메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 156, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 189-193

Intrinsic defect of the immune system in children with Down syndrome: A review

Author keywords

Children; Down syndrome; Immune system; Primary immunodeficiency

Indexed keywords

AGING; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANTIBODY PRODUCTION; ARTICLE; B LYMPHOCYTE; CLINICAL FEATURE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DOWN SYNDROME; HUMAN; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; IMMUNE SYSTEM; INNATE IMMUNITY; L CELL; NATURAL KILLER CELL; NERVOUS SYSTEM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; THYMUS;

EID: 64649097543     PISSN: 00099104     EISSN: 13652249     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.03890.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (201)

References (74)
  • 2
    • 0020301505 scopus 로고
    • Down's syndrome, aging, and Alzheimer's disease: A clinical review
    • Lott I. Down's syndrome, aging, and Alzheimer's disease: a clinical review. Ann NY Acad Sci 1982 396 : 15 27.
    • (1982) Ann NY Acad Sci , vol.396 , pp. 15-27
    • Lott, I.1
  • 3
    • 0019758584 scopus 로고
    • Clinical aspects of Down's syndrome from infancy to adult life
    • Tolksdorf M, Wiedemann H. Clinical aspects of Down's syndrome from infancy to adult life. Hum Genet Suppl 1981 2 : 3 31.
    • (1981) Hum Genet Suppl , vol.2 , pp. 3-31
    • Tolksdorf, M.1    Wiedemann, H.2
  • 4
    • 84981569067 scopus 로고
    • Neoplasia and Down's syndrome
    • Miller RW. Neoplasia and Down's syndrome. Ann NY Acad Sci 1970 171 : 637.
    • (1970) Ann NY Acad Sci , vol.171 , pp. 637
    • Miller, R.W.1
  • 5
    • 0015023989 scopus 로고
    • Acute childhood leukemia: Epidemiological study by cell type in 1263 cases at the Children's Cancer Research Foundation in Boston
    • Fraumeni J, Manning M, Mitus W. Acute childhood leukemia: epidemiological study by cell type in 1263 cases at the Children's Cancer Research Foundation in Boston. J Natl Cancer Inst 1971 46 : 461 70.
    • (1971) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.46 , pp. 461-70
    • Fraumeni, J.1    Manning, M.2    Mitus, W.3
  • 6
    • 0014707398 scopus 로고
    • Malformations and leukemia in children with Down syndrome
    • Fabia J, Droletter M. Malformations and leukemia in children with Down syndrome. Pediatrics 1970 45 : 60 70.
    • (1970) Pediatrics , vol.45 , pp. 60-70
    • Fabia, J.1    Droletter, M.2
  • 7
    • 7944222395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cancers and immune related diseases associated with Down syndrome: A record linkage study
    • Goldacre M, Wotton C, Seagroatt V et al. Cancers and immune related diseases associated with Down syndrome: a record linkage study. Arch Dis Child 2004 89 : 1014 17.
    • (2004) Arch Dis Child , vol.89 , pp. 1014-17
    • Goldacre, M.1    Wotton, C.2    Seagroatt, V.3
  • 8
    • 0037160991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality associated with Down's syndrome in the USA from 1983 to 1997: A population-based study
    • Yang Q, Rasmussen S, Friedman J. Mortality associated with Down's syndrome in the USA from 1983 to 1997: a population-based study. Lancet 2002 359 : 1019 25.
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.359 , pp. 1019-25
    • Yang, Q.1    Rasmussen, S.2    Friedman, J.3
  • 9
    • 0036449612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How frequent is celiac disease in Down syndrome?
    • Sanchez-Albisua I, Storm W, Wascher I et al. How frequent is celiac disease in Down syndrome? Eur J Pediatr 2002 161 : 683 4.
    • (2002) Eur J Pediatr , vol.161 , pp. 683-4
    • Sanchez-Albisua, I.1    Storm, W.2    Wascher, I.3
  • 10
    • 0031691872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thyroid dysfunction in Down's syndrome: Relation to age and thyroid autoimmunity
    • Karlsson B, Gustafsson J, Hedov G et al. Thyroid dysfunction in Down's syndrome: relation to age and thyroid autoimmunity. Arch Dis Child 1998 79 : 242 5.
