Male residence and the patterning of serum testosterone in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops)

Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology

Volumn 56, Issue 6, 2004, Pages 565-578

  Whitten, Patricia L ^a   Turner, Trudy R ^b,c  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MILWAUKEE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Challenge hypothesis; Multimale group; Reproductive skew; Testosterone; Vervet monkey

Indexed keywords

INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION; MATING BEHAVIOR; PRIMATE; TESTOSTERONE;

CERCOCEBUS; CERCOPITHECUS; CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS; PRIMATES;

EID: 6344262179     PISSN: 03405443     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00265-004-0817-2     Document Type: Article

References (146)

1. Alberts SC, Sapolsky RM, Altmann J (1992) Behavioral, endocrine, and immunological correlates of immigration by an aggressive male into a natural primate group. Horm Behav 26:167-178
2. Altmann J (2000) Models of outcome and process: predicting the number of males in primate groups. In: Kappeler PM (ed) Primate males. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 236-247
3. Andelman SJ (1986) Ecological and social determinants of cercopithecine mating patterns. In: Rubenstein DI, Wrangham RW (eds) Ecological aspects of social evolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp 201-216
4. Baldellou M, Henzi SP (1992) Vigilance, predator detection and the presence of supernumerary males in vervet monkey troops. Anim Behav 43:451-461
5. Barrett-Connor E, von Muhlen D, Laughlin GA, Kripke A (1999) Endogenous levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, but not other sex hormones are associated with depressed mood in older women. The Rancho Bernardo Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 47:685-691
6. Barton RA (2000) Socioecology of baboons: the interaction of male and female strategies. In: Kappeler PM (ed) Primate males. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 97-107
7. Beattie CW, Bullock BC (1978) Diurnal variation of serum androgen and estradiol-17β in the adult male green monkey (Cercopithecus sp). Biol Reprod 19:36-39
8. Benefit BR (1999) The key to Old World monkey and catarrhine origins. Evol Anthropol 7:155-174
9. Bentson KL, Capitanio JP, Mendoza SP (2003) Cortisol responses to immobilization with Telazol or ketamine in baboons (Papio cynocephalus/anubis) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). J Med Primatol 32:148-160
10. Bercovitch FB (1996) Testicular function and scrotal color in patas monkeys. J Zool Lond 239:93-100
11. Bernnett JS, Gossett KA, McCarthy MP, Simpson ED (1992) Effect of ketamine hydrochloride on serum biochemical and hematological variables in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Vet Clin Pathol 21:15-18
12. Bernstein IS, Rose RM, Gordon TP (1974) Behavioral and environmental events influencing primate testosterone levels. J Hum Evol 3:517-525
13. Boinski S (1999) Geographic variation in behavior of a primate taxon. In: Foster SA, Endler JA (eds) Geographic variation in behavior: perspectives on evolutionary mechanisms. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 95-120
14. Bolelli G, Muti P, Micheli A, Sciajno R, Franceschetti F, Krogh V, Pisani P, Berrino F (1995) Validity for epidemiological studies of long-term cryoconservation of steroid and protein hormones in serum and plasma. Canc Epidem Biomarkers Prev 4:509-513
15. Brady AG, Koritnik DR, Stevens SW (1985) Hormonal responses to gonadotropin releasing hormone during testicular development in male African green monkeys. J Med Primatol 14:293-304
16. Brett FL, Turner TR, Jolly CJ, Cauble R (1982) Trapping baboons and vervet monkeys from wild free-ranging populations. J Wildl Manage 46:164-174
17. Bribiescas RG (2001) Reproductive ecology and life history of the human male. Yearb Phys Anthropol 44:148-176
18. Brockman DK, Whitten PL, Richard AF, Schneider A (1998) Reproduction in free-ranging male Propithecus verreaxi: the hormonal correlates of mating and aggression. AJPA 105:137-151
19. Brockman DK, Whitten PL, Richard AF, Benander B (2001) Birth season testosterone levels in male Verreauxi's sifaka, Propithecus verreauxi: insights into socio-demographic factors mediating seasonal testicular function. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 49:117-127
