The Adherence Estimator: A brief, proximal screener for patient propensity to adhere toprescription medications for chronic disease

Current Medical Research and Opinion

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 215-238

  McHorney, Colleen A ^a  

^a MERCK RESEARCH LABORATORIES   (United States)

Author keywords

Adherence; Compliance; Health beliefs; Medication beliefs; Prescription medications; Psychometrics; Treatment beliefs

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; ASTHMA; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHRONIC DISEASE; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISCRIMINANT VALIDITY; DRUG COST; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HUMAN; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; KNOWLEDGE; LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICAL INFORMATION; OSTEOPOROSIS; PATIENT ATTITUDE; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PATIENT PARTICIPATION; PRESCRIPTION; PSYCHOMETRY; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; RELIABILITY; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SCORING SYSTEM; SCREENING; SELF REPORT; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; TREATMENT REFUSAL; VALIDITY;

ADULT; CHRONIC DISEASE; HUMANS; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PSYCHOMETRICS;

EID: 64249145106     PISSN: 03007995     EISSN: 14734877     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1185/03007990802619425     Document Type: Article

References (211)

1. National Council on Patient Information and Education. The other drug problem: Statistics on medication use and compliance. Bethesda, MD: National Council on Patient Information and Education, 1997
2. Sherman F. Medication nonadherence: a national epidemic among America's seniors. Geriatrics 2007;62:5-6
3. World Health Organization. Adherence to Long-Term Therapies. Geneva Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2003
4. DiMatteo MR. Variations in patients' adherence to medical recommendations: a quantitative review of 50 years of research. Med Care 2004;42:200-209
5. Rashid A. Do patients cash prescriptions? Br Med J 1982; 284:24-26
6. Beardon PH, McGilchrist MM, McKendrick AD, et al. Primary non-compliance with prescribed medication in primary care. BMJ 1993;307:846-848 (Pubitemid 23281752)
7. Donelan K, Blendon RJ, Schoen C, et al. The cost of health system change: public discontent in five nations. Health Aff 1999;18:206-216
8. Wroth TH, Pathman DE. Primary medication adherence in a rural population: the role of the patient-physician relationship and satisfaction with care. J Am Board Fam Med 2006;19:478-486 (Pubitemid 44577206)
9. Hanko B, Kazmer M, Kumli P, et al. Self-reported medication and lifestyle adherence in Hungarian patients with type 2 diabetes. Pharm World Sci 2007;29:58-66 (Pubitemid 46318735)
10. Mann DM, Allegrante JP, Natarajan S, et al. Predictors of adherence to statins for primary prevention. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2007;21:311-316 (Pubitemid 47387472)
11. Jackevicius CA, Li P, Tu JV. Prevalence, predictors, and outcomes of primary nonadherence after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2008;117:1028-1036
12. Haynes RB, McDonald HP, Garg AX. Helping patients follow prescribed treatment: clinical applications. JAMA 2002; 288:2880-2883 (Pubitemid 35425074)
13. Osterberg L, Blaschke T. Adherence to medication. N Engl J Med 2005;353:487-497 (Pubitemid 41127293)
14. Cramer JA, Benedict A, Muszbek N, et al. The significance of compliance and persistence in the treatment of diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia: a review. Int J Clin Pract 2008;62:76-87 (Pubitemid 350294021)
15. Bangsberg DR, Perry S, Charlebois ED, et al. Non-adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy predicts progression to AIDS. AIDS 2001;15:1181-1183 (Pubitemid 32549871)
16. DiMatteo MR, Giordani PJ, Lepper HS, et al. Patient adherence and medical treatment outcomes: a meta-analysis. Med Care 2002;40:794-811
17. Adachi J, Lynch N, Middelhoven H, et al. The association between compliance and persistence with bisphosphonate therapy and fracture risk: a review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2007, Published article online: 26 September 2007 doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-8-97
18. Kindmalm L, Melander A, Nilsson JL. Refill adherence of antihyperglycaemic drugs related to glucose control (HbA1c) in patients with type 2 diabetes. Acta Diabetol 2007;44:209-213 (Pubitemid 350132265)
19. Breekveldt-Postma NS, Penning-van Beest FJ, Siiskonen SJ. The effect of discontinuation of antihypertensives on the risk of acute myocardial infarction and stroke. Curr Med Res Opin 2008;24:121-127 (Pubitemid 351160245)
20. Mahoney JJ. Reducing patient drug acquisition costs can lower diabetes health claims. Am J Manag Care 2005;11:S170-6
21. Mahoney JJ. Value-based benefit design: using a predictive modeling approach to improve compliance. J Manag Care Pharm 2008;14:3-8
22. Martin L, Williams S, Haskard K, et al. The challenge of patient adherence. Ther Clin Risk Manage 2005;1:189-199