    • (1998) Arch Dis Child , vol.79 , pp. 242-5
    • Karlsson, B.1    Gustafsson, J.2    Hedov, G.3
  • 11
    • 0031882343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Type 1 diabetes mellitus and Down's syndrome: Prevalence, management and diabetic complications
    • Anwar A, Walker J, Frier B. Type 1 diabetes mellitus and Down's syndrome: prevalence, management and diabetic complications. Diabet Med 1998 15 : 160 3.
    • (1998) Diabet Med , vol.15 , pp. 160-3
    • Anwar, A.1    Walker, J.2    Frier, B.3
  • 12
    • 28844476656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of death for children with Down syndrome and sepsis
    • Garrison M, Jeffries H, Christakis D. Risk of death for children with Down syndrome and sepsis. J Pediatr 2005 147 : 748 52.
    • (2005) J Pediatr , vol.147 , pp. 748-52
    • Garrison, M.1    Jeffries, H.2    Christakis, D.3
  • 13
    • 0018078527 scopus 로고
    • Immunodeficiency in Down's syndrome: T lymphocyte subset imbalance in trisomic children
    • Burgio G, Lanzavecchia A, Maccario R et al. Immunodeficiency in Down's syndrome: T lymphocyte subset imbalance in trisomic children. Clin Exp Immunol 1978 33 : 298 301.
    • (1978) Clin Exp Immunol , vol.33 , pp. 298-301
    • Burgio, G.1    Lanzavecchia, A.2    MacCario, R.3
  • 14
    • 0016614191 scopus 로고
    • Mortality and life-table in Down's syndrome
    • Oster J, Mikkelsen M, Nielsen A. Mortality and life-table in Down's syndrome. Acta Paediatr 1975 64 : 322.
    • (1975) Acta Paediatr , vol.64 , pp. 322
    • Oster, J.1    Mikkelsen, M.2    Nielsen, A.3
  • 15
    • 0016804731 scopus 로고
    • Derangements of immunoglobulin levels, phytohemagglutinin responsiveness and T and B cell markers in Down's syndrome at different ages
    • Burgio G, Ugazio A, Nespoli L et al. Derangements of immunoglobulin levels, phytohemagglutinin responsiveness and T and B cell markers in Down's syndrome at different ages. Eur J Immunol 1975 5 : 600 3.
    • (1975) Eur J Immunol , vol.5 , pp. 600-3
    • Burgio, G.1    Ugazio, A.2    Nespoli, L.3
  • 17
    • 0014854109 scopus 로고
    • Aging, immunity and malignancy
    • Gatti R, Good R. Aging, immunity and malignancy. Geriatrics 1970 25 : 158 68.
    • (1970) Geriatrics , vol.25 , pp. 158-68
    • Gatti, R.1    Good, R.2
  • 18
    • 0032718159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The immune system in the elderly: II. Specific cellular immunity
    • Ginaldi L, De Martinis M, D'Ostilio A et al. The immune system in the elderly: II. Specific cellular immunity. Immunol Res 1999 20 : 109 15.
    • (1999) Immunol Res , vol.20 , pp. 109-15
    • Ginaldi, L.1    De Martinis, M.2    D'Ostilio, A.3
  • 19
    • 0014046962 scopus 로고
    • Aging and immunological phenomena - A review
    • Ram J. Aging and immunological phenomena - a review. J Gerontol 1967 22 : 92 107.
    • (1967) J Gerontol , vol.22 , pp. 92-107
    • Ram, J.1
  • 20
    • 0036584494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T cells and aging, January 2002 update
    • Pawelec G, Barnett Y, Forsey R et al. T cells and aging, January 2002 update. Front Biosci 2002 1 : 1056 83.