20. Buchanan KL, Evans MR, Goldsmith AR, Bryant DM, Rowe LV (2001) Testosterone influences basal metabolic rate in male house sparrows: a new cost of dominance signaling? Proc R Soc Lond B 268:1337-1344
21. Buck CL, Barnes BM (1999) Annual cycle of body composition and hibernation in free-living arctic ground squirrels. J Mammal 80:430-442
22. Carlson AA, Isbell LA (2001) Causes and consequences of single-male and multimale mating in free-ranging patas monkeys, Erythrocebus patas. Anim Behav 62:1047-1058
23. Cavigelli SA, Pereira ME (2000) Mating season aggression and fecal testosterone levels in male ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta). Horm Behav 37:246-255
24. Chandler CR, Ketterson ED, Nolan V Jr (1994) Effects of testosterone on spatial activity in free-ranging male dark-eyed juncos, Junco hyemalis. Anim Behav 47:1445-1455
25. Chandler CR, Ketterson ED, Nolan V Jr (1997) Effects of testosterone on use of space by male dark-eyed juncos when their mates are fertile. Anim Behav 54:543-549
26. Chapman CA, Balcomb SR (1998) Population characteristics of howlers: ecological conditions or group history. Int J Primatol 19:385-403
27. Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM (1987) The influence of intergroup competition on the survival and reproduction of female vervet monkeys. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 21:375-386
28. Clutton-Brock TH (1998) Reproductive skew, concessions and limited control. TREE 13:288-292
29. Clutton-Brock TH, Harvey P (1977) Primate ecology and social organization. J Zool Lond 190:1-39
30. Coe CL, Savage A, Bromley LJ (1992) Phylogenetic influences on hormone levels across the Primate Order. Am J Primatol 28:81-100
31. Colishaw G, Dunbar RIM (1991) Dominance rank and mating success in male primates. Anim Behav 41:1045-1056
32. Cords M (2000) The number of males in guenon groups. Primate males: history and theory. In: Kappeler PM (ed) Primate males. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 84-96
33. Creel S, Wildt DE, Monfort SL (1993) Aggression, reproduction, and androgens in wild dwarf mongooses: a test of the challenge hypothesis. Am Nat 141:816-825
34. Crook JH, Gartlan JC (1966) Evolution of primate societies. Nature 210:1200-1203
35. Davies NB (1991) Mating systems. In: Krebs JR, Davies NB (eds) Behavioural ecology: an evolutionary approach. Blackwell, Boston, pp 263-299
36. Davies NB (2000) Multimale breeding groups in birds: ecological causes and social conflicts. Primate males: history and theory. In: Kappeler PM (ed) Primate males. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 11-20
37. Disotell TR (1996) The phylogeny of Old World monkeys. Evol Anthropol 5:18-24
38. Dixson AF (1998) Primate sexuality: comparative studies of the prosimians, monkeys, apes, and human beings. Oxford University Press, Oxford
39. Dracopoli NC, Brett FL, Turner TR, Jolly CJ (1983) Patterns of genetic variability in the serum proteins of the Kenyan vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops). AJPA 61:39-49
40. Dunbar RIM (1988) Primate social systems. Cornell University Press, Ithaca
41. Dunbar RIM (2000) Male mating strategies: a modeling approach. In: Kappeler PM (ed) Primate males. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 259-268
42. Eisenberg JF (1981) The mammalian radiations: an analysis of trends in evolution, adaptation, and behavior. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
43. Eisenberg JF, Muckenhirn NA, Rudran R (1972) The relation between ecology and social structure in primates. Science 176:863-874
44. Ekanayake DK, Horadagoda NU, Sanjeevani GKM, Arulkanthan A, Gunatilake KAS, Dittus WPG (2003) Hematology of a natural population of toque macaques (Macaco sinica) at Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka. Am J Primatol 61:13-28
45. Eley RM, Else JG, Gulamhusein N, Lequin RM (1986) Reproduction in the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops). I. Testicular volume, testosterone, and seasonality. Am J Primatol 10:229-235
46. Eley RM, Tarara RP, Worthman CM, Else JG (1989) Reproduction in the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops). III. The menstrual cycle. Am J Primatol 17:1-10
47. Ellison PT (2003) Energetics and reproductive effort. Am J Hum Biol 15:342-351