23. Smith MY, Rapkin BD, Morrison A, et al. Zidovudine adherence in persons with AIDS. The relation of patient beliefs about medication to self-termination of therapy. J Gen Intern Med 1997;12:216-223 (Pubitemid 27175895)
24. Britten N, Ukoumunne OC, Boulton MG. Patients' attitudes to medicines and expectations for prescriptions. Health Expect 2002;5:256-269 (Pubitemid 34988191)
25. Demyttenaere K, Bruffaerts R, Albert A,et al. Development of an antidepressant compliance questionnaire. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2004;110:201-207
26. McDonald-Miszczak L, Maris P, Fitzgibbon T, et al. A pilot study examining older adults' beliefs related to medication adherence: the BERMA survey. J Aging Health 2004; 16:591-614
27. Viswanathan H, Anderson R, Thomas J 3rd. Evaluation of an antiretroviral medication attitude scale and relationships between medication attitudes and medication nonadherence. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2005;19:306-316
28. Farmer A, Kinmonth AL, Sutton S. Measuring beliefs about taking hypoglycaemic medication among people with type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 2006;23:265-270
29. Horne R, Weinman J, Hankins M. The Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire: the development and evaluation of a new method for assessing the cognitive representation of medication. Psychol Health 1999;14:1-24
30. Blalock SJ, Patel RA. Drug therapy concerns questionnaire: initial development and refinement. J Am Pharm Assoc 2005; 45:160-169 (Pubitemid 46037309)
31. Chisholm MA, Lance CE, Williamson GM, et al. Development and validation of the immunosuppressant therapy adherence instrument (ITAS). Patient Educ Couns 2005;59:13-20 (Pubitemid 41399874)
32. Irvine A, Saunders J, Blank M, et al. Validation of scale measuring environmental barriers to diabetes-regimen adherence. Diabetes Care 1990;13:705-711 (Pubitemid 20207418)
33. Golin CE, Earp J, Tien HC, et al. A 2-arm, randomized, controlled trial of a motivational interviewing-based intervention to improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among patients failing or initiating ART. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006;42:42-51 (Pubitemid 43947945)
34. Bennett SJ, Perkins SM, Lane KA, et al. Reliability and validity of the compliance belief scales among patients with heart failure. Heart Lung 2001;30:177-185 (Pubitemid 32424297)
35. Wetzels G, Nelemans P, van Wijk B, et al. Determinants of poor adherence in hypertensive patients: development and validation of the Maastricht Utrecht Adherence in Hypertension (MUAH)-questionnaire. Patient Educ Couns 2006;64:151-158 (Pubitemid 44772954)
36. Morisky DE, Green LW, Levine DM. Concurrent and predictive validity of a self-reported measure of medication adherence. Med Care 1986;24:67-74 (Pubitemid 16125389)
37. Wilson IB, Schoen C, Neuman P, et al. Physician-patient communication about prescription medication nonadherence: a 50- state study of America's seniors. J Gen Intern Med 2007;22:6-12 (Pubitemid 47308785)
38. Morisky DE, Ang A, Krousel-Wood M, et al. Predictive validity of a medication adherence measure in an outpatient setting. J Clin Hypertens 2008;10:348-354
39. Chesney MA, Ickovics JR, Chambers DB, et al. Self-reported adherence to antiretroviral medications among participants in HIV clinical trials: the AACTG adherence instruments. AIDS Care 2000;12:255-266 (Pubitemid 30426745)
40. Kim MT, Hill MN, Bone LR, et al. Development and testing of the Hill-Bone Compliance to High Blood Pressure Therapy Scale. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs 2000;15:90-96
41. Martin J, Escobar I, Rubio R, et al. Study of the validity of a questionnaire to assess the adherence to therapy in patients infected by HIV. HIV Clin Trials 2001;2:31-37 (Pubitemid 32181747)
42. Knobel H, Alonso J, Casado JL, et al. Validation of a simplified medication adherence questionnaire in a large cohort of HIV-infected patients: the GEEMA Study. AIDS 2002;16:605-613 (Pubitemid 34218856)
43. Godin G, Gagne C, Naccache H. Validation of a self-reported questionnaire assessing adherence to antiretroviral medication. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2003;17:325-332 (Pubitemid 36898868)
44. Byerly MJ, Nakonezny PA, Rush AJ. The Brief Adherence Rating Scale (BARS) validated against electronic monitoring in assessing the antipsychotic medication adherence of outpatients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Schizophr Res 2008;100:60-69
45. National Council on Patient Information and Education. Enhancing Prescription Medication Adherence: a National Action Plan. Bethesda, MD: National Council on Patient Information and Education, 2007
46. Bond WS, Hussar DA. Detection methods and strategies for improving medication compliance. Am J Hosp Pharm 1991; 48:1978-1988
47. Miller NH, Hill M, Kottke T, et al. The multilevel compliance challenge: recommendations for a call to action. A statement for healthcare professionals. Circulation 1997;95: 1085-1090
48. Schoberberger R, Janda M, Pescosta W, et al. The COMpliance Praxis Survey (COMPASS): a multidimensional instrument to monitor compliance for patients on antihypertensive medication. J Hum Hypertens 2002;16:779-787 (Pubitemid 36007931)
