Moral politicking: Public attitudes toward gay marriage in an election context

International Journal of Press/Politics

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 186-211

  Becker, Amy B ^a   Scheufele, Dietram A ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^b 309 Hiram Smith Hall   (United States)

Author keywords

Gay marriage; Ideology; Perceptual filters; Political tolerance; Religiosity

Indexed keywords

EID: 64149090893     PISSN: 19401612     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1940161208330905     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Abramowitz, Alan I. 1995. " It's Abortion, Stupid: Policy Voting in the 1992 Presidential Election " The Journal of Politics 57 (1). 176-86.
2. Adorno, T.W., Else Frenkel-Brunswik, Daniel J. Levinson, and R. Nevitt Sanford. 1950. The Authoritarian Personality. New York: Harper.
3. Altemeyer, Bob. 1988. Enemies of Freedom: Understanding Right-Wing Authoritarianism. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
4. Archibold, Randal C., and Abby Goodnough. 2008. " California Voters Ban Gay Marriage " New York Times, 6 November 2008.
5. Battles, Kathleen, and Wendy Hilton-Morrow. 2002. " Gay Characters in Conventional Spaces: Will and Grace and the Situation Comedy Genre." Critical Studies in Media Communication 19 (1). 87-105.
6. Beatty, Kathleen Murphy, and Oliver Walter. 1984. " Religious Preference and Practice: Reevaluating Their Impact on Political Tolerance." Public Opinion Quarterly 48: 318-29.
7. Becker, Amy B., Kajsa E. Dalrymple, Dominique Brossard, and Dietram A. Scheufele. 2007. " Stem Cell Publics: Issue Involvement in the 2006 Midterm Elections " Presented at the annual conference of the American Association of Public Opinion Research, Anaheim, CA.
8. Belluck, Pam. 2003." Marriage by Gays Gains Big Victory in Massachusetts " New York Times, Nov. 19, 2003.
9. Braithwaite, Valerie. 1998. " The Value Orientations Underlying Liberalism-Conservatism." Personality and Individual Differences 25 (3). 575-89.
10. Brewer, Paul R. 2002. " Framing, Value Words, and Citizens' Explanations of Their Issue Opinions " Political Communication 19 (3). 303-16.
11. Brewer, Paul R. 2003. " The Shifting Foundations of Public Opinion about Gay Rights " Journal of Politics 65 (4). 1208-20.
12. Brossard, Dominique, Dietram A. Scheufele, Eunkyung Kim, and Bruce V. Lewenstein. 2008. " Religiosity as a Perceptual Filter: Examining Processes of Opinion Formation about Nanotechnology " Public Understanding of Science. Prepublished on Oct. 1, 2008, DOI:10.1177/0963662507087304.
13. Burdette, Amy M., Christopher G. Ellison, and Terrence D. Hill. 2005. " Conservative Protestantism and Tolerance toward Homosexuals: An Examination of Political Mechanisms." Sociological Inquiry 75 (2). 177-96.
14. Cohen, Jacob, Patricia Cohen, Stephen G. West, and Leona S. Aiken. 2003. Applied Multiple Regression/ Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 3 rd Edition. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
15. Converse, Philip E. 1964. " The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics." In Ideology and Discontent, ed. David E. Apter. New York: Free Press.
16. Cullen, Dave. 2004. " John Edwards' Lesbian Moment " Salon. Oct. 15, 2004. http://dir.salon.com/story/opinion/feature/2004/10/15/mary- cheney/&.
17. Delli Carpini, Michael X., and Scott Keeter. 1996. What Americans Know about Politics and Why it Matters. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
18. Dennis, Jack. 1988. " Political Independence in America, Part I: On Being an Independent Partisan Supporter." British Journal of Political Science 18 (1). 77-109.
19. Doty, Alexander. 1993. Making Things Perfectly Queer: Interpreting Mass Culture. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
20. Druckman, James N. 2001. " On the Limits of Framing Effects: Who Can Frame? " Journal of Politics 63 (4). 1041-66.
21. Entman, Robert M. 1993. " Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm " Journal of Communication 43 (4). 51-8.
22. Entman, Robert M. 2004. Projections of Power: Framing News, Public Opinion, and US Foreign Policy. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press.
