The effect of single and repeated bouts of prolonged cycling on leukocyte redistribution, neutrophil degranulation, IL-6, and plasma stress hormone responses

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

Volumn 14, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 501-516

  Li, Tzai Li ^a   Gleeson, Michael ^a  

^a LOUGHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Interleukin 6; Leukocyte redistribution; Neutrophil function; Stress hormones

Indexed keywords

CARBOHYDRATE; GLUCOSE; HORMONE; HYDROCORTISONE; INTERLEUKIN 6;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CARBOHYDRATE ANALYSIS; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; CONTROLLED STUDY; CYCLING; CYTOKINE RELEASE; DEGRANULATION; EXERCISE; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HORMONE BLOOD LEVEL; HORMONE RESPONSE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; HYDROCORTISONE BLOOD LEVEL; IMMUNE RESPONSE; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; MALE; MONOCYTOSIS; NEUTROPHIL; NEUTROPHILIA; NORMAL HUMAN; STRESS; TASK PERFORMANCE;

EID: 6344269566     PISSN: 1526484X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.14.5.501     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Ansari-Lari, M.A., T.S. Kickler, and M.J. Borowitz. Immature granulocyte measurement using the Sysmex XE-2100. Relationship to infection and sepsis. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 120:795-799, 2003.
2. Benschop, R.J., M. Rodriguez-Feuerhahn, and M. Schedlowski. Catecholamine-induced leukocytosis: early observations, current research, and future directions. Brain Behav. Immun. 10:77-91, 1996.
3. Blannin, A.K., L.J. Chatwin, R. Cave, and M. Gleeson. Effects of submaximal cycling and long term endurance training on neutrophil phagocytic activity in middle aged men. Br. J. Sports Med. 30:125-129, 1996.
4. Blannin, A.K., M. Gleeson, S. Brooks, and R. Cave. The effects of endurance training in the bacterially stimulated degranulation of human neutrophils in vitro. J. Sport Sci. 15:28, 1997.
5. Clark, J.H. and R.K. Conlee. Muscle and liver glycogen content: diurnal variation and endurance. J. Appl. Physiol. 47:425-428, 1979.
6. Cupps, T.R. and A.S. Fauci. Corticosteroid-mediated immunoregulation in man. Immunol. Rev. 65:133-155, 1982.
7. Dhabhar, F.S. and B.S. McEwen. Acute stress enhances while chronic stress suppresses cell-mediated immunity in vivo: a potential role for leukocyte trafficking. Brain Behav. Immun. 11:286-306, 1997.
8. Dhabhar, F.S., A.H. Miller, M. Stein, B.S. McEwen, and R.L. Spencer. Diurnal and acute stress-induced changes in distribution of peripheral blood leukocyte subpopulations. Brain Behav. Immun. 8:66-79, 1994.
9. Dill, D.B. and D.L. Costill. Calculation of percentage changes in volumes of blood, plasma, and red cells in dehydration. J. Appl. Physiol. 37:247-248, 1974.
10. Elenkov, I.J., R.L. Wilder, G.P. Chrousos, and E.S. Vizi. The sympathetic nerve-an integrative interface between two supersystems: the brain and the immune system. Pharmacol. Rev. 52:595-638, 2000.
11. Fukatsu, K., N. Sato, and H. Shimizu. 50-mile walking race suppresses neutrophil bactericidal function by inducing increases in cortisol and ketone bodies. Life Sci. 58:2337-2343, 1996.
12. Gleeson, M. Interleukins and exercise. J. Physiol. 529:1, 2000.
13. Gleeson, M. Overtraining and stress responses. Sports Exerc. Injury 4:62-68, 1998.
14. Gleeson, M. and N.C. Bishop. Immunology. In: Basic and Applied Sciences for Sports Medicine. R.J. Maughan (Ed.) Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999, pp. 199-236.
15. Haus, E. Chronobiology of circulating blood cells and platelets. In: Biological Rhythms in Clinical and Laboratory Medicine. Y. Touitou and E. Haus (Eds.) Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1994, pp. 504-526.
16. Kappel, M., M.B. Hansen, M. Diamant, J.O.L. Jorgensen, A. Gyhrs, and B.K. Pedersen. Effects of an acute bolus growth hormone infusion on the human immune system. Horm. Metabol. Res. 25:579-585, 1993.