    • (2002) Front Biosci , vol.1 , pp. 1056-83
    • Pawelec, G.1    Barnett, Y.2    Forsey, R.3
  • 21
    • 0025618405 scopus 로고
    • Precocious aging of the immune system in Down syndrome: Alteration of B lymphocytes, T lymphocyte subsets, and cells with natural killer markers
    • Cossarizza A, Monti D, Montagnani G et al. Precocious aging of the immune system in Down syndrome: alteration of B lymphocytes, T lymphocyte subsets, and cells with natural killer markers. Am J Med Genet 1990 7 : 213 18.
    • (1990) Am J Med Genet , vol.7 , pp. 213-18
    • Cossarizza, A.1    Monti, D.2    Montagnani, G.3
  • 22
    • 0029871363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immune dysfunction in Down's syndrome: Primary immune deficiency or early senescence of the immune system?
    • Cuadrado E, Barrena M. Immune dysfunction in Down's syndrome: primary immune deficiency or early senescence of the immune system? Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1996 78 : 209 14.
    • (1996) Clin Immunol Immunopathol , vol.78 , pp. 209-14
    • Cuadrado, E.1    Barrena, M.2
  • 23
    • 46449104782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Homeostatic cytokines and expansion of regulatory T cells accompany thymic impairment in children with Down syndrome
    • Roat E, Prada N, Lugli E. Homeostatic cytokines and expansion of regulatory T cells accompany thymic impairment in children with Down syndrome. Rejuv Res 2008 11 : 573 83.
    • (2008) Rejuv Res , vol.11 , pp. 573-83
    • Roat, E.1    Prada, N.2    Lugli, E.3
  • 24
    • 0025732162 scopus 로고
    • Age-related expansion of functionally inefficient cells with markers of natural killer activity in Down's syndrome
    • Cossarizza A. Age-related expansion of functionally inefficient cells with markers of natural killer activity in Down's syndrome. Blood 1991 77 : 1263 70.
    • (1991) Blood , vol.77 , pp. 1263-70
    • Cossarizza, A.1
  • 25
    • 28844486209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intrinsic abnormalities of lymphocyte counts in children with Down syndrome
    • Hingh Y, Van der Vossen P, Gemen E et al. Intrinsic abnormalities of lymphocyte counts in children with Down syndrome. J Pediatr 2005 147 : 744 7.
    • (2005) J Pediatr , vol.147 , pp. 744-7
    • Hingh, Y.1    Van Der Vossen, P.2    Gemen, E.3
  • 26
    • 0025330731 scopus 로고
    • Down syndrome (trisomy 21) thymuses have a decrease proportion of cells expressing high levels of TCRalpha, beta and CD3
    • Murphy M, Epstein L. Down syndrome (trisomy 21) thymuses have a decrease proportion of cells expressing high levels of TCRalpha, beta and CD3. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1990 55 : 453 67.
    • (1990) Clin Immunol Immunopathol , vol.55 , pp. 453-67
    • Murphy, M.1    Epstein, L.2
  • 27
    • 0026673105 scopus 로고
    • Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IFN-gamma expression in human thymus
    • Murphy M, Friend D, Pike-Nobile L et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IFN-gamma expression in human thymus. J Immunol 1992 149 : 2506 12.
    • (1992) J Immunol , vol.149 , pp. 2506-12
    • Murphy, M.1    Friend, D.2    Pike-Nobile, L.3
  • 29
  • 30
    • 0027383813 scopus 로고
    • Immunological features of Down's syndrome: A review
    • Nespoli L, Burgio G, Ugazio A et al. Immunological features of Down's syndrome: a review. J Int Dis Res 1993 37 : 543 51.
    • (1993) J Int Dis Res , vol.37 , pp. 543-51
    • Nespoli, L.1    Burgio, G.2    Ugazio, A.3
  • 31
    • 0025616860 scopus 로고
    • Morphological and immunohistochemical study of Down syndrome thymus
    • Larocca L, Lauriola L, Raneletti F. Morphological and immunohistochemical study of Down syndrome thymus. Am J Med Genet 1990 7 : 225 30.