23. Entman, Robert M., and Andrew Rojecki. 2001. The Black Image in the White Mind: Media and Race in America. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press.
24. Feather, Norman T. 1995. " Values, Valences, and Choice: The Influence of Values on the Perceived Attractiveness and Choice of Alternatives " Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68 (6). 1135-51.
25. Fejes, Fred, and Kevin Petrich. 1993. " Invisibility, Homophobia and Heterosexism: Lesbians, Gays and the Media " Critical Studies in Mass Communication 10 (4). 396-422.
26. Fouts, Gregory, and Rebecca Inch. 2005. " Homosexuality in TV Situation Comedies: Characters and Verbal Comments." Journal of Homosexuality 49 (1). 35-45.
27. Galston, William A. 2001. " Political Knowledge, Political Engagement, and Civic Education " Annual Review of Political Science 4 (1). 217-34.
28. Gamson, William A., and Andre Modigliani. 1987. " The Changing Culture of Affirmative Action " In Research in Political Sociology, eds. Richard G. Braungart and Margaret M. Braungart. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
29. Gamson, William A., and Andre Modigliani. 1989. " Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach " The American Journal of Sociology 95 (1). 1-37.
30. Garrison, Jessica. 2008. " Both Sides in California's Prop. 8 Battle Look Ahead to 2010 " Los Angeles Times, Nov. 22, 2008.
31. Garrison, Jessica, Cara Mia DiMassa, and Richard C. Paddock. 2008. " Voters Approve Proposition 8 Banning Same-Sex Marriages " Los Angeles Times, Nov. 5, 2008.
32. Gerbner, George, and Larry Gross. 1976. " Living with Television: The Violence Profile. Journal of Communication 26 (2). 173-99.
33. Gerbner, George, Larry Gross, Michael Morgan, and Nancy Signorielli. 1986. Living with Television: The Dynamics of Cultivation: Perspectives on Media Effects. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
34. Gibson, James L. 1987. " Homosexuals and the Ku-Klux-Klan: A Contextual Analysis of Political Tolerance " Western Political Quarterly 40 (3). 427-48.
35. Gibson, James L. 1992. " Alternative Measures of Political Tolerance: Must Tolerance be Least-Liked? " American Journal of Political Science 36 (2). 560-77.
36. Goidel, Kirby, and Matthew C. Nisbet. 2006. " Exploring the Roots of Public Participation in the Controversy over Embryonic Stem Cell Research and Cloning " Political Behavior 28 (2). 175-92.
37. Goidel, Robert K., Todd G. Shields, and Mark Peffley. 1997. " Priming Theory and RAS Models: Toward an Integrated Perspective of Media Influence " American Politics Research 25 (3). 287-318.
38. Goodstein, Laurie. 2003. " New Hampshire Episcopalians Choose Gay Bishop, and Conflict " New York Times, June 8, 2003.
39. Goodstein, Laurie. 2006. " Conservative Jews Allow Gay Rabbis and Unions " NewYorkTimes, Dec. 7, 2006.
40. Greenberg, Anna. 2000. " The Church and the Revitalization of Politics and the Community." Political Science Quarterly 115: 377-94.
41. Gross, Larry P. 2001. Up from invisibility: Lesbians Gay Men, and the Media in America. New York: Columbia University Press.
42. Gross, Larry P., and James D. Woods. 1999. The Columbia Reader on Lesbians and Gay Men in Media, Society, and Politics. New York: Columbia University Press.
43. Highton, Benjamin. 2004. " Voter Registration and Turnout in the United States." Perspectives on Politics 2 (3). 507-15.
44. Hillygus, D. Sunshine, and Todd G. Shields. 2005. " Moral Issues and Voter Decision Making in the 2004 Presidential Election." PS: Political Science and Politics 38 (2). 201-9.
45. Ho, Shirley S., Dietram A. Scheufele, and Dominique Brossard. (2008). " Effects of Value Predispositions, Mass Media Use, and Knowledge on Public Attitudes toward Embryonic Stem Cell Research " International Journal of Public Opinion Research 20 (2). 171-92.
46. Iyengar, Shanto, and Kyu S. Hahn. 2007. " Red Media, Blue Media: Evidence of Ideological Polarization in Media Use " Presented at the annual meeting of the International Communications Association Conference, San Francisco, CA.
47. Jacobson, Gary C. 2005. " Polarized Politics and the 2004 Congressional and Presidential Elections " Political Science Quarterly 120 (2). 199-218.