49. Partridge AH, Wang PS, Winer EP, et al. Nonadherence to adjuvant tamoxifen therapy in women with primary breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:602-606 (Pubitemid 46621892)
50. Bangsberg DR. Monitoring adherence to HIV antiretroviral therapy in routine clinical practice: the past, the present, and the future. AIDS Behav 2006;10:249-251 (Pubitemid 43920270)
51. Mitchell AJ. High medication discontinuation rates in psychiatry: how often is it understandable? J Clin Psychopharmacol 2006;26:109-112
52. Ho PM, Magid DJ, Shetterly SM, et al. Importance of therapy intensification and medication nonadherence for blood pressure control in patients with coronary disease. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:271-276 (Pubitemid 351281672)
53. van Dulmen S, Sluijs E, van Dijk L, et al. Furthering patient adherence: a position paper of the international expert forum on patient adherence based on an internet forum discussion. BMC Health Serv Res 2008, Published article online: 27 February 2008 doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-8-47
54. Hogan TP, Awad AG, Eastwood R. A self-report scale predictive of drug compliance in schizophrenics: reliability and discriminative validity. Psychol Med 1983;13:177-183 (Pubitemid 13132147)
55. Thompson K, Kulkarni J, Sergejew A. Reliability and validity of a new Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MARS) for the psychoses. Schizophr Res 2000;42:241-247 (Pubitemid 30216535)
56. Dolder CR, Lacro JP, Warren KA, et al. Brief evaluation of medication influences and beliefs: development and testing of a brief scale for medication adherence. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2004;24:404-409 (Pubitemid 38944139)
57. Kennedy SB 4th. Developing a self-administered tool to predict adherence to antiretroviral therapy: design, method, and objectives. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2000;14:309-316
58. Highstein GR, Willey C, Mundy LM. Development of stage of readiness and decisional balance instruments: tools to enhance clinical decision-making for adherence to antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Behav 2006;10:563-573 (Pubitemid 44285077)
59. Balfour L, Tasca GA, Kowal J, et al. Development and validation of the HIV Medication Readiness Scale. Assessment 2007;14:408-416
60. Mathews WC, Barker E, Winter E, et al. Predictive validity of a brief antiretroviral adherence index: retrospective cohort analysis under conditions of repetitive administration. AIDS Res Ther 2008, Published article online: 29 August 2008 doi: 10.1186/ 1742-6405-5-20
61. Girerd X, Radauceanu A, Achard JM, et al. [Evaluation of patient compliance among hypertensive patients treated by specialists]. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 2001;94:839-842
62. de Klerk E, van der Heijde D, van der Tempel H, et al. Development of a questionnaire to investigate patient compliance with antirheumatic drug therapy. J Rheumatol 1999; 26:2635-2640
63. Zelikovsky N, Schast AP. Eliciting accurate reports of adherence in a clinical interview: development of the Medical Adherence Measure. Pediatr Nurs 2008;34:141-146
64. Pawin H, Beylot C, Chivot M, et al. Creation of a tool to assess adherence to treatments for acne. Dermatology 2008, Published article online: 22 October 2008 doi: 10.1159/000165628
65. Svarstad BL, Chewning BA, Sleath BL, et al. The Brief Medication Questionnaire: a tool for screening patient adherence and barriers to adherence. Patient Educ Couns 1999;37: 113-124 (Pubitemid 29276860)
66. Willey C, Redding C, Stafford J, et al. Stages of change for adherence with medication regimens for chronic disease: development and validation of a measure. Clin Ther 2000; 22:858-871 (Pubitemid 30625918)
67. George J, Mackinnon A, Kong DC, et al. Development and validation of the Beliefs and Behaviour Questionnaire (BBQ). Patient Educ Couns 2006;64:50-60 (Pubitemid 44772940)
68. Hahn SR, Park J, Skinner EP, et al. Development of the ASK-20 Adherence Barrier Survey. Curr Med Res Opin 2008; 24:2127-2138
69. Matza LS, Yu-Isenberg KS, Coyne KS, et al. Further testing of the reliability and validity of the ASK-20 adherence barrier questionnaire in a medical center outpatient population. Curr Med Res Opin 2008, Published article online: 14 October 2008 doi:10.1185/03007990802463642
70. Rathbun RC, Farmer KC, Lockhart SM, et al. Validity of a stage of change instrument in assessing medication adherence in indigent patients with HIV infection. Ann Pharmacother 2007; 41:208-214 (Pubitemid 46340050)
71. Britten N, Stevenson FA, Barry CA, et al. Misunderstandings in prescribing decisions in general practice: qualitative study. BMJ 2000;320:484-488 (Pubitemid 30173122)
72. Donovan JL, Blake DR. Patient non-compliance: deviance or reasoned decision-making? Soc Sci Med 1992;34:507-513
73. Gordon K, Smith F, Dhillon S. Effective chronic disease management: patients' perspectives on medication-related problems. Patient Educ Couns 2007;65:407-415 (Pubitemid 46241782)