    • (1990) Am J Med Genet , vol.7 , pp. 225-30
    • Larocca, L.1    Lauriola, L.2    Raneletti, F.3
  • 32
    • 0025601495 scopus 로고
    • Intrathymic deficient expansion of T cell precursors in Down syndrome
    • Musiani P, Valitutti S, Castellino F. Intrathymic deficient expansion of T cell precursors in Down syndrome. Am J Med Genet 1990 7 : 219 24.
    • (1990) Am J Med Genet , vol.7 , pp. 219-24
    • Musiani, P.1    Valitutti, S.2    Castellino, F.3
  • 33
    • 0033764763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in T-cell receptor subsets after cardiac surgery in children
    • Yamaguchi T, Murakami A, Fukahara K et al. Changes in T-cell receptor subsets after cardiac surgery in children. Surg Today 2000 30 : 875 8.
    • (2000) Surg Today , vol.30 , pp. 875-8
    • Yamaguchi, T.1    Murakami, A.2    Fukahara, K.3
  • 34
    • 0037214104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in lymphocyte subsets after cardiac surgery in children
    • Habermehl P, Knuf M, Kampmann C et al. Changes in lymphocyte subsets after cardiac surgery in children. Eur J Pediatr 2003 162 : 15 21.
    • (2003) Eur J Pediatr , vol.162 , pp. 15-21
    • Habermehl, P.1    Knuf, M.2    Kampmann, C.3
  • 35
    • 2142714053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of partial or total thymectomy during open heart surgery in infants on the immune function later in life
    • Eysteinsdottir J, Freysdottir J, Haraldsson A et al. The influence of partial or total thymectomy during open heart surgery in infants on the immune function later in life. Clin Exp Immunol 2004 136 : 349 55.
    • (2004) Clin Exp Immunol , vol.136 , pp. 349-55
    • Eysteinsdottir, J.1    Freysdottir, J.2    Haraldsson, A.3
  • 36
    • 0025607862 scopus 로고
    • Decreased level of T cell receptor expression by Down syndrome (trisomy 21) thymocytes
    • Murphy M, Lempert M, Epstein L. Decreased level of T cell receptor expression by Down syndrome (trisomy 21) thymocytes. Am J Med Genet 1990 7 : 234 7.
    • (1990) Am J Med Genet , vol.7 , pp. 234-7
    • Murphy, M.1    Lempert, M.2    Epstein, L.3
  • 37
    • 0026515305 scopus 로고
    • Down syndrome peripheral blood contains phenotypically mature CD3 TCRalphabeta cells but abnormal proportions of TCRgammadelta, TCRalphabeta and CD4+45RA+ cells: Evidence for an inefficient release of mature T cells by DS thymus
    • Murphy M, Epstein L. Down syndrome peripheral blood contains phenotypically mature CD3 TCRalphabeta cells but abnormal proportions of TCRgammadelta, TCRalphabeta and CD4+45RA+ cells: evidence for an inefficient release of mature T cells by DS thymus. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1992 62 : 245 51.
    • (1992) Clin Immunol Immunopathol , vol.62 , pp. 245-51
    • Murphy, M.1    Epstein, L.2
  • 38
    • 0027362785 scopus 로고
    • Imbalance of the CD4+ subpopulations expressing CD45RA and CD29 antigens in the peripheral blood of adults and children with Down syndrome
    • Barrena M, Echaniz P, Garcia-Serrano C et al. Imbalance of the CD4+ subpopulations expressing CD45RA and CD29 antigens in the peripheral blood of adults and children with Down syndrome. Scand J Immunol 1993 38 : 323 6.
    • (1993) Scand J Immunol , vol.38 , pp. 323-6
    • Barrena, M.1    Echaniz, P.2    Garcia-Serrano, C.3
  • 39
    • 33750529957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thymic output markers indicate immune dysfunction in DiGeorge syndrome
    • Lavi R, Kamchaisatian W, Sleasman J et al. Thymic output markers indicate immune dysfunction in DiGeorge syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006 118 : 1184 6.
