The number of males in primate social groups: A comparative test of the socioecological model

Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology

Volumn 46, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 1-13

  Nunn, Charles L ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Comparative methods; Group composition; Mating synchrony; Phylogeny; Primates

Indexed keywords

COMPARATIVE STUDY; MODEL; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; SOCIAL STRUCTURE;

EID: 0033016002     PISSN: 03405443     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s002650050586     Document Type: Review

References (93)

1. Alberts S. Altmann J (1995) Balancing costs and opportunities: dispersal in male baboons. Am Nat 145:279-306
2. Altmann J (1990) Primate males go where the females are. Anim Behav 39:193-195
3. Altmann J (1999) Predicting the number of males in primate groups: models of outcome and process. In: Kappeler PM (ed) Primate males. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
4. Altmann SA, Altmann J (1970) Baboon ecology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
5. Andelman SJ (1986) Ecological and social determinants of cercopithecine mating patterns. In: Rubenstein DI, Wrangham RW (eds) Ecological aspects of social evolution: birds and mammals. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, pp 201-216
6. Boinski S (1987a) Birth synchrony in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri oerstedi). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 21:393-400
7. Boinski S (1987b) Mating patterns in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri oerstedi). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 21:13-21
8. Brotherton PNM, Manser MB (1997) Female dispersion and the evolution of monogamy in the dik-dik. Anim Behav 54:1413-1424
9. Cheney DL (1987) Interactions and relationships between groups. In: Smuts BB, Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Wrangham RW, Struhsaker TT (eds) Primate societies. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 267-281
10. Clutton-Brock TH (1989) Mammalian mating systems. Proc R Soc Lond B 236:339-372
11. Clutton-Brock TH, Harvey PH (1976) Evolutionary rules and primate societies. In: Bateson PPG, Hinde RA (eds) Growing points in ethology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 195-237
12. Clutton-Brock TH, Harvey PH (1977) Primate ecology and social organization. J Zool 183:1-39
13. Clutton-Brock TH, Harvey PH (1984) Comparative approaches to investigating adaptation. In: Krebs JR, Davies NB (eds) Behavioural ecology. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 7-29
14. Cords M (1984) Mating patterns and social structure in redtail monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius). Z Tierpsychol 64:313-329
15. Crook JH, Gartlan JC (1966) Evolution of primate societies. Nature 210:1200-1203
16. Cunningham CW, Omland KE, Oakley TH (1998) Reconstructing ancestral character states: a critical reappraisal. Trends Ecol Evolution 13:361-366
17. Deaner RO, Nunn CL (1999) How quickly do brains catch up with bodies? A comparative method for detecting evolutionary lag. Proc R Soc Lond B
18. DeVore I, Hall KRL (1965) Baboon ecology. In: DeVore I (ed) Primate behavior: field studies of monkeys and apes. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, pp 20-52
19. Digby L, Ferrari S (1994) Multiple breeding females in free-ranging groups of Callithrix jacchus. Int J Primatol 15:389-397
20. Donoghue MJ, Ackerly DD (1996) Phylogenetic uncertainties and sensitivity analyses in comparative biology. Proc R Soc Lond B 351:1241-1249
21. Dunbar RIM (1988) Primate social systems. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY
22. Dunbar RIM (1999) Male mating strategies: an optimal foraging problem. In: Kappeler P (ed) Primate males. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
23. Eisenberg JF, Muckenhirn NA, Rudran R (1972) The relation between ecology and social structure in primates. Science 176:863-874
24. Emlen ST, Oring LW (1977) Ecology, sexual selection, and the evolution of mating systems. Science 197:215-223
25. Engel J, Lamprecht J (1997) Doing what everybody does? A procedure for investigating behavioural synchrony. J Theor Biol 185:255-262
26. Estes RD, Estes RK (1979) The birth and survival of wildebeest calves. Z Tierpsychol 50:45-95
27. Felsenstein J (1985) Phylogenies and the comparative method. Am Nat 125:1-15
28. Garber PA, Encarnación F, Moya L, Pruetz JD (1993) Demographic and reproductive patterns in moustached tamarin monkeys (Saguinus mystax): implications for reconstructing platyrrhine mating systems. Am J Primatol 29:235-254
29. Garland T, Harvey PH, Ives AR (1992) Procedures for the analysis of comparative data using phylogenetically independent contrasts. Syst Biol 4:18-32
