Extreme localization of electrons in space and time

Ultramicroscopy

Volumn 109, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 423-429

  Hommelhoff, Peter ^a   Kealhofer, Catherine ^a   Aghajani Talesh, Anoush ^a   Sortais, Yvan R P ^a   Foreman, Seth M ^a   Kasevich, Mark A ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Femtosecond laser; Field emission; Field ion microscope; Laser matter interaction; Tunnel ionization

Indexed keywords

ATTOSECOND PHYSICS; ELECTRON PULSE; FEMTO SECOND LASER PULSE; FEMTOSECOND LASER; FEMTOSECOND TIME SCALE; FEW CYCLES; FIELD ION MICROSCOPE; GAS-PHASE; LASER ILLUMINATIONS; LASER-MATTER INTERACTION; METAL TIPS; SINGLE ATOMS; SPACE AND TIME; TUNNEL IONIZATION;

FIELD EMISSION; ION MICROSCOPES; IONIZATION OF GASES; LASERS; LEAKAGE (FLUID); TUNNELS; ULTRASHORT PULSES;

PULSED LASER APPLICATIONS;

ARTICLE; ELECTRON; FIELD EMISSION; FIELD ION MICROSCOPE; GAS; ILLUMINATION; IONIZATION; LASER; MICROSCOPE;