48. Gonzalez CA, Gunnar MR, Levine S (1981) Behavioral and hormonal responses to social disruption and infant stimuli in female rhesus monkeys. Psychoneuroendocrinology 6:53-64
49. Gray PB (2003) Marriage, parenting, and testosterone variation among Kenyan Swahili men. AJPA 122:279-286
50. Grubb P, Butynski TM, Oates JF, Bearder SK, Disotell TR, Groves CP, Struhsaker TT (2003) Assessment of the diversity of African primates. Int J Primatol 24:1301-1357
51. Hamilton JB, Mestler GE (1969) Mortality and survival: comparison of eunuchs with intact men and women in a mentally retarded population. J Gerontol 24:394-411
52. Hamilton JB, Hamilton RS, Mestler GE (1969) Duration of life and cases of death in domestic cats: influence of sex, gonadectomy, and inbreeding. J Gerontol 24:427-437
53. Henzi SP (1985) Genital signalling and the coexistence of male vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops pygerythrus). Folia Primatol 45:129-147
54. Hergovich N, Singer E, Agneter E, Eichler HG, Graselli U, Simhandl C, Jilma B (2001) Comparison of the effects of ketamine and memantine on prolactin and cortisol release in men: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. Neuropsychopharmacology 24:590-593
55. Hess DL, Hendricks AG, Stabenfeldt GH (1979) Reproductive and hormonal patterns in the African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops). J Med Primatol 8:272-281
56. Higley JD, Mehlman PT, Poland RE, Taub DM, Vickers J, Suomi SJ, Linnoila M (1996) CSF testosterone and 5-HIAA correlate with different types of aggressive behaviors. Biol Psychiatry 40:1096-1082
57. Hill RA, Lee PC (1998) Predation risk as an influence on group size in cercopithecoid primates: implications for social structure. J Zool Lond 245:447-456
58. Hill RA, Lycett JE, Dunbar RIM (2000) Ecological and social determinants of birth intervals in baboons. Behav Ecol 11:560-564
59. Hirschenhauser K, Winkler H, Oliveira RF (2003) Comparative analysis of male androgen responsiveness to social environment in birds: the effects of mating system and paternal incubation. Horm Behav 43:508-519
60. Hoof JARAM van (2000) Relationships among non-human primate males: a deductive framework. In: Kappeler PM (ed) Primate males. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 183-191
61. Hrdy SB (1974) Male-male competition and infanticide among langurs (Presbytis entellus) of Abu, Rajasthan. Folia Primatol 22:19-58
62. Hunt KE, Hahn TP, Wingfield JC (1997) Testosterone implants increase song but not aggression in male Lapland longspurs. Anim Behav 54:1177-1192
63. Isbell LA, Young TP (1993) Human presence reduces predation in a free-ranging vervet monkey population in Kenya. Anim Behav 45:1233-1235
64. Isbell LA, Pruetz JD, Young TP (1998) Movements of vervets (Cercopithecus aethiops) and patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) as estimators of food resource size, density, and distribution. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 42:123-133
65. Isbell LA, Cheney DA, Seyfarth RM (2002) Why vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) live in multimale groups. In: Glenn ME, Cords M (eds) The guenons: diversity and adaptation in African monkeys. Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York, pp 173-187
66. Jewell PA (1997) Survival and behaviour of castrated Soay sheep (Ovis aries) in a feral island population on Hirta, St. Kilda, Scotland. J Zool Lond 243:623-636
67. Kappeler PM (2000) Primate males: history and theory. In: Kappeler PM (ed) Primate males. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 3-7
68. Keller L, Reeve HK (1994) Partitioning of reproduction in animal societies. TREE 9:98-103
69. Kenagy GJ, Place NJ (2000) Seasonal changes in plasma glucocorticosteroids of free-living female yellow-pine chipmunks: effects of reproduction and capture and handling. Gen Comp Endocrinol 117:189-199
70. Ketterson ED, Nolan V Jr (1992) Hormones and life histories: an integrative approach. Am Nat 140:S33-S62
71. Kley HK, Schlaghecke R, Kruskemper HL (1985) Stabilitat von steroiden im plasma uber einen zeitraum vom 10 jahren. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 23:875-878
72. Klukowski M, Nelson CE (1998) The challenge hypothesis and seasonal changes in aggression and steroids in male northern fence lizards (Sceloporus undulates hyacinthinus). Horm Behav 33:197-204