74. Lapane KL, Dube CE, Schneider KL, et al. Misperceptions of patients vs providers regarding medication-related communication issues. Am J Manag Care 2007;13:613-618 (Pubitemid 350106950)
75. van Geffen EC, van Hulten R, Bouvy ML, et al. Characteristics and reasons associated with nonacceptance of selective serotonin- reuptake inhibitor treatment. Ann Pharmacother 2008; 42:218-225 (Pubitemid 351238570)
76. Davis MS. Variations in patients' compliance with doctors' orders: analysis of congruence between survey responses and results of empirical investigations. J Med Educ 1966;41:1037-1048
77. Goldberg AI, Cohen G, Rubin AH. Physician assessments of patient compliance with medical treatment. Soc Sci Med 1998;47:1873-1876 (Pubitemid 28545410)
78. Ockene IS, Hayman LL, Pasternak RC, et al. Task force #4 - adherence issues and behavior changes: achieving a long-term solution. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:630-640 (Pubitemid 34925609)
79. Horne R. Compliance, adherence, and concordance: implications for asthma treatment. Chest 2006;130:65-72S (Pubitemid 44107237)
80. Hevey D. Adherence to Health Recommendations. In: Perk J, Mathes P, Gohlke H, Monpere C, et al. (eds). Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. London: Springer, 2007:293-300
81. van Dulmen S, Sluijs E, van Dijk L, et al. Patient adherence to medical treatment: a review of reviews. BMC Health Serv Res 2007, Article published online: 17 April 2007 doi: 10.1186/ 1472-6963-7-55
82. Kravitz R, Hays R, Sherbourne CD, et al. Recall of recommendations and adherence to advice among patients with chronic medical conditions. Arch Intern Med 1993;153:1869-1878 (Pubitemid 23329841)
83. Glasgow R, McCaul K, Schafer L. Barriers to regimen adherence among persons with insulin-dependent diabetes. J Behav Med 1986;9:65-77 (Pubitemid 16102564)
84. Glasgow RE, McCaul KD, Schafer LC. Self-care behaviors and glycemic control in type I diabetes. J Chronic Dis 1987; 40:399-412 (Pubitemid 17055594)
85. Hernandez-Ronquillo L, Tellez-Zenteno JF, Garduno- Espinosa J, et al. Factors associated with therapy noncompliance in type-2 diabetes patients. Salud Publica Mex 2003;45:191-197 (Pubitemid 36858701)
86. Lahdenpera TS, Wright CC, Kyngas HA. Development of a scale to assess the compliance of hypertensive patients. Int J Nurs Stud 2003;40:677-684 (Pubitemid 37083499)
87. Howteerakul N, Suwannapong N, Rittichu C, et al. Adherence to regimens and glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes attending a tertiary hospital clinic. Asia Pac J Public Health 2007;19:43-49 (Pubitemid 47035236)
88. Chung ML, Lennie TA, de Jong M, et al. Patients differ in their ability to self-monitor adherence to a low-sodium diet versus medication. J Card Fail 2008;14:114-120 (Pubitemid 351320592)
89. Hekler EB, Lambert J, Leventhal E, et al. Commonsense illness beliefs, adherence behaviors, and hypertension control among African Americans. J Behav Med 2008;31:391-400
90. Ridout S, Waters WE, George CF. Knowledge of and attitudes to medicines in the Southampton community. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1986;21:701-712 (Pubitemid 16004859)
91. Gardner ME, Rulien N, McGhan WF, et al. A study of patients' perceived importance of medication information provided by physicians in a health maintenance organization. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1988;22:596-598 (Pubitemid 18203427)
92. Wynne HA, Long A. Patient awareness of the adverse effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Br J Clin Pharmacol 1996;42:253-256 (Pubitemid 26255077)
93. Bailey BJ, Carney SL, Gillies AH, et al. Hypertension treatment compliance: what do patients want to know about their medications? Prog Cardiovasc Nurs 1997;12:23-28
94. Ziegler DK, Mosier MC, Buenaver M, et al. How much information about adverse effects of medication do patients want from physicians? Arch Intern Med 2001;161:706-713
95. Nair K, Dolovich L, Cassels A, et al. What patients want to know about their medications. Focus group study of patient and clinician perspectives. Can Fam Physician 2002; 48:104-110
96. Barber N, Parsons J, Clifford S, et al. Patients' problems with new medication for chronic conditions. Qual Saf Health Care 2004;13:172-175 (Pubitemid 38797501)
97. Nair KM, Levine MA, Lohfeld LH, et al. 'I take what I think works for me.' A qualitative study to explore patient perception of diabetes treatment benefits and risks. Can J Clin Pharmacol 2007;14:e251-9
98. Williams AF, Manias E, Walker R. Adherence to multiple, prescribed medications in diabetic kidney disease: a qualitative study of consumers' and health professionals' perspectives. Int J Nurs Stud 2008, Article published online: 12 August 2008. doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-7-55
99. Makoul G, Arntson P, Schofield T. Health promotion in primary care: physician-patient communication and decision making about prescription medications. Soc Sci Med 1995;41:1241-1254
100. Cockburn J, Reid AL, Sanson-Fisher RW. The process and content of general-practice consultations that involve prescription of antibiotic agents. Med J Aust 1987;147:321-324 (Pubitemid 18070685)
