Third-person perceptions and online games: A comparison of perceived antisocial and prosocial game effects

Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 286-306

  Zhong, Zhi Jin ^a  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

Internet efficacy; Online games; Self construal; Social desirability; Social distance; Third person effect

Indexed keywords

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL EFFECTS;

GAME PLAYS; INTERACTION EFFECT; INTERNET EFFICACY; MASS MEDIA; ON-LINE GAMES; ORDINARY PEOPLE; SELF-CONSTRUAL; SOCIAL DESIRABILITY; SOCIAL DISTANCE; THIRD-PERSON EFFECT;

SOCIAL NETWORKING (ONLINE);

EID: 63749122774     PISSN: 10836101     EISSN: 10836101     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01441.x     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Brosius, H. B., & Engel, D. (1996). The causes of third-person effects: Unrealistic optimism, impersonal impact, or generalized negative attitudes towards media influence? International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 8 (2 142 162.
2. Charlton, J. P., & Danforth, I. D. W. (2007). Distinguishing addiction and high engagement in the context of online game playing. Computers in Human Behavior, 23 (3 1531 1548.
3. Chen, J. V., & Park, Y. (2005). The differences of addiction causes between Massive Multiplayer Online Game and Multi User Domain. International Review of Information Ethics, 4, 54 59.
4. Cheng, Q. (2007, 27 December). ZhengTu: Modern Witchcraft of Game Companies. First Financial Daily Huang, D. H. (2004). Video game addiction in children and teenagers in Taiwan. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 7 (5 571 581.
5. Cohen, J., Mutz, D., Price, V., & Gunther, A. (1988). Perceived Impact of Defamation - an Experiment on 3rd-Person Effects. Public Opinion Quarterly, 52 (2 161 173.
6. David, P., Liu, K., & Myser, M. (2004). Methodological artifact or persistent bias? - Testing the robustness of the third-person and reverse third-person effects for alcohol messages. Communication Research, 31 (2 206 233.
7. Davison, W. P. (1983). The third-person effect in communication. Public Opinion Quarterly, 47 (1-15 Eron, L. D. (1994). The mass media and youth aggression. In L. D. Eron, J. H. Gentry & P. Schlegel (Eds.), Reason to hope: A psychosocial perspective on violence & youth (pp. 219 250). Washington, D.C. : American Psychological Association.
8. Ducheneaut, N., Yee, N., Nickell, E., & Moore, R. (2006). "Alone together?" Exploring the social dynamics of massively multiplayer online games. Paper presented at the CHI, Games and performances, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
9. Duck, J. M., & Mullin, B. A. (1995). The perceived impact of the mass media: Reconsidering the third person effect. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25 (77-93 Hogg, M. G. (1995). The Perceived Influence of Aids Advertising - 3rd-Person Effects in the Context of Positive Media Content. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 17 (3 305 325.
10. Eastin, M. S., & LaRose, R. (2000). Internet self-efficacy and the psychology of the digital divide. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 6 (1 Retrieved 21 September, 2007 from http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol6/issue1/eastin. html.
11. Elder, T. J., Douglas, K. M., & Sutton, R. M. (2006). Perceptions of social influence when messages favour "us" versus "them": A closer look at the social distance effect. European Journal of Social Psychology, 36 (3 353 365.
12. Eveland, W. P., & McLeod, D. M. (1999). The effect of social desirability on perceived media impact: Implications for third-person perceptions. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 11 (4 315 333.
13. Eveland, W. P., Nathanson, A. I., Detenber, B. H., & McLeod, D. M. (1999). Rethinking the social distance corollary. Communication Research, 26, 275 303.
14. Fisher, R. D., Cook, I. J., & Shirkey, E. C. (1994). Correlates of support for censorship of sexual, sexually violent, and violent media. Journal of Sex Research, 31, 229 240.
15. Funk, M. (2007, March). I was a Chinese Internet addict: A tale of modern medicine. Harper's, 65 73.