    • (2006) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.118 , pp. 1184-6
    • Lavi, R.1    Kamchaisatian, W.2    Sleasman, J.3
  • 40
    • 27844477233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct analysis of thymic function in children with Down's syndrome
    • Prada N, Nasi M, Troiano L et al. Direct analysis of thymic function in children with Down's syndrome. Immun Aging 2005 2 : 1 8.
    • (2005) Immun Aging , vol.2 , pp. 1-8
    • Prada, N.1    Nasi, M.2    Troiano, L.3
  • 41
    • 32244433673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accumulation of memory T cells from childhood to old age: Central and effector memory cells in CD4+ versus effector memory and terminally differentiated memory cells in CD8+ compartment
    • Saule P, Trauet J, Dutriez V et al. Accumulation of memory T cells from childhood to old age: central and effector memory cells in CD4+ versus effector memory and terminally differentiated memory cells in CD8+ compartment. Mech Ageing Dev 2006 127 : 274 81.
    • (2006) Mech Ageing Dev , vol.127 , pp. 274-81
    • Saule, P.1    Trauet, J.2    Dutriez, V.3
  • 42
    • 36249011444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlation between recent thymic emigrants and CD31+ (PECAM-1) CD4+ T cells in normal individuals during aging and in lymphopenic children
    • Junge S, Kloeckener-Gruissem B, Zufferey R et al. Correlation between recent thymic emigrants and CD31+ (PECAM-1) CD4+ T cells in normal individuals during aging and in lymphopenic children. Eur J Immunol 2007 37 : 3270 80.
    • (2007) Eur J Immunol , vol.37 , pp. 3270-80
    • Junge, S.1    Kloeckener-Gruissem, B.2    Zufferey, R.3
  • 43
    • 15844364600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CD45 isoform expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells throughout life, from newborns to centenarians: Implications for T cell memory
    • Cossarizza A, Ortolaini C, Paganelli R et al. CD45 isoform expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells throughout life, from newborns to centenarians: implications for T cell memory. Mech Ageing Dev 1996 86 : 173 95.
    • (1996) Mech Ageing Dev , vol.86 , pp. 173-95
    • Cossarizza, A.1    Ortolaini, C.2    Paganelli, R.3
  • 44
    • 0242550686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lymphocyte subsets in healthy children from birth through 18 years of age: The pediatric AIDS clinical trials group P1009 study
    • Shearer WT, Rosenblatt HM, Gelman RS et al. Lymphocyte subsets in healthy children from birth through 18 years of age: the pediatric AIDS clinical trials group P1009 study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003 112 : 973 80.
    • (2003) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.112 , pp. 973-80
    • Shearer, W.T.1    Rosenblatt, H.M.2    Gelman, R.S.3
  • 45
    • 0014702519 scopus 로고
    • DNA polymerase activity as an index of lymphocyte stimulation: Studies in Down's syndrome
    • Agarwal S, Blumberg B, Gerstley B et al. DNA polymerase activity as an index of lymphocyte stimulation: studies in Down's syndrome. J Clin Invest 1970 49 : 161 9.
    • (1970) J Clin Invest , vol.49 , pp. 161-9
    • Agarwal, S.1    Blumberg, B.2    Gerstley, B.3
  • 46
    • 0017709055 scopus 로고
    • Immunologic characteristics of Down's syndrome
    • Gershwin M, Crinella F, Castles J et al. Immunologic characteristics of Down's syndrome. J Ment Def Res 1977 21 : 237 49.
    • (1977) J Ment Def Res , vol.21 , pp. 237-49
    • Gershwin, M.1    Crinella, F.2    Castles, J.3
  • 47
    • 0014900941 scopus 로고
    • Impaired in vitro response of circulating lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin in Down's syndrome: Dose- and time-response curves and relation to cellular immunity
    • Rigas D, Elsasser P, Hecht F. Impaired in vitro response of circulating lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin in Down's syndrome: dose- and time-response curves and relation to cellular immunity. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1970 39 : 587 608.
    • (1970) Int Arch Allergy Immunol , vol.39 , pp. 587-608
    • Rigas, D.1    Elsasser, P.2    Hecht, F.3
  • 48
    • 24344463124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gene expression profile of human Down syndrome leukocytes
    • Malago W, Sommer C, Cistia Andrade DC et al. Gene expression profile of human Down syndrome leukocytes. Croat Med J 2005 46 : 647 56.