101. Scherwitz L, Hennrikus D, Yusim S, et al. Physician communication to patients regarding medications. Patient Educ Couns 1985;7:121-136 (Pubitemid 15034084)
102. Richard C, Lussier MT. Nature and frequency of exchanges on medications during primary care encounters. Patient Educ Couns 2006;64:207-216 (Pubitemid 44810861)
103. Tarn DM, Heritage J, Paterniti DA, et al. Physician communication when prescribing new medications. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:1855-1862 (Pubitemid 44455168)
104. Young HN, Bell RA, Epstein RM, et al. Types of information physicians provide when prescribing antidepressants. J Gen Intern Med 2006;21:1172-1177 (Pubitemid 44506871)
105. Morris LS, Schulz RM. Medication compliance: the patient's perspective. Clin Ther 1993;15:593-606 (Pubitemid 23194636)
106. DiMatteo MR. Patient adherence to pharmacotherapy: the importance of effective communication. Formulary 1995; 30:596-602
107. Dowell J, Hudson H. A qualitative study of medication-taking behaviour in primary care. Fam Pract 1997;14:369-375 (Pubitemid 27478683)
108. Conrad P. The meaning of medications: another look at compliance. Soc Sci Med 1985;20:29-37 (Pubitemid 15235565)
109. Britten N. Patients' ideas about medicines: a qualitative study in a general practice population. Br J Gen Pract 1994;44:465-468 (Pubitemid 24317938)
110. Benson J, Britten N. Patients' decisions about whether or not to take antihypertensive drugs: aualitative study. BMJ, Article published online: 19 October 2002
111. Bajcar J. Task analysis of patients' medication-taking practice and the role of making sense: a grounded theory study. Res Social Adm Pharm 2006;2:59-82 (Pubitemid 44128433)
112. Morgan M, Watkins C. Managing hypertension: beliefs and responses to medication among cultural groups. Sociol Health Illn 1988;10:561-578
113. Schafheutle EI, Hassell K, Noyce PR, et al. Access to medicines: cost as an influence on the views and behaviour of patients. Health Soc Care Community 2002;10:187-195 (Pubitemid 36844273)
114. Doran E, Robertson J, Henry D. Moral hazard and prescription medicine use in Australia-the patient perspective. Soc Sci Med 2005;60:1437-1443 (Pubitemid 40126430)
115. Svensson S, Kjellgren KI, Ahlner J, et al. Reasons for adherence with antihypertensive medication. Int J Cardiol 2000;76:157-163 (Pubitemid 30947002)
116. Benson J, Britten N. What effects do patients feel from their antihypertensive tablets and how do they react to them? Qualitative analysis of interviews with patients. Fam Pract 2006;23:80-87 (Pubitemid 43174690)
117. Unson C, Siccion E, Gaztambide J, et al. Nonadherence and osteoporosis treatment preferences of older women: a qualitative study. J Womens Health 2003;12:1037-1045 (Pubitemid 38072422)
118. Clatworthy J, Bowskill R, Rank T, et al. Adherence to medication in bipolar disorder: a qualitative study exploring the role of patients' beliefs about the condition and its treatment. Bipolar Disord 2007;9:656-664 (Pubitemid 47365635)
119. Elliott RA, Ross-Degnan D, Adams AS, et al. Strategies for coping in a complex world: adherence behavior among older adults with chronic illness. J Gen Intern Med 2007;22:805-810 (Pubitemid 46763986)
120. Lau E, Papaioannou A, Dolovich L, et al. Patients' adherence to osteoporosis therapy: exploring the perceptions of postmenopausal women. Can Fam Physician 2008;54:394-402
121. Horne R, Weinman J. Self-regulation and self-management in asthma: exploring the role of illness perceptions and treatment beliefs in explaining non-adherence to preventer medication. Psychol Health 2002;17:17-32
122. Berger BA, Hudmon KS, Liang H. Predicting treatment discontinuation among patients with multiple sclerosis: application of the transtheoretical model of change. J Am Pharm Assoc 2004;44:445-454
123. Butler JA, Peveler RC, Roderick P, et al. Modifiable risk factors for non-adherence to immunosuppressants in renal transplant recipients: a cross-sectional study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004;19:3144-3149 (Pubitemid 40057641)
124. Horne R, Weinman J. Patients' beliefs about prescribed medicines and their role in adherence to treatment in chronic physical illness. J Psychosom Res 1999;47:555-567 (Pubitemid 30029305)
125. Horne R, Buick D, Fisher M, et al. Doubts about necessity and concerns about adverse effects: Identifying the types of beliefs that are associated with non-adherence to HAART. Int J STD AIDS 2004;15:38-44 (Pubitemid 38096128)
126. Ross S, Walker A, MacLeod MJ. Patient compliance in hypertension: role of illness perceptions and treatment beliefs. J Hum Hypertens 2004;18:607-613 (Pubitemid 39232344)
127. Phatak HM, Thomas J. Relationships between beliefs about medications and nonadherence to prescribed chronic medications. Ann Pharmacother 2006;40:1737-1742 (Pubitemid 44544869)
128. Gauchet A, Tarquinio C, Fischer G. Psychosocial predictors of medication adherence among persons living with HIV. Int J Behav Med 2007;14:141-150 (Pubitemid 47548111)