16. Golub, A., & Lingley, K. (2008). "Just Like the Qing Empire": Internet Addiction, MMOGs, and Moral Crisis in Contemporary China. Games and Culture, 3, 59 75.
17. Griffiths, M. (1998). Internet addiction: does it really exist? (In J. F. Gackenbach (Ed.), Psychology and the Internet: Interpersonal and Transpersonal Implications (pp. 61 75). New York : Academic Press.
18. Gunther, A. C. (1995). Overrating the X-Rating: The 3rd-person perception and Support for Censorship of Pornography. Journal of Communication, 45 (1 27 38.
19. Gunther, A. C., & Mundy, P. (1993). Biased optimism and the third-person effect. Journalism Quarterly, 70 (58-67 Thorson, E. (1992). Perceived persuasive effects of product commercials and public-service announcements: 3rd-person effects in new domains. Communication Research, 19 (5 574 596.
20. Hardin, E. E., Leong, F. T. L., & Bhagwat, A. A. (2004). Factor structure of the self-construal scale revisited - Implications for the multidimensionality of self-construal. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35 (3 327 345.
21. Haythornthwaite, C. (2002). Strong, weak, and latent ties and the impact of new media. The Information Society, 18, 385 401.
22. Hoffner, C., & Buchanan, M. (2002). Parents' response to television violence: The third-person perception, parental mediation, and support for censorship. Media Psychology, 4, 231 252.
23. Hoffner, C., Buchanan, M., Anderson, J. D., Hubbs, L. A., Kamigaki, S. K., Kowalczyk, L., et al. (1999). Support for censorship of television violence - The role of the third-person effect and news exposure. Communication Research, 26 (6 726 742.
24. Innes, J. M., & Zeitz, H. (1988). The public's view of the impact of the mass media: A test of the "third-person" effect. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18, 457 463.
25. iResearch.com 2005). The Annual Report of Chinese Online Games. Retrieved August 1, 2007 from http://down.iresearch.cn/Reports/Free/485.html.
26. iResearch.com 2006). The Annual Report of Chinese Online Games. Retrieved August 1, 2007 from http://down.iresearch.cn/Reports/Free/969.html.
27. Jansz, J., & Martens, L. (2005). Gaming at a LAN event: the social context of playing video games. New Media & Society, 7 (3 333 355.
28. Lee, B. K., & Tamborini, R. (2005). Third-person effect and Internet pornography: The influence of collectivism and Internet self-efficacy. Journal of Communication, 55 (2 292 310.
29. Lee, I., Yu, C.-Y., & Lin, H. (2007). Leaving a never-ending game: Quitting MMORPGs and online gaming addiction. Paper presented at the DiGRA, Tokyo.
30. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224 253.
31. McLeod, D. M., Detenber, B. H., & Eveland, W. P. (2001). Behind the third-person effect: Differentiating perceptual processes for self and other. Journal of Communication, 51 (4 678 695.
32. McLeod, D. M., Eveland, J. W. P., & Nathanson, A. I. (1997). Support for censorship of violent and misogynic rap lyrics: An analysis of the third-person effect. Communication Research, 31, 234 255.
33. Meirick, P. C. (2004). Topic-relevant reference groups and dimensions of distance: Political advertising and first- and third-person effects. Communication Research, 31 (2 234 255.
34. Meirick, P. C. (2005). Rethinking the target corollary: The effects of social distance, perceived exposure, and perceived predispositions on first-person and third-person perceptions. Communication Research, 32 (6 822 843.
35. Nardi, B., & Harris, J. (2006). Strangers and friends: Collaborative play in World of Warcraft. Paper presented at the CSCW, Banff, Alberta, Canada.
36. Nunnally, J. (1967). Psychometric theory. New York : McGraw Hill.
37. Oldenburg, R. (1999). The Great Good Place: Cafaes, Coffee Shops, Community Centers, Beauty Parlors, General Stores, Bars, Hangouts, and How They Get You Through The Day. New York : Marlowe & Company.
38. Perloff, R. M. (1993). 3rd-Person Effect Research 1983-1992 - a Review and Synthesis. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 5 (2 167 184.
39. Perloff, R. M. (2002). The third-person effect. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 489 506). Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum.
40. Price, V., Huang, L. N., & Tewksbury, D. (1997). Third-person effects of news coverage: Orientations toward media. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 74, 525 540.