30. Garland T, Dickerman AW, Janis CM, Jones JA (1993) Phylogenetic analysis of covariance by computer simulation. Syst Biol 42:265-292
31. Gordon TP (1981) Reproductive behavior in the rhesus monkey: social and endocrine variables. Am Zool 21:185-195
32. Grafen A (1989) The phylogenetic regression. Phil Trans R Soc 326:119-157
33. Harcourt AH, Fossey D, Stewart KJ, Watts DP (1980) Reproduction in wild gorillas and some comparisons with chimpanzees. J Reprod Fertil 28[Suppl]:59-70
34. Harding RSO, Olson DK (1986) Patterns of mating among male patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) in Kenya. Am J Primatol 11:343-358
35. Harvey PH, Clutton-Brock TH (1985) Life history variation in primates. Evolution 39:559-581
36. Harvey PH, Pagel MD (1991) The comparative method in evolutionary biology. Oxford University Press, Oxford
37. Hausfater G (1975) Dominance and reproduction in baboons (Papio cynocephalus): a quantitative analysis. Contrib Primatol 7:1-150
38. Hrdy SB, Whitten PL (1987) Patterning of sexual activity. In: Smuts BB, Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Wrangham RW, Struhsaker TT (eds) Primates societies. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 370-384
39. Ims RA (1988) Spatial clumping of sexually receptive females induces space sharing among male voles. Nature 335:541-543
40. Janson CH (1984) Female choice and mating system of the brown capuchin monkey Cebus apella (Primates: Cebidae). Z Tierpsychol 65:177-200
41. Knowlton N (1979) Reproductive synchrony, parental investment, and the evolutionary dynamics of sexual selection. Anim Behav 27:1022-1033
42. Komers PE, Brotherton PNM (1997) Female space use is the best predictor of monogamy in mammals. Proc R Soc Lond B 264: 1261-1270
43. Kummer H (1968) Social organization of hamadryas baboons. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
44. Manson JH, Perry S, Parish AR (1997) Nonconceptive sexual behavior in bonobos and capuchins. Int J Primatol 18:767-786
45. Martins EP, Hansen TF (1996) The statistical analysis of interspecific data: a review and evaluation of phylogenetic comparative methods. In: Martins EP (ed) Phytogenies and the comparative method in animal behavior. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 22-75
46. McClintock MK (1981) Social control of the ovarian cycle and the function of estrous synchrony. Am Zool 21:243-256
47. McClintock MK (1983) Pheromonal regulation of the ovarian cycle: enhancement, suppression and synchrony. In: Vandenberg JG (ed) Pheromones and reproduction in mammals. Academic Press, New York, pp 113-150
48. Mitani JC, Gros-Louis J, Manson JH (1996) Number of males in primate groups: comparative tests of competing hypotheses. Am J Primatol 38:315-332
49. Møller AP, Birkhead TR (1992) A pairwise comparative method as illustrated by copulation frequency in birds. Am Nat 139:644-656
50. Nadler RD (1994) Walter Heape and the issue of estrus in primates. Am J Primatol 33:83-87
51. Newton PN (1988) The variable social organization of Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus), infanticide, and the monopolization of females. Int J Primatol 9:59-77
52. Noë R, Sluijter AA (1990) Reproductive tactics of male savanna baboons. Behaviour 113:117-170
53. Noordwijk MA van (1985) Sexual behavior of Sumatran longtailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Z Tierpsychol 70:277-296
54. Nunn CL (1999a) Collective goods, free-riders, and male extragroup conflict. In: Kappeler P (ed) Primate males. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
55. Nunn CL (1999b) The evolution of exaggerated sexual swellings in primates and the graded signal hypothesis. Anim Behav
56. Nunn CL, Lewis RJ (1999) Cooperation and collective action in animal behaviour. In: Noë R, Hammerstein P, Hooff JARAM van (eds) Economics in nature. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
57. Oi T (1996) Sexual behaviour and mating system of the wild pigtailed macaque in West Sumatra. In: Fa JE, Lindburg DG (eds) Evolution and ecology of macaque societies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 342-368
58. Okayasu N (1992) Prolonged estrus in female Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui) and the social influence on estrus: with special reference to male intertroop movement. In: Itoigawa N, Sugiyama Y, Sackett GP, Thompson RKR (eds) Topics in primatology, vol 2, pp 163-178
59. Omland K (1997) Examining two standard assumptions of ancestral reconstructions: repeated loss of dichromatism in dabbling ducks (Anatini). Evolution 51:1636-1646
60. Pagel M (1994) Detecting correlated evolution on phylogenies: a general method for the comparative analysis of discrete characters. Proc R Soc Lond B 255:37-45