129. Horne R, Cooper V, Gellaitry G, et al. Patients' perceptions of highly active antiretroviral therapy in relation to treatment uptake and adherence: the utility of the necessity-concerns framework. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007;45:334-341 (Pubitemid 47012382)
130. Menckeberg TT, Bouvy ML, Bracke M, et al. Beliefs about medicines predict refill adherence to inhaled corticosteroids. J Psychosom Res 2008;64:47-54 (Pubitemid 350297308)
131. Clifford S, Barber N, Horne R. Understanding different beliefs held by adherers, unintentional nonadherers, and intentional nonadherers: application of the Necessity-Concerns Framework. J Psychosom Res 2008;64:41-46 (Pubitemid 350297299)
132. Iihara N, Kurosaki Y, Miyoshi C, et al. Comparison of individual perceptions of medication costs and benefits between intentional and unintentional medication non-adherence among Japanese patients. Patient Educ Couns 2008; 70:292-299
133. Horne R, Sumner S, Jubraj B, et al. Haemodialysis patients' beliefs about treatment: implications for adherence to medication and fluid-diet restrictions. Int J Pharm Pract 2001;9:169-175 (Pubitemid 32938699)
134. Brown C, Battista DR, Bruehlman R, et al. Beliefs about antidepressant medications in primary care patients: relationship to self-reported adherence. Med Care 2005;43:1203-1207 (Pubitemid 43012177)
135. Conn KM, Halterman JS, Fisher SG, et al. Parental beliefs about medications and medication adherence among urban children with asthma. Ambul Pediatr 2005;5:306-310 (Pubitemid 41419148)
136. Neame R, Hammond A. Beliefs about medications: a questionnaire survey of people with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology 2005;44:762-767 (Pubitemid 41487205)
137. Bane C, Hughes CM, McElnay JC. The impact of depressive symptoms and psychosocial factors on medication adherence in cardiovascular disease. Patient Educ Couns 2006;60:187-193 (Pubitemid 43143314)
138. Hunot VM, Horne R, Leese MN, et al. A cohort study of adherence to antidepressants in primary care: the influence of antidepressant concerns and treatment preferences. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2007;9:91-99 (Pubitemid 46607462)
139. Fincham JE, Wertheimer AI. Using the health belief model to predict initial drug therapy defaulting. Soc Sci Med 1985; 20:101-105 (Pubitemid 15235574)
140. Demmer C. Attitudes toward HIV protease inhibitors and medication adherence in an inner city HIV population. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2003;17:575-580 (Pubitemid 37444834)
141. Sewitch MJ, Abrahamowicz M, Barkun A, et al. Patient nonadherence to medication in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98:1535-1544 (Pubitemid 36875345)
142. Schneider J, Kaplan SH, Greenfield S, et al. Better physician-patient relationships are associated with higher reported adherence to antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV infection. J Gen Intern Med 2004;19:1096-1103 (Pubitemid 39552579)
143. Ayalon L, Arean PA, Alvidrez J. Adherence to antidepressant medications in black and Latino elderly patients. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005;13:572-580
144. Carr AJ, Thompson PW, Cooper C. Factors associated with adherence and persistence to bisphosphonate therapy in osteoporosis: a cross-sectional survey. Osteoporos Int 2006;17:1638-1644 (Pubitemid 44477624)
145. Ekman I, Andersson G, Boman K, et al. Adherence and perception of medication in patients with chronic heart failure during a five-year randomised trial. Patient Educ Couns 2006;61:348-353 (Pubitemid 43841742)
146. George J, Munro K, McCaig DJ, et al. Prescription medications: beliefs, experiences, behavior, and adherence of sheltered housing residents. Ann Pharmacother 2006;40:2123-2129 (Pubitemid 44954429)
147. Mills EJ, Nachega JB, Bangsberg DR, et al. Adherence to HAART: a systematic review of developed and developing nation patient-reported barriers and facilitators. PLoS Med 2006;3:2039-2064 (Pubitemid 44875939)
148. Amico KR, Barta W, Konkle-Parker DJ, et al. The Information- Motivation-Behavioral Skills Model of ART adherence in a deep south HIV+clinic sample. AIDS Behav 2007, Article Published online: 18 September 2007 doi: 10.1007/s10461- 007-9311-y
149. McGinnis B, Olson KL, Magid D, et al. Factors related to adherence to statin therapy. Ann Pharmacother 2007;41: 1805-1811 (Pubitemid 350044342)
150. McHorney C, Schousboe J, Cline R, et al. The impact of osteoporosis medication beliefs and side-effect experiences on nonadherence to oral bisphosphonates. Curr Med Res Opin 2007;23:3137-3152
151. Edlund MJ, Fortney JC, Reaves CM, et al. Beliefs about depression and depression treatment among depressed veterans. Med Care 2008;46:581-589
152. Le TT, Bilderback A, Bender B, et al. Do asthma medication beliefs mediate the relationship between minority status and adherence to therapy? J Asthma 2008;45:33-37
153. Wray J, Waters S, Radley-Smith R, et al. Adherence in adolescents and young adults following heart or heart-lung transplantation. Pediatr Transplant 2006;10:694-700 (Pubitemid 44186291)
154. Gonzalez JS, Penedo FJ, Llabre MM, et al. Physical symptoms, beliefs about medications, negative mood, and long-term HIV medication adherence. Ann Behav Med 2007; 34:46-55 (Pubitemid 47481224)