73. Kouri EM, Lukas SE, Pope HG Jr, Oliva PS (1995) Increased aggressive responding in male volunteers following the administration of gradually increasing doses of testosterone cypionate. Drug Alcohol Depend 40:73-79
74. Künzl C, Sachser N (1999) The behavioral endocrinology of domestication: a comparison between the domestic guinea pig (Cavia aperea f. porcellus) and its wild ancestor, the cavy (Cavia aperea). Horm Behav 35:38-37
75. Laudenslager ML, Rasmussen KL, Berman CM, Lilly AA, Shelton SE, Kalin NH, Suomi SJ (1999) A preliminary description of responses of free-ranging rhesus monkeys to brief capture experiences: behavior, endocrine, immune, and health relationships. Brain Behav Immun 13:124-137
76. Laughlin GA, Barrett-Connor E (2000) Sexual dimorphism in the influence of advanced aging on adrenal hormone levels. The Rancho Bernardo Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:3561-3568
77. Laughlin GA, Barrett-Connor E, Kritz-Silverstein D, von Muhlen D (2000) Hysterectomy, oophorectomy, and endogenous sex hormone levels in older women: the Rancho Bernardo Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:645-651
78. Lee PC (1994) Social structure and evolution. In: Slater PJB, Halliday TR (eds) Behaviour and evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 266-303
79. Lilly AA, Mehlman PT, Higley JD (1999) Trait-like immunological and hematological measures in female rhesus across varied environmental conditions. Am J Primatol 48:197-223
80. Logan CA, Wingfield JC (1990) Autumnal territorial aggression is independent of plasma testostosterone in mockingbirds. Horm Behav 24:568-581
81. Lonstein JS, De Vries GJ (1999) Sex differences in the parental behaviour of adult virgin prairie voles: independence from gonadal hormones and vasopressin. J Neuroendocrinol 11:441-449
82. Lott DF (1984) Intraspecific variation in the social systems of wild vertebrates. Behaviour 88:266-325
83. Lynch JW, Ziegler TE, Strier KB (2002) Individual and seasonal variation in fecal testosterone and cortisol levels of wild male tufted capuchin monkeys, Cebus apella nigritus. Horm Behav 41:275-287
84. Malaivijitnond S, Takenaka O, Sankai T, Yoshida T, Cho F, Yoshikawa Y (1998) Effects of single and multiple injections of ketamine hydrochloride on serum hormone concentrations in male cynomologous monkeys. Lab Anim Sci 48:270-274
85. Martin RD (2002) Primatology as an essential basis for biological anthropology. Evol Anthropol [Suppl 1]:3-6
86. Matt KS, Moore MC, Knapp R, Moore IT (1997) Sympathetic mediation of stress and aggressive competition: plasma catecholamines in free living male tree lizards. Physiol Behav 61:639-647
87. McGuire MT, Brammer GL, Raleigh MJ (1986) Resting cortisol levels and the emergence of dominant status among male vervet monkeys. Horm Behav 20:106-117
88. Meddle SL, Romero LM, Astheimer LB, Buttemer WA, Moore IT, Wingfield JC (2002) Steroid hormone interrelationships with territorial aggression in an arctic-breeding songbird, Gambel's white-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii. Horm Behav 42:212-221
89. Mendoza SP, Reeder DM, Mason WA (2002) Nature of proximate mechanisms underlying primate social systems: simplicity and redundancy. Evol Anthropol [Supp 1]:112-116
90. Michael RP, Zumpe D, Bonsall RW (1986) Comparison of the effects of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone on the behavior of male cynomologous monkeys (Macaco fascicularis). Physiol Behav 36:349-355
91. Mitani JC, Gros-Louis J, Manson JH (1996) Number of males in primate groups - comparative tests of competing hypotheses. Am J Primatol 38:315-332
92. Moore MC (1991) Application of organization-activation theory to alternative male reproductive strategies: a review. Horm Behav 25:154-179
93. Moore SL, Wilson K (2002) Parasites as a viability cost of natural selection in natural populations of mammals. Science 297:2015-2018
94. Müller AE, Thalmann U (2000) Origin and evolution of primate social organization: a reconstruction. Biol Rev 75:405-435
95. Muller MN, Wrangham RW (2001) The reproductive ecology of male hominoids. In: Ellison PT (ed) Reproductive ecology and human evolution. Aldine de Gruyter, New York, pp 397-427
96. Muller MN, Wrangham RW (2004) Dominance, aggression and testosterone in wild chimpanzees: a test of the 'challenge hypothesis'. Anim Behav 67:113-123