41. Rau, P. L. P., Peng, S. Y., & Yang, C. C. (2006). Time distortion for expert and novice online game players. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 9 (4 396 403.
42. Reid, S. A., Byrne, S., Brundidge, J. S., Shoham, M. D., & Marlow, M. L. (2007). A critical test of self-enhancement, exposure, and self-categorization explanations for first- and third-person perceptions. Human Communication Research, 33, 143 162.
43. Salwen, M. B., & Dupagne, M. (1999). The third-person effect - Perceptions of the media's influence and immoral consequences. Communication Research, 26 (5 523 549.
44. Seay, A. F., & Kraut, R. E. (2007). Project massive: self-regulation and problematic use of online gaming. Paper presented at the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems San Jose, California, USA.
45. Singelis, T. M. (1994). The measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20 (5 580 591.
46. Steinkuehler, C. A., & Williams, D. (2006). Where everybody knows your (screen) name: Online games as "third places". Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11 (4 Retrieved August 1, 2007 from http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol11/issue4/steinkuehler.html.
47. Sun, Y., Pan, Z., & Shen, L. (2008). Understanding the third-person perception: Evidence from a meta-analysis. Journal of Communication, 58, 280 300.
48. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behaviour. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (2nd ed., pp. 7 24). Chicago : Nelson-Hall.
49. Taylor, T. L. (2006). Play between worlds: Exploring online game culture. Cambridge : MIT Press.
50. Thorson, E., & Coyle, J. (1994). The third peson effect in three genres of commercials: Product and greening ads, and public service announcements. In K. King (Ed.), Proceedings of the American Academy of Advertisement (pp. 103 112). Athens GA : University of Georgis.
51. Triandis, H. C. (2001). Individualism-collectivism and personality. Journal of Personality, 69 (6 907 924.
52. Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorisation theory. Oxford and New York : Basil Blackwell.
53. Van Mierlo, J., & Van den Bulck, J. (2004). Benchmarking the cultivation approach to video game effects: a comparison of the correlates of TV viewing and game play. Journal of Adolescence, 27 (1 97 111.
54. Ven, A. H. V. d., & Ferry, D. F. (1980). Measuring and assessing organisations. New York, NY : John Wiley.
55. Walsh, J. P., Kiesler, S., Sproull, L. S., & Hesse, B. W. (1992). Self-selected and randomly selected respondents in a computer network survey. Public Opinion Quarterly, 56 (2 241 244.
56. Wellman, B., Quan-Haase, A., Boase, J., Chen, W., Hampton, K., & Diaz, I. (2003). The social affordances of the Internet for networked individualism. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 8 (3 Retrieved August 2, 2007 from http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol8/issue3/wellman.html.
57. White, H. A. (1997). Considering interacting factors in the third-person effect: Argument strength and social distance. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 74 (3 557 564.
58. Williams, D. (2006). Virtual cultivation: Online worlds, offline perceptions. Journal of Communication, 56 (1 69 87.
59. Williams, D., Ducheneaut, N., Xiong, L., Zhang, Y., Yee, N., & Nickell, E. (2006). From tree house to barracks: The social life of guilds in World of Warcraft. Games and Culture, 1 (4 338 361.
60. Yee, N. (2002). Ariadne: Understanding MMORPG Addiction. Retrieved February 16, 2008 from http://www.nickyee.com/hub/addiction/addiction.pdf.
61. Yee, N. (2006). The demographics, motivations and derived experiences of users of massively-multiuser online graphical environments. Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 15, 309 329.
62. Zhang, J. (2007, 31 May). Virtual equipment induces game addiction and brings huge profit to game companies. Guangzhou Daily.
63. Zhou, C., & Li, Y. (2006, October 24). Game industry should be responsible for game addiction. China Youth Daily.
64. Zhou, R., & Zhang, T. (2005, November 18). The death of an addictive gamer: game companies will face accusation. Xinhua Net.