    • (2005) Croat Med J , vol.46 , pp. 647-56
    • Malago, W.1    Sommer, C.2    Cistia Andrade, D.C.3
  • 49
    • 0031110376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Down's syndrome - Effect of increased gene expression in chromosome 21 on the function of the immune and nervous system
    • Sustrova M, Sarikova V. Down's syndrome - effect of increased gene expression in chromosome 21 on the function of the immune and nervous system. Bratisl Lek Listy 1997 98 : 221 8.
    • (1997) Bratisl Lek Listy , vol.98 , pp. 221-8
    • Sustrova, M.1    Sarikova, V.2
  • 50
    • 33645778041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cell type-specific over-expression of chromosome 21 genes in fibroblasts and fetal hearts with trisomy 21
    • Li C, Guo M, Salas M et al. Cell type-specific over-expression of chromosome 21 genes in fibroblasts and fetal hearts with trisomy 21. BMC Med Genet 2006 7.
    • (2006) BMC Med Genet , pp. 7
    • Li, C.1    Guo, M.2    Salas, M.3
  • 51
    • 0028839912 scopus 로고
    • Thymic abnormalities and enhanced apoptosis of thymocytes and bone marrow cells in transgenic mice overexpressing Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase: Implications for Down syndrome
    • Peled-Kamar M, Lotem J, Okon E et al. Thymic abnormalities and enhanced apoptosis of thymocytes and bone marrow cells in transgenic mice overexpressing Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase: implications for Down syndrome. EMBO J 1995 16 : 4985 93.
    • (1995) EMBO J , vol.16 , pp. 4985-93
    • Peled-Kamar, M.1    Lotem, J.2    Okon, E.3
  • 52
    • 0025685042 scopus 로고
    • Humoral immunodeficiency in Down syndrome: Serum IgG subclass and antibody response to hepatitis B vaccine
    • Avanzini M, Monafo V, De Amici M et al. Humoral immunodeficiency in Down syndrome: serum IgG subclass and antibody response to hepatitis B vaccine. Am J Med Genet 1990 7 : 231 3.
    • (1990) Am J Med Genet , vol.7 , pp. 231-3
    • Avanzini, M.1    Monafo, V.2    De Amici, M.3
  • 53
    • 0016730585 scopus 로고
    • The effect of institutionalisation on elevated IgD and IgG levels in patients with Down's syndrome
    • McMillan B, Hanson R, Colubjatnikov G et al. The effect of institutionalisation on elevated IgD and IgG levels in patients with Down's syndrome. J Ment Defic Res 1975 19 : 209 23.
    • (1975) J Ment Defic Res , vol.19 , pp. 209-23
    • McMillan, B.1    Hanson, R.2    Colubjatnikov, G.3
  • 54
    • 33847634852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibody response to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine in Down syndrome patients
    • Costa-Carvalho B, Martinez R, Dias A et al. Antibody response to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine in Down syndrome patients. Braz J Med Biol Res 2006 39 : 1587 92.
    • (2006) Braz J Med Biol Res , vol.39 , pp. 1587-92
    • Costa-Carvalho, B.1    Martinez, R.2    Dias, A.3
  • 55
    • 0023063322 scopus 로고
    • Abnormalities of the immune response to influenza antigen in Down syndrome (trisomy 21)
    • Epstein L, Philip R. Abnormalities of the immune response to influenza antigen in Down syndrome (trisomy 21). Oncol Immunol Down Syndr 1987 163 82.
    • (1987) Oncol Immunol Down Syndr , pp. 163-82
    • Epstein, L.1    Philip, R.2
  • 56
    • 28344449325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in children with Down syndrome
    • Ferreira C, Leite J, Taniguchi A et al. Immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in children with Down syndrome. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004 39 : 337 40.
