 293.
42. Otero, T. F.; Grande, H.; Rodriguez, J. Electrochemical oxidation of polypyrrole under conformational relaxation control. Electrochemical relaxation model. Synth. Met. 1996, 76, 285.
43. Otero, T. F.; Grande, H. Thermally enhanced conformational relaxation during electrochemical oxidation of polypyrrole. Electroanal. Chem. 1996, 414, 171.
44. Otero, T. F. In ConductiVe Polymers: Transport, Photophysics, and Applications; Nalwa, H. S., Ed.; John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1997; Vol. 4, pp 517-594.
45. Otero, T. F.; Grande, H.; Rodriguez, J. A conformational relaxation approach to polypyrrole voltammetry. Synth. Met. 1997, 85, 1077.
46. Otero, T. F.; Bengoechea, M. UV-visible spectroelectrochemistry of conducting polymers. Energy linked to conformational changes. Langmuir 1999, 15, 1323-1327.
47. Otero, T. F.; Boyano, I. Potentiostatic oxidation of polyaniline under conformational relaxation control: experimental and theoretical study. J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107 (18), 4269-4276.
48. West, K.; Jacobsen, T.; Zachau-Christiansen, B.; Careem, M. A.; Skaarup, S. Electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole: influence of current density on structure. Synth. Met. 1993, 55-57 (2-3), 1412-1417.
49. Murray, P.; Spinks, G. M.; Wallace, G. G.; Burford, R. P. In-situ mechanical properties of tosylate doped (pTS) polypyrrole. Synth. Met. 1997, 84 (1-3), 847-848.
50. Smela, E.; Lu, W.; Mattes, B. R. Polyaniline Actuators, Part 1: PANI(AMPS) in HCl. Synth. Met. 2005, 151 (1), 25-42.
51. Streetman, B. G.; Banerjee, S. Solid State Electronic DeVices, 5th ed.; Prentice-Hall: Upper Saddle River, 2000.
52. Lin, X.; Li, J.; Smela, E.; Yip, S. Polaron-induced conformation change in single polypyrrole chain: an intrinsic actuation mechanism. Int. J. Quantum Chem. 2005, 102, 980-985.
53. Aime, J. P.; Bargain, F.; Schott, M.; Eckhardt, H.; Miller, G. G.; Elsenbaumer, R. L. Structural study of doped and undoped polythiophene in solution by small-angle neutron scattering. Phys. ReV. Lett. 1989, 65 (1), 55-58.
54. Bay, L.; Jacobsen, T.; Skaarup, S.; West, K. Mechanism of actuation in conducting polymers: osmotic expansion. J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105 (36), 8492-8497.
55. Vidanapathirana, K. P.; Careem, M. A.; Skaarup, S.; West, K. Ion movement in polypyrrole/dodecylbenzenesulphonate films in aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes. Solid State Ionics 2002, 154-155, 331-335.
56. Skaarup, S.; Bay, L.; Vidanapathirana, K.; Thybo, S.; Tofte, P.; West, K. Simultaneous anion and cation mobility in polypyrrole. Solid State Ionics 2003, 159 (1-2), 143-147.