97. Nunn CL (1999) The number of males in primate social groups: a comparative test of the socioecological model. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 46:1-13
98. Oliveira RF, Hirschenhauser K, Carneiro LA, Canario AVM (2002) Social modulation of androgen levels in male teleost fish. Comp Biochem Physiol Part B 132:203-215
99. Olweus D, Mattsson A, Low H (1988) Circulating testosterone levels and aggression in adolescent males: a causal analysis. Psychosom Med 50:261-272
100. Orentreich N, Brind JL, Vogelman HH, Andres R, Baldwin H (1992) Long-term longitudinal measurements of plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75:1002-1004
101. Owens IPF (2002) Sex differences in mortality rate. Science 297:2008-2009
102. Place NJ, Beloso C, VIsser GH, Kenagy GJ (2002) Energy expenditure and testosterone in free-living yellow-pine chipmunks. J Exp Zool 292:460-467
103. Plavcan JM, van Schaik CP (1997) Intrasexual competition and body weight dimorphism in anthropoid primates. AJPA 103:37-68
104. Pope HG Jr, Kouri E, Hudson JI (2000) Effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on mood and aggression in normal men: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychol 57:133-140
105. Rapkin AJ, Pollack DB, Raleigh MJ, Stone B, McGuire MT (1995) Menstrual-cycle and social-behavior in vervet monkeys. Psychoneuroendocrinology 20:289-297
106. Reeve HK, Keller L (2001) Tests of reproductive-skew models in social insects. Ann Rev Entomol 46:347-385
107. Rice WR (1989) Analyzing tables of statistical tests. Evolution 43:223-225
108. Ridley M (1986) The number of males in a primate troop. Anim Behav 34:1848-1858
109. Rose RM, Holaday JW, Bernstein IS (1971) Plasma testosterone, dominance rank and aggressive behavior in male rhesus monkeys. Nature 231:366-368
110. Rose RM, Bernstein IS, Gordan TP (1975) Consequences of social conflict on plasma testosterone levels of rhesus monkeys. Psychosom Med 37:50-61
111. Rostal DC, Glick BB, Eaton GG Resko JA (1986) Seasonality of adult male Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata): androgens and behavior in a confined troop. Horm Behav 20:452-462
112. Rowell TE (1988) The social system of guenons, compared with baboons, macaques and mangabeys. In: Gautier-Hion A, Bourliere F, Gautier J-P, Kingdon J (eds) A primate radiation: evolutionary biology of the African guenons. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 439-451
113. Sapolsky RM (1982) The endocrine stress-response and social status in the wild baboon. Horm Behav 16:279-292
114. Sapolsky RM (1983) Endocrine aspects of social instability in the olive baboon. Am J Primatol 5:365-372
115. Sapolsky RM (1991) Testicular function, social rank and personality among wild baboons. Psychoneuroendocrinology 16:281-297
116. Sapolsky RM (1993) Endocrinology alfresco: Psychoneuroendocrine studies of wild baboons. Rec Prog Horm Res 48:437-465
117. Schaik CP van (2000) Social counterstrategies against infanticide by males in primates and other mammals. Primate males: history and theory. In: Kappeler PM (ed) Primate males. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 34-52
118. Schaik CP van (2001) Infanticide by male primates: the sexual selection hypothesis revisited. In: van Schaik CP, Janson CH (eds) Infanticide by males and its implications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 27-60
119. Schaik CP van, Höstermann M (1994) Predation risk and the number of males in a primate group: a comparative test. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 35:261-272
120. Schwabl H, Kriner E (1991) Territorial aggression and song of male European robins (Erithacus rubecula) in autumn and spring: effects of antiandrogen treatment. Horm Behav 25:180-194
121. Sgoifo A, de Goer SF, Haller J, Koolhaas JM (1996) Individual differences in plasma catecholamine and corticosterone stress responses of wild-type rats: relationship with aggression. Physiol Behav 60:1403-1407
122. Smith TE, French JA (1997) Psychosocial stress and urinary cortisol excretion in marmoset monkeys. Physiol Behav 62:225-232
123. Soma KK, Bindra RK, Gee J, Wingfield JC, Schlinger BA (1999) Androgen-metabolizing enzymes show region-specific changes across the breeding season in the brain of a wild songbird. J Neurobiol 41:176-188