    • (2004) J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr , vol.39 , pp. 337-40
    • Ferreira, C.1    Leite, J.2    Taniguchi, A.3
  • 57
    • 0025303013 scopus 로고
    • Response to recombinant DNA antihepatitis B vaccine in mentally retarded patients with Down syndrome. A controlled study
    • Garcia Bengoechea M, Cortes B. Response to recombinant DNA antihepatitis B vaccine in mentally retarded patients with Down syndrome. A controlled study. Med Clin 1990 94 : 528 30.
    • (1990) Med Clin , vol.94 , pp. 528-30
    • Garcia Bengoechea, M.1    Cortes, B.2
  • 58
    • 0030025432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and effectiveness of an acellular pertussis vaccine in subjects with Down syndrome
    • Livolte S, Mattina A. Safety and effectiveness of an acellular pertussis vaccine in subjects with Down syndrome. Child Nerv Syst 1996 12 : 100 2.
    • (1996) Child Nerv Syst , vol.12 , pp. 100-2
    • Livolte, S.1    Mattina, A.2
  • 59
    • 0018179578 scopus 로고
    • Serum antibody to poliovirus in patients in a mental deficiency hospital, with particular reference to Down's syndrome
    • McKay E, Hems G, Massie A et al. Serum antibody to poliovirus in patients in a mental deficiency hospital, with particular reference to Down's syndrome. J Hyg 1978 81 : 25 30.
    • (1978) J Hyg , vol.81 , pp. 25-30
    • McKay, E.1    Hems, G.2    Massie, A.3
  • 60
    • 0022412267 scopus 로고
    • Normal immune response to hepatitis B vaccine in patients with Down's syndrome
    • Troisi C, Heidelberg D, Hollinger F. Normal immune response to hepatitis B vaccine in patients with Down's syndrome. JAMA 1985 254 : 3196 9.
    • (1985) JAMA , vol.254 , pp. 3196-9
    • Troisi, C.1    Heidelberg, D.2    Hollinger, F.3
  • 61
    • 0025122735 scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and diagnostic significance of gliadin antibodies in children with Down syndrome
    • Storm W. Prevalence and diagnostic significance of gliadin antibodies in children with Down syndrome. Eur J Pediatr 1990 149 : 833 4.
    • (1990) Eur J Pediatr , vol.149 , pp. 833-4
    • Storm, W.1
  • 62
    • 0018198807 scopus 로고
    • T and B lymphocyte subsets in Down's syndrome: A study of non-institutionalized subjects
    • Franceschi C, Licastro F, Paolucci P. T and B lymphocyte subsets in Down's syndrome: a study of non-institutionalized subjects. J Ment Defic 1987 22 : 179 91.
    • (1987) J Ment Defic , vol.22 , pp. 179-91
    • Franceschi, C.1    Licastro, F.2    Paolucci, P.3
  • 63
    • 0023501998 scopus 로고
    • Age-related changes in humoral and cell-mediated immunity in Down syndrome children living at home
    • Lockitch G. Age-related changes in humoral and cell-mediated immunity in Down syndrome children living at home. Pediatr Res 1987 22 : 536 40.
    • (1987) Pediatr Res , vol.22 , pp. 536-40
    • Lockitch, G.1
  • 64
    • 33751348519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prenatally diagnosable differences in the cellular immunity of fetuses with Down's and Edwards' syndrome
    • Zizka Z, Calda P, Fait T. Prenatally diagnosable differences in the cellular immunity of fetuses with Down's and Edwards' syndrome. Fetal Diagn Ther 2006 21 : 510 14.
    • (2006) Fetal Diagn Ther , vol.21 , pp. 510-14
    • Zizka, Z.1    Calda, P.2    Fait, T.3
  • 65
    • 1642581677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T-cell homeostasis in humans with thymic hypoplasia due to chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
    • Pilliero L, Sanford A, McDonald-McGinn D et al. T-cell homeostasis in humans with thymic hypoplasia due to chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Blood 2004 103 : 1020 5.