155. Britten N. Does a prescribed treatment match a patient's priorities? BMJ 2003, Article published online 11 October 2003 doi: 10.1136/bmj.327.7419.840
156. Brenner M, Curbow B, Legro M. The proximal-distal continuum of multiple health outcome measures: the case of cataract surgery. Med Care 1995;33:AS236-44
157. Horne R. Representations of medications and treatment: advances in theory and measurement. In: Petrie KJ, Weinman JA (eds). Perceptions of Health and Illness. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publications, 1997:155-188
158. Soumerai SB, Pierre-Jacques M, Zhang F, et al. Cost-related medication nonadherence among elderly and disabled medicare beneficiaries: a national survey 1 year before the medicare drug benefit. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166:1829-1835 (Pubitemid 44455164)
159. Bambauer KZ, Safran DG, Ross-Degnan D, et al. Depression and cost-related medication nonadherence in Medicare beneficiaries. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007;64:602-608 (Pubitemid 46718293)
160. Gellad WF, Haas JS, Safran DG. Race/ethnicity and nonadherence to prescription medications among seniors: results of a national study. J Gen Intern Med 2007;22:1572-1578 (Pubitemid 47568699)
161. Ranji UR, Wyn R, Salganicoff A, et al. Role of health insurance coverage in women's access to prescription medicines. Womens Health Issues 2007;17:360-366 (Pubitemid 350138595)
162. Hirth RA, Greer SL, Albert JM, et al. Out-of-pocket spending and medication adherence among dialysis patients in twelve countries. Health Aff 2008;27:89-102 (Pubitemid 351198593)
163. Steinman MA, Sands LP, Covinsky KE. Self-restriction of medications due to cost in seniors without prescription coverage. J Gen Intern Med 2001;16:793-799 (Pubitemid 34015693)
164. Klein D, Turvey C, Wallace R. Elders who delay medication because of cost: health insurance, demographic, health, and financial correlates. Gerontologist 2004;44:779-787 (Pubitemid 40003784)
165. Piette JD, Heisler M. Problems due to medication costs among VA and non-VA patients with chronic illnesses. Am J Manag Care 2004;10:861-868
166. Piette JD, Heisler M, Wagner TH. Cost-related medication underuse among chronically ill adults: the treatments people forgo, how often, and who is at risk. Am J Public Health 2004;94:1782-1787 (Pubitemid 39331770)
167. Piette JD, Heisler M, Wagner TH. Problems paying out-of-pocket medication costs among older adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27:384-391 (Pubitemid 38174062)
168. Piette JD, Wagner TH, Potter MB, et al. Health insurance status, cost-related medication underuse, and outcomes among diabetes patients in three systems of care. Med Care 2004;42:102-109
169. Wilson IB, Rogers WH, Chang H, et al. Cost-related skipping of medications and other treatments among Medicare beneficiaries between 1998 and 2000. results of a national study. J Gen Intern Med 2005;20:715-720
170. Tseng CW, Dudley RA, Brook RH, et al. Elderly patients' preferences and experiences with providers in managing their drug costs. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007;55:1974-1980 (Pubitemid 350230953)
171. Gibson TB, Ozminkowski RJ, Goetzel RZ. The effects of prescription drug cost sharing: a review of the evidence. Am J Manag Care 2005;11:730-740 (Pubitemid 41608213)
172. Goldman DP, Joyce GF, Zheng Y. Prescription drug cost sharing: associations with medication and medical utilization and spending and health. JAMA 2007;298:61-69 (Pubitemid 47026771)
173. Kumar K, Gordon C, Toescu V, et al. Beliefs about medicines in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus: a comparison between patients of South Asian and White British origin. Rheumatology 2008;47:690-697 (Pubitemid 351619214)
174. Shiri C, Srinivas SC, Futter WT, et al. The role of insight into and beliefs about medicines of hypertensive patients. Cardiovasc J Afr 2007;18:353-357 (Pubitemid 351300617)
175. Maguire LK, Hughes CM, McElnay JC. Exploring the impact of depressive symptoms and medication beliefs on medication adherence in hypertension-a primary care study. Patient Educ Couns 2008, Article published online: 8 August 2008 doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2008.06.016
176. Krueger R. Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1988
177. Nunnally JC. Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978
178. Reise S, Yu J. Parameter recovery in the graded response model using MULTILOG. J Educ Measure 1990;27:133-144
179. DiMatteo MR, Lepper HS, Croghan TW. Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:2101-2107 (Pubitemid 30482715)
180. Morrison A, Wertheimer AI. Compilation of quantitative overviews of studies of adherence. Drug Information J 2004;38:197-210 (Pubitemid 39243115)
181. Krueger KP, Berger BA, Felkey B. Medication adherence and persistence: a comprehensive review. Adv Ther 2005;22:313-356 (Pubitemid 43003324)
182. Ammassari A, Trotta MP, Murri R, et al. Correlates and predictors of adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy: overview of published literature. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002;31(Suppl 3):S123-7 (Pubitemid 35453571)