124. Soma KK, Wissman AM, Brenowitz EA, Wingfield JC (2002) Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) increases territorial song and the size of an associated brain region in a male songbird. Horm Behav 41:203-212
125. Sorenson LG, Nolan PM, Brown AM, Derrickson Sr, Monfort SL (1997) Hormonal dynamics during mate choice in the northern pintail: a test of the 'challenge' hypothesis. Anim Behav 54:1117-1133
126. Steklis HD, Brammer GL, Raleigh MJ, McGuire MT (1985) Serum testosterone, male dominance, and aggression in captive groups of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus). Horm Behav 19:154-163
127. Sterck EHM, van Hoof JARAM (2000) The number of males in langur groups: monopolizability of females or demographic process? In: Kappeler PM (ed) Primate males. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 120-129
128. Suzuki J, Kato A, Maeda N, Hashimoto C, Uchikoshi M, Mizutani T, Doke C, Matsuzawa T (2003) Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I, testosterone and morphological changes in the growth of captive agile gibbons (Hylobates agilis) from birth to adolescence. Primates 44:273-280
129. Tanriverdi F, Silveira LFG, MacColl GS, Bouloux PMG (2003) The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis: immune function and autoimmunity. J Endocrinol 176:293-304
130. Trainor BC, Marier CA (2001) Testosterone, paternal behavior, and aggression in the monogamous California mouse (Peromyscus californicus). Horm Behav 40:32-42
131. Turner TR, Whitten PL, Jolly CJ, Else JG (1987) Pregnancy outcome in free-ranging vervet monkeys. Am J Primatol 12:197-203
132. Turner TR, Anapol F, Jolly CJ (1997) Growth, development, and sexual dimorphism in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) at four sites in Kenya. AJPA 103:37-68
133. Wallen K, Eisler JA, Tannenbaum PL, Nagel KM, Mann DR (1991) Antide (NAL-LYS GnRH Antagonist) suppression of pituitary-testicular function and sexual behavior in group-living rhesus monkeys. Physiol Behav 50:429-435
134. Wang Z, De Vries GJ (1993) Testosterone effects on paternal behavior and vasopressin immunoreactive projections in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). Brain Res 631:156-160
135. Welle S, Jozefowicz R, Forbes G, Griggs RC (1992) Effect of testosterone on metabolic rate and body composition in normal men and men with muscular dystrophy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 74:332-335
136. Whitten PL (1982) Female reproductive strategies among vervet monkeys. PhD Thesis, Harvard University
137. Whitten PL (1983) Diet and dominance among female vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). Am J Primatol 5:139-159
138. Whitten PL (2000) Evolutionary endocrinology of the cercopithecoids. In: Whitehead P, Jolly C (eds) Old world monkeys. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 269-297
139. Whitten PL, Russell E (1996) Information content of sexual swellings and fecal steroids in sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus atys). Am J Primatol 40:67-82
140. Wiley CJ, Goldizen AW (2003) Testosterone is correlated with courtship but not aggression in the tropical buff-banded rail, Gallirallus philippensis. Horm Behav 43:554-560
141. Wingfield JC (1994) Hormone-behavior interactions and mating systems in male and female birds. In: Short RV, Balaban BB (eds) The differences between the sexes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 303-330
142. Wingfield JC, Hunt KE (2002) Arctic spring: hormone-behavior interactions in a severe environment. Comp Biochem Physiol Part B 132:275-286
143. Wingfield JC, Lewis DM (1993) Hormonal and behavioural responses to simulated territorial intrusion in the cooperatively breeding white-browed sparrow weaver, Plocepasser mahali. Anim Behav 45:1-11
144. Wingfield JC, Hegner RE, Dufty AM Jr, Ball GF (1990) The "challenge hypothesis": theoretical implications for patterns of testosterone secretion, mating systems, and breeding strategies. Am Nat 136:829-846
145. Ziegler TE, Wegner FH, Carlson AA, Lazaro-Perea C, Snowdon CT (2000) Prolactin levels during the periparturitional period in the biparental cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus): interactions with gender, androgen levels, and parenting. Horm Behav 38:111-122
146. Zuk M, McKean KA (1996) Sex differences in parasite infections: patterns and process. Int J Parasitol 26:1009-1024