48. Kahneman, Daniel, and Amos Tversky. 1981. " The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice." Science 211 (4481). 453-8.
49. Kirkpatrick, David D., and Laurie Goodstein. 2004. " The 2004 Campaign: Religion; Group of Bishops Using Influence to Oppose Kerry " New York Times, Oct. 12, 2004.
50. Langer, Gary, and Jon Cohen. 2005. " Voters and Values in the 2004 Election." Public Opinion Quarterly 69 (5). 744-59.
51. Lewis, Gregory B. 2005. " Same-Sex Marriage and the 2004 Election " PS: Political Science and Politics 38 (2). 195-9.
52. Liptak, Adam. 2008. " California Supreme Court Overturns Gay Marriage Ban " New York Times, May 16, 2008.
53. Los Angeles Times. 2008. " Prop 8's Battle Lessons " Nov. 11, 2008. < http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/editorials/la-ed-marriage11- 2008nov11,0,3352846.story> ;.
54. McCombs, Maxwell E. and Donald L. Shaw. 1972. " The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media " Public Opinion Quarterly 36 (2). 176-87.
55. McKinley, Jesse, and Kirk Johnson. 2008. " Mormons Tipped Scale in Ban on Gay Marriage " New York Times, Nov. 15, 2008.
56. Mondak, Jeffrey J., and Mitchell S. Sanders. 2003. " Tolerance and Intolerance, 1976-1998 " American Journal of Political Science 47 (3). 492-502.
57. Mondak, Jeffrey J., and Mitchell S. Sanders. 2005. " The Complexity of Tolerance and Intolerance Judgments: A Response to Gibson." Political Behavior 27 (4). 325-37.
58. Nagourney, Adam. 2004. " Political Memo: For Kerry, a Few Words that May Be Debatable " The New York Times, Oct. 14, 2004.
59. National Conference of State Legislatures. 2004. " Same Sex Marriage Measures on the 2004 Ballot " Nov. 14, 2004. < http://www.ncsl.org/ programs/legismgt/statevote/marriage-mea.htm> ;.
60. Nelson, Thomas E., Rosalee A. Clawson, and Zoe M. Oxley. 1997. " Media Framing of a Civil Liberties Conflict and Its Effect on Tolerance." The American Political Science Review 91 (3). 567-83.
61. Nie,Norman H., Jane Junn, and Kenneth Stehlik-Barry. 1996. Education and Democratic Citizenship in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
62. Nisbet, Erik C., and James Shanahan. 2005. " Developing Cultural Indicators of Social Change: The Case of Homosexuality " Presented at the annual conference of the International Communications Association, New York, NY.
63. Nisbet, Matthew C. 2004. " Public Opinion about Stem Cell Research and Human Cloning " Public Opinion Quarterly 68 (1). 131-54.
64. Nisbet, Matthew C. 2005. " The Competition for Worldviews: Values, Information, and Public Support for Stem Cell Research." International Journal of Public Opinion Research 17 (1). 90-112.
65. Pan, Zhongdang, and Gerald M. Kosicki. 1993. " Framing Analysis: An Approach to News Discourse " Political Communication 10 (1). 55-75.
66. Pew Center for the People and the Press. 2003. " Republicans Unified, Democrats Split on Gay Marriage: Religious Beliefs Underpin Opposition to Homosexuality " Nov. 18, 2003. < http://pewforum.org/docs/index.php? DocID=37> ;.
67. Pew Center for the People and the Press. 2006. " Less Opposition to Gay Marriage, Adoption, and Military Service " March 22, 2006. < http://people-press.org/report/273/less-opposition-to-gay-marriage-adoption-and- military-service> ;.
68. Pew Center for the People and the Press. 2007. " Trends in Political Values and Core Attitudes: 1987-2007: Political Landscape More Favorable to Democrats " March 22, 2007. < http://people-press.org/reports/display. php3?ReportID=312> ;.
69. Popkin, Samuel L. 1994. The Reasoning Voter: Communication and Persuasion in Presidential Campaigns. 2 nd Edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
70. Popkin, Samuel L., and Michael A. Dimock. 1999. " Political Knowledge and Civic Competence." In Citizen Competence and Democratic Institutions, eds. Stephen L. Elkin and Karol E. Soltan. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press.
71. Pressley, Sue Anne, and Annie Gowen. 2003. " Gay Marriage Ruling Draws Derision, Praise " The Washington Post. Nov. 24, 2003. Archived at Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe.