    • (2004) Blood , vol.103 , pp. 1020-5
    • Pilliero, L.1    Sanford, A.2    McDonald-Mcginn, D.3
  • 66
    • 0037339072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term assessment of T-cell populations in DiGeorge syndrome
    • Chinen J, Rosenblatt H, O'Brian Smith E et al. Long-term assessment of T-cell populations in DiGeorge syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003 111 : 573 9.
    • (2003) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.111 , pp. 573-9
    • Chinen, J.1    Rosenblatt, H.2    O'Brian Smith, E.3
  • 67
    • 0035196580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunologic features of chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (DiGeorge syndrome/velocardiofacial syndrome)
    • Jawad A, McDonald-McGinn D, Zackai E et al. Immunologic features of chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (DiGeorge syndrome/velocardiofacial syndrome). J Pediatr 2001 139 : 715 23.
    • (2001) J Pediatr , vol.139 , pp. 715-23
    • Jawad, A.1    McDonald-Mcginn, D.2    Zackai, E.3
  • 68
    • 0029825711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early progression of disease in HIV-infected infants with thymic dysfunction
    • Kourtis A, Ibegbu C, Nahmias A et al. Early progression of disease in HIV-infected infants with thymic dysfunction. NEJM 1996 335 : 1431 6.
    • (1996) NEJM , vol.335 , pp. 1431-6
    • Kourtis, A.1    Ibegbu, C.2    Nahmias, A.3
  • 69
    • 31744440030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interferon-gamma and interleukin-4-producing T cells in Down's syndrome
    • Franciotta D, Verri A, Zardini E et al. Interferon-gamma and interleukin-4-producing T cells in Down's syndrome. Neurosci Lett 2006 395 : 67 70.
    • (2006) Neurosci Lett , vol.395 , pp. 67-70
    • Franciotta, D.1    Verri, A.2    Zardini, E.3
  • 70
    • 34548011404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IgG subclasses serum concentrations in a population of children with Down syndrome: Comparative study with siblings and general population
    • Barradas C, Charlton J, Mendoca P et al. IgG subclasses serum concentrations in a population of children with Down syndrome: comparative study with siblings and general population. Allergol Immunopathol 2002 30 : 57 61.
    • (2002) Allergol Immunopathol , vol.30 , pp. 57-61
    • Barradas, C.1    Charlton, J.2    Mendoca, P.3
  • 71
    • 33745947720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patient-centred screening for primary immunodeficiency: A multi-stage diagnostic protocol designed for non-immunologists
    • De Vries E. Patient-centred screening for primary immunodeficiency: a multi-stage diagnostic protocol designed for non-immunologists. Clin Exp Immunol 2006 145 : 204 14.
    • (2006) Clin Exp Immunol , vol.145 , pp. 204-14
    • De Vries, E.1
  • 72
    • 46249103136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unravelling the association of partial T-cell immunodeficiency and immune dysregulation
    • Liston A, Enders A, Siggs O. Unravelling the association of partial T-cell immunodeficiency and immune dysregulation. Nat Rev Immunol 2008 8 : 545 58.
    • (2008) Nat Rev Immunol , vol.8 , pp. 545-58
    • Liston, A.1    Enders, A.2    Siggs, O.3
  • 73
    • 44549087691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autoimmunity in common variable immunodeficiency
    • Lopes-da-Silva S, Rizzo L. Autoimmunity in common variable immunodeficiency. J Clin Immunol 2008 28 : 46 55.
    • (2008) J Clin Immunol , vol.28 , pp. 46-55
    • Lopes-Da-Silva, S.1    Rizzo, L.2
  • 74
    • 0022572635 scopus 로고
    • Abnormalities of the in vitro cellular and humoral responses to tetanus and influenza antigens with concomitant numerical alterations in lymphocyte subsets in Down syndrome (trisomy 21)
    • Philip R, Berger A, McManus N et al. Abnormalities of the in vitro cellular and humoral responses to tetanus and influenza antigens with concomitant numerical alterations in lymphocyte subsets in Down syndrome (trisomy 21). J Immunol 1986 136 : 1661 7.
    • (1986) J Immunol , vol.136 , pp. 1661-7
    • Philip, R.1    Berger, A.2    McManus, N.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.