61. Paul A (1997) Breeding seasonality affects the association between dominance and reproductive success in non-human male primates. Folia Primatol 68:344-349
62. Pereira ME (1991) Asynchrony within estrous synchrony among ringtailed lemurs (Primates: Lemuridae). Physiol Behav 49: 47-52
63. Pereira ME, Weiss ML (1991) Female mate choice, male migration, and the threat of infanticide in ringtailed lemurs. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 28:141-152
64. Purvis A (1995) A composite estimate of primate phylogeny. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 348:405-421
65. Purvis A, Rambaut A (1995) Comparative analysis by independent contrasts (CAIC): an Apple Macintosh application for analysing comparative data. Comput Appl Biosci 11:247-251
66. Quinn JF, Dunham AE (1983) On hypothesis testing in ecology and evolution. Am Nat 122:602-617
67. Rhine RJ (1995) Quantifying synchrony among reproductive or other states. Am J Primatol 36:201-212
68. Rice WR (1996) Sexually antagonistic male adaptation triggered by experimental arrest of female evolution. Nature 381:232-234
69. Ridley M (1986) The number of males in a primate troop. Anim Behav 34:1848-1858
70. Rowell TE (1988) Beyond the one-male group. Behaviour 104:189-201
71. Rowell TE, Dixson AF (1975) Changes in social organization during the breeding season of wild talapoin monkeys. J Reprod Fertil 43:419-434
72. Sauther ML (1991) Reproductive behavior of free-ranging Lemur catta at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar. Am J Phys Anthropol 84:463-477
73. Schaik CP van (1996) Social evolution in primates: the role of ecological factors and male behavior. Proc Br Acad 88:9-31
74. Schaik CP van, Hooff JARAM van (1983) On the ultimate causes of primate social systems. Behaviour 85:91-117
75. Schaik CP van, Hörstermann M (1994) Predation risk and the number of adult males in a primate group: a comparative test. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 35:261-272
76. Schaik CP van, Kappeler PM (1993) Life history, activity period and lemur social systems. In: Kappeler PM, Ganzhorn JU (eds) Lemur social systems and their ecological basis. Plenum, New York, pp 241-260
77. Schaik CP van, Noordwijk MA van, Nunn CL (1999) Sex and social evolution in primates. In: Lee PC (ed) Primate socioecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
78. Schank JC (1997) Problems with dimensionless measurement models of synchrony in biological systems. Am J Primatol 41:65-85
79. Schluter D, Price T, Mooers AO, Ludwig D (1998) Likelihood of ancestor states in adaptive radiation. Evolution 51:1699-1711
80. Smuts BB (1987) Sexual competition and mate choice. In: Smuts BB, Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Wrangham RW, Struhsaker TT (eds) Primates societies. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 385-399
81. Smuts BB, Smuts RW (1993) Male aggression and sexual coercion of females in nonhuman primates and other mammals: evidence and theoretical implications. Adv Study Behav 22:1-63
82. Sokal RR, Rohlf FJ (1995) Biometry. Freeman, New York
83. Srivastava A, Dunbar RIM (1996) The mating system of Hanuman langurs: a problem in optimal foraging. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 39:219-226
84. Strassman BI (1997) The biology of menstruation in Homo sapiens: total lifetime menses, fecundity, and nonsynchrony in a natural-fertility population. Curr Anthropol 38:123-129
85. Wallis J (1985) Synchrony of estrous swelling in captive group-living chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Int J Primatol 6:335-350
86. Wallis J (1989) Synchrony of menstrual cycles in captive group-living baboons (Papio cynocephalus and Papio anubis). Am J Primatol 18:167-189
87. Wallis J (1992) Socioenvironmental effects on timing of first post-partum cycles in chimpanzees. In: T. Nishida, McGrew W, Marier P, Pickford M, Waal F de (eds) Topics in primatology. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, pp 119-129
88. Wallis J (1995) Seasonal influence on reproduction in chimpanzees of Gombe National Park. Int J Primatol 16:435-451
89. Wallis J (1997) A survey of reproductive parameters in the free-ranging chimpanzees of Gombe National Park. J Reprod Fertil 109:297-307
90. Watts DP (1990) Mountain gorilla life histories, reproductive competition, and sociosexual behavior and some implications for husbandry. Zoo Biol 9:185-200
91. Wrangham RW (1979) On the evolution of ape social systems. Soc Sci Inform 18:335-368
92. Yeager CP (1990) Notes on the sexual behavior of the proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus). Am J Primatol 21:223-227
93. Zinner D, Schwibbe MH, Kaumans W (1994) Cycle synchrony and probability of conception in female hamadryas baboons, Papio hamadryas. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 35:175-183