72. Price, Vince, and David Tewksbury. 1997. " News Values and Public Opinion: A Theoretical Account of Media Priming and Framing." Progress in Communication Sciences 13: 173-212.
73. Price, Vincent, Lilach Nir, and Joseph N. Cappella. 2005. " Framing Public Discussion of Gay Civil Unions." Public Opinion Quarterly 69 (2). 179-212.
74. Rokeach, Milton. 1960. The Open and Closed Mind: Investigations into the Nature of Belief Systems and Personality Systems. New York: Basic Books.
75. Scheufele, Dietram A. 1999. " Framing as a Theory of Media Effects " Journal of Communication 49 (1). 103-22.
76. Scheufele, Dietram A. 2000. " Agenda-Setting, Priming, and Framing Revisited: Another Look at Cognitive Effects of Political Communication " Mass Communication and Society 3 (2-3). 297-316.
77. Scheufele, Dietram A. 2006 a. " Five Lessons in Nano Outreach " Materials Today 9 (5). 64.
78. Scheufele, Dietram A. 2006 b. " Messages and Heuristics: How Audiences Form Attitudes about Emerging Technologies " In Engaging Science: Thoughts, Deeds, Analysis and Action, ed. Jon Turney. London: The Wellcome Trust.
79. Scheufele, Dietram A., and Bruce V. Lewenstein. 2005. " The Public and Nanotechnology: How Citizens Make Sense of Emerging Technologies." Journal of Nanoparticle Research 7 (6). 659-67.
80. Scheufele, Dietram A., Matthew C. Nisbet, and Dominique Brossard. 2003. " Pathways to Political Participation? Religion, Communication Contexts, and Mass Media " International Journal of Public Opinion Research 15 (3). 300-24.
81. Scheufele, Dietram A., Matthew C. Nisbet, Dominique Brossard, and Erik C. Nisbet. 2004. " Social Structure and Citizenship: Examining the Impacts of Social Setting, Network Heterogeneity, and Informational Variables on Political Participation " Political Communication 21 (3). 315-338.
82. Scheufele, Dietram A., and David Tewksbury. 2007. " Framing, Agenda Setting, and Priming: The Evolution of Three Media Effects Models " Journal of Communication 57 (1). 9-20.
83. Shanahan, James. 2004. " A Return to Cultural Indicators." Communications 29: 277-94.
84. Skitka, Linda J., and Christopher W. Bauman. 2008. " Moral Conviction and Political Engagement " Political Psychology 29 (1). 29-54.
85. Smith, Miriam. 2007. " Framing Same-Sex Marriage in Canada and the United States: Goodridge, Halpern, and the National Boundaries of Political Discourse." Social and Legal Studies 16: 5-26.
86. Sniderman, Paul M., Philip E. Tetlock, James M. Glaser, Donald P. Green, and Michael Hout. 1989. " Principled Tolerance and the American Mass Public " British Journal of Political Science 19: 25-45.
87. Sotirovic, Mira, and Jack M. McLeod. 2001. " Values, Communication Behavior, and Political Participation " Political Communication 18: 273-300.
88. Stouffer, Samuel A. 1955. Communism, Conformity, and Civil Liberties: A Cross-Section of the Nation Speaks Its Mind. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
89. Sullivan, John L., George E. Marcus, Stanley Feldman, and James E. Piereson. 1981. " The Sources of Political Tolerance: A Multivariate Analysis." The American Political Science Review 75 (1). 92-106.
90. Sullivan, John L., George E. Marcus, and James E. Piereson. 1982. Political Tolerance and American Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
91. Tolbert, Caroline J., John A. Grummel, and Daniel A. Smith. 2001. " The Effects of Ballot Initiatives on Voter Turnout in the American States " American Politics Research 29: 625-48.
92. Tolbert, Caroline J., and Daniel A. Smith. 2005. " The Educative Effects of Ballot Initiatives on Voter Turnout " American Politics Research 33: 283-309.
93. VandeHei, Jim. 2003. " A Spiritual Struggle for Democrats; Silence on Religion Could Hurt Candidates " Washington Post, Nov. 27, 2003.
94. Wilcox, Clyde, and Ted Jelen. 1990. " Evangelicals and Political Tolerance." American Politics Quarterly 18: 25-46.
95. Yep, Gust A. 2003. " The Violence of Heteronormativity in Communication Studies: Notes on Injury, Healing, and Queer World-Making " Journal of Homosexuality 45 (2-4). 11-59.
96. Zaller, John. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. New York: Cambridge University Press.