183. Chia LR, Schlenk EA, Dunbar-Jacob J. Effect of personal and cultural beliefs on medication adherence in the elderly. Drugs Aging 2006;23:191-202
184. DiMatteo MR. Social support and patient adherence to medical treatment: a meta-analysis. Health Psychol 2004; 23:207-218 (Pubitemid 38365280)
185. Ware JE, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36): I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care 1992;30:473-483
186. Sherbourne CD, Stewart AL. The MOS social support survey. Soc Sci Med 1991;32:705-714
187. Jerusalem, Mand Schwarzer, R. The Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale. Available at http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~health/ engscal.htm [Last accessed 8 January 2008]
188. Wallston, KA. Multidimensional Health Locus of Control. Available at http://www.vanderbilt.edu/nursing/kwallston/ mhlcscales.htm [Last accessed 15 January 2008]
189. Reise S, Henson J. Computerization and adaptive administration of the NEO PI-R. Assessment 2000;7:347-367
190. Likert R. A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Arch Psychol 1932;140:5-55
191. Samejima F. Estimation of latent ability using a response pattern of graded scores. Psychometrika 1969;17:1-100
192. Thissen D. MULTILOG User's Guide: Multiple, Categorical Item Analysis and Test Scoring Using Item Response Theory [computer program]. Chicago: Scientific Software International, 1991
193. Avorn J, Monette J, Lacour A, et al. Persistence of use of lipid-lowering medications: a cross-national study. JAMA 1998; 279:1458-1462 (Pubitemid 28228203)
194. Mills EJ, Nachega JB, Buchan I, et al. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa and North America: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2006;296:679-690 (Pubitemid 44200639)
195. van Wijk BL, Shrank WH, Klungel OH, et al. A cross-national study of the persistence of antihypertensive medication use in the elderly. J Hypertens 2008;26:145-153 (Pubitemid 350294860)
196. Mushlin AI, Appel FA. Diagnosing potential noncompliance. Physicians' ability in a behavioral dimension of medical care. Arch Intern Med 1977;137:318-321
197. Gilbert JR, Evans CE, Haynes RB, et al. Predicting compliance with a regimen of digoxin therapy in family practice. Can Med Assoc J 1980;123:119-122 (Pubitemid 10086287)
198. Turner BJ, Hecht FM. Improving on a coin toss to predict patient adherence to medications. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134:1004-1006 (Pubitemid 32466240)
199. U.S. Census Bureau. United States - Income in the Past 12 Months 2006#Available at: http://factfinder.census.gov/ servlet/STTable?-bm=y&-geo- id=01000US&-qr-name=ACS- 2006-EST-G00-S1901&-ds-name=ACS-2006-EST-G00- & -redoLog=false {last accessed 3 July 2008]
200. U.S. Census Bureau. United States - Educational Attainment 2006. Available at: http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ STTable?-bm=y&-geo-id= 01000US&-qr-name=ACS-2006-EST-G00-S1501&-ds-name=ACS-2006-EST-G00-[Last accessed 3 July 2008]
201. U.S. Census Bureau. Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin - 2000. Available at: http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/ c2kbr01-1.pdf [Last accessed 3 July 2008]
202. Farmer KC. Methods for measuring and monitoring medication regimen adherence in clinical trials and clinical practice. Clin Ther 1999;21:1074-1090 (Pubitemid 29326165)
203. Miller LG, Hays RD. Measuring adherence to antiretroviral medications in clinical trials. HIV Clin Trials 2000;1:36-46
204. Haynes RB, Taylor DW, Sackett DL, et al. Can simple clinical measurements detect patient noncompliance? Hypertension 1980;2:757-764
205. Choo P, Rand C, Inui T, et al. Validation of patient reports, automated pharmacy records, and pill counts with electronic monitoring of adherence to antihypertensive therapy. Med Care 1999;9:846-857
206. Wang PS, Benner JS, Glynn RJ, et al. How well do patients report noncompliance with antihypertensive medications? A comparison of self-report versus filled prescriptions. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2004; 13:11-19 (Pubitemid 38159264)
207. Chesney MA, Morin M, Sherr L. Adherence to HIV combination therapy. Soc Sci Med 2000;50:1599-1605 (Pubitemid 30129133)
208. Vik SA, Maxwell CJ, Hogan DB. Measurement, correlates, and health outcomes of medication adherence among seniors. Ann Pharmacother 2004;38:303-312 (Pubitemid 38112246)
209. Berg KM, Arnsten JH. Practical and conceptual challenges in measuring antiretroviral adherence. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006;43(Suppl 1):S79-87 (Pubitemid 44885645)
210. Petrilla AA, Benner JS, Battleman DS, et al. Evidence-based interventions to improve patient compliance with antihypertensive and lipid-lowering medications. Int J Clin Pract 2005;59:1441-1451 (Pubitemid 43922632)
211. Simoni JM, Pearson CR, Pantalone DW, et al. Efficacy of interventions in improving highly active antiretroviral therapy adherence and HIV-1 RNA viral load. A meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006;43(Suppl 1):S23-35 (Pubitemid 44885639)