17. Keen, P., D.A. McCarthy, L. Passfield, H.A. Shaker, and A.J. Wade. Leucocyte and erythrocyte counts during a multi-stage cycling race ('the Milk Race'). Br. J. Sports Med. 29:61-65, 1995.
18. Keller, E.T., J. Wanagat, and W.B. Ershler. Molecular and cellular biology of interleukin-6 and its receptor. Front. Biosci. 1:d340-d357, 1996.
19. Mitchell, J.B., D.L. Costill, J.A. Houmard, M.G. Flynn, W.J. Fink, and J.D. Beltz. Influence of carbohydrate ingestion on counterregulatory hormones during prolonged exercise. Int. J. Sports Med. 11:33-36, 1990.
20. Muns, G. Effect of long-distance running on polymorphonuclear neutrophil phagocytic function of the upper airways. Int. J. Sports Med. 15:96-99, 1994.
21. Nieman, D.C. Immune response to heavy exertion. J. Appl. Physiol. 82:1385-1394, 1997.
22. Ostrowski, K., T. Rohde, S. Asp, P. Schjerling, and B.K. Pedersen. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine balance in strenuous exercise in humans. J. Physiol. 515:287-291, 1999.
23. Pedersen, B.K. Exercise and immune function. In: Psychoneuroimmunology: An interdisciplinary introduction. M. Schedlowski and U. Tewes (Eds.) New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 1999, pp. 341-358.
24. Porterfield, S.P. Endocrine Physiology. 2nd ed. St. Louis: A Harcourt Health Sciences Company, 2001.
25. Pyne, D.B. Regulation of neutrophil function during exercise. Sports Med. 17:245-258, 1994.
26. Robson, P.J., A.K. Blannin, N.P. Walsh, L.M. Castell, and M. Gleeson. Effects of exercise intensity, duration and recovery on in vitro neutrophil function in male athletes. Int. J. Sports Med. 20:128-135, 1999.
27. Ronsen, O., E. Haug, B.K. Pedersen, and R. Bahr. Increased neuroendocrine response to a repeated bout of endurance exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 33:568-575, 2001.
28. Ronsen, O., B.K. Pedersen, T.R. Oritsland, R. Bahr, and J. Kjeldsen-Kragh. Leukocyte counts and lymphocyte responsiveness associated with repeated bouts of strenuous endurance exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 91:425-434, 2001.
29. Satabin, P., B. Bois-Joyeux, M. Chanez, C.Y. Guezennec, and J. Peret. Post-exercise glycogen resynthesis in trained high-protein or high-fat-fed rats after glucose feeding. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 58:591-595, 1989.
30. Schwartz, N.S., W.E. Clutter, S.D. Shah, and P.E. Cryer. Glycemic thresholds for activation of glucose counterregulatory systems are higher than the threshold for symptoms. J. Clin. Invest. 79:777-781, 1987.
31. Sitaraman, S.V., D. Merlin, L. Wang, M. Wong, A.T. Gewirtz, M. Si-Tahar, and J.L. Madara. Neutrophil-epithelial crosstalk at the intestinal lumenal surface mediated by reciprocal secretion of adenosine and IL-6. J. Clin. Invest. 107:861-869, 2001.
32. Smith, J.A. Exercise immunology and neutrophils. Int. J. Sports Med. 18:S46-S55, 1997.
33. Steensberg, A., G. Hall, T. Osada, M. Sacchetti, B. Saltin, and B.K. Pedersen. Production of interleukin-6 in contracting human skeletal muscle can account for the exercise-induced increase in plasma interleukin-6. J. Physiol. 529:237-242, 2000.
34. Suwa, T., J.C. Hogg, D. English, and S.F. Van Eeden. Interleukin-6 induces demargination of intravascular neutrophils and shortens their transit in marrow. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 279:H2954-H2960, 2000.
35. Tintinger, G.R., A.J. Theron, R. Anderson, and J.A. Ker. The anti-inflammatory interactions of epinephrine with human neutrophils in vitro are achieved by cyclic AMP-mediated accelerated resequestration of cytosolic calcium. Biochem. Pharmacol. 61:1319-1328, 2001.
36. Walsh, N.P., A.K. Blannin, N. Bishop, P.J. Robson, and M. Gleeson. Effect of oral glutamine supplementation on human neutrophil lipopolysaccharide- stimulated degranulation following prolonged exercise. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 10:39-50, 2000.