EID: 62549143943     PISSN: 03043991     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2008.10.021     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Spence J.C.H. High-Resolution Electron Microscopy (2003), Oxford University Press, New York
2. Siwick B.J., Dwyer J.R., Jordan R.E., and Miller R.J.D. An atomic-level view of melting using femtosecond electron diffraction. Science 302 (2003) 1382-1385
3. Gedik N., Yang D.-S., Logvenov G., Bozovic I., and Zewail A.H. Nonequilibrium phase transitions in cuprates observed by ultrafast electron crystallography. Science 316 (2007) 425-429
4. Plettner T., Lu P.P., and Byer R.L. Proposed few-optical cycle laser-driven particle accelerator structure. Phys. Rev. ST AB 9 (2006) 111301
5. Caprez A., Barwick B., and Batelaan H. Macroscopic test of the Aharonov-Bohm effect. Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 (2007) 210401
6. Merschdorf M., Pfeiffer W., Thon A., and Gerber G. Hot electron tunneling in femtosecond laser-assisted scanning tunneling microscopy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 (2002) 286
7. Grafström S. Photoassisted scanning tunneling microscopy. J. Appl. Phys. 91 (2002) 1717-1753
8. Ropers C., Solli D.R., Schulz C.P., Lienau C., and Elsaesser T. Localized multiphoton emission of femtosecond electron pulses from metal nanotips. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 (2007) 043907
9. Aeschlimann M., Bauer M., Bayer D., Brixner T., de Abajo F.J., Pfeiffer W., Rohmer M., Spindler C., and Steeb F. Adaptive subwavelength control of nano-optical fields. Nature 446 7133 (2007) 301-304
10. Vella A., Deconihout B., Marrucci L., and Santamato E. Femtosecond field ion emission by surface optical rectification. Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 4 (2007) 046103
11. Keldysh L.V. Ionization in the field of a strong electromagnetic wave. Sov. Phys. JETP 20 (1965) 1307-1314
12. Bunkin F.V., and Fedorov M.V. Cold emission of electrons from the surface of a metal in a strong radiation field. Sov. Phys. JETP 21 (1965) 896-899
13. Krause J.L., Schafer K.J., and Kulander K.C. High-order harmonic-generation from atoms and ions in the high-intensity regime. Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 24 (1992) 3535-3538
14. Corkum P.B. Plasma perspective on strong-field multiphoton ionization. Phys. Rev. Lett. 71 13 (1993) 1994-1997
15. Lewenstein M., Balcou P., Ivanov M.Y., Lhuiller A., and Corkum P.B. Theory of high-harmonic generation by low-frequency laser fields. Phys. Rev. A 49 3 (1994) 2117-2132
16. For a recent review see, for example, H. Kapteyn, O. Cohen, I. Christov, M. Murnane, Harnessing attosecond science in the quest for coherent X-rays, Science 317 (5839) (2007) 775-778.
17. Lee M.J.G. Field emission of hot electrons from tungsten. Phys. Rev. Lett. 30 (1973) 1193-1196
18. Hommelhoff P., Sortais Y., Aghajani-Talesh A., and Kasevich M.A. Field emission tip as a nanometer source of free electron femtosecond pulses. Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 (2006) 077401
19. Hommelhoff P., Kealhofer C., and Kasevich M.A. Ultrafast electron pulses from a tungsten tip triggered by low-power femtosecond laser pulses. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 (2006) 247402
20. Uiberacker M., Uphues T., Schultze M., Verhoef A.J., Yakovlev V., Kling M.F., Rauschenberger J., Kabachnik N.M., Schroder H., Lezius M., Kompa K.L., Muller H.G., Vrakking M.J.J., Hendel S., Kleineberg U., Heinzmann U., Drescher M., and Krausz F. Attosecond real-time observation of electron tunnelling in atoms. Nature 446 7136 (2007) 627-632
21. Colosimo P., Doumy G., Blaga C.I., Wheeler J., Hauri C., Catoire F., Tate J., Chirla R., March A.M., Paulus G.G., Muller H.G., Agostini P., and Dimauro L.F. Scaling strong-field interactions towards the classical limit. Nat. Phys. 4 5 (2008) 386-389
22. Tisch J.W.G. Attosecond physics-ultrafast goes ultralong. Nat. Phys. 4 5 (2008) 350-351
23. Reiss H.R. Inherent contradictions in the tunneling-multiphoton dichotomy. Phys. Rev. A 75 (2007) 031404
24. P. Hommelhoff, C. Kealhofer, M.A. Kasevich, Femtosecond laser meets field emission tip-a sensor for the carrier envelope phase?, in: Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Expositions, vols. 1, 2, 2006, pp. 470-474.
25. Hagmann M.J., and Mousa M.S. Simulation of sub-femtosecond response in laser-assisted field emission. Ultramicroscopy 107 9 (2007) 849-853
26. For a review see, for example, T. Udem, R. Holzwarth, T.W. Hänsch, Optical frequency metrology, Nature 416 (6877) (2002) 233-237.
27. Diels J.-C., and Rudolph W. Ultrashort Laser Pulse Phenomena. second ed. (2006), Academic Press, San Diego
28. For a review see, for example, G. Steinmeier, Femtosecond dispersion compensation with multilayer coatings: toward the optical octave, Appl. Opt. 45 (7) (2006) 1484-1490.
29. Verluise F., Laude V., Cheng Z., Spielmann C., and Tournois P. Amplitude and phase control of ultrashort pulses by use of an acousto-optic programmable dispersive filter: pulse compression and shaping. Opt. Lett. 25 8 (2000) 575-577
30. See, for example, L. Novotny, S.J. Stranick, Near-field optical microscopy and spectroscopy with pointed probes, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 57 (2006) 303-331 and references therein.
31. Bor Z. Distortion of femtosecond laser pulses in lenses. Opt. Lett. 14 (1989) 119-121
32. Larson A.M., and Yeh A.T. Ex vivo characterization of sub-10-fs pulses. Opt. Lett. 31 11 (2006) 1681-1683
33. Kempe M., Stamm U., Wilhelmi B., and Rudolph W. Spatial and temporal transformations of femtosecond laser pulses by lenses and lens systems. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 9 (1992) 1158-1165
34. Horváth Z.I., and Bor Z. Focusing of femtosecond pulses having Gaussian spatial distribution. Opt. Commun. 100 (1993) 6-12
35. Binh V.T., Garcia N., and Purcell S.T. Electron field emission from atom-sources: fabrication, properties, and application of nanotips. Adv. Imag. Electron Phys. 95 (1996) 63-153
36. Qian W., Scheinfein M., and Spence J. Brightness measurements of nanometer-sized field-emission-electron sources. J. Appl. Phys. 73 (1993) 7041-7045
37. Fink H.-W. Mono-atomic tips for scanning tunneling microscopy. IBM J. Res. Dev. 30 (1986) 460-465
38. M. Miller, G. Smith, Atom Probe Microanalysis: Principles and Applications to Materials Problems, Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, PA, 1989.
39. Kuo H.-S., Hwang I.-S., Fu T.-Y., Lin Y.-C., Chang C.-C., and Tsong T.T. Noble metal/W(1 1 1) single-atom tips and their field electron and ion emission characteristics. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 45 11 (2006) 8972-8983
40. Fu T.-Y., Cheng L.-C., Nien C.-H., and Tsong T.T. Method of creating a pd-covered single-atom sharp w pyramidal tip: mechanism and energetics of its formation. Phys. Rev. B 64 (2001) 113401
41. Song K.-J., Dong C.-Z., and Madey T.E. Faceting of W(1 1 1) induced by ultrathin pd films. Langmuir 7 (1991) 3019-3026
42. Rokuta E., Itagaki T., Miura D., Moriyama T., Ishikawa T., Cho B., Fu T., Tsong T., and Oshima C. Atomic-scale field emitter with self-repairable function and thermodynamically stable structure: FEM study on Pd-covered nanopyramids on W(1 1 1) tips. Appl. Surf. Sci. 251 1-4 (2005) 205-209
43. Schelev M.Y., Richards M., and Alcock A.J. Image-converter streak camera with picosecond resolution. Appl. Phys. Lett. 18 8 (1971) 354
44. Fill E., Veisz L., Apolonski A., and Krausz F. Sub-fs electron pulses for ultrafast electron diffraction. New J. Phys. 8 (2006) 272
45. Veisz L., Kurkin G., Chernov K., Tarnetsky V., Apolonski A., Krausz F., and Fill E. Hybrid dc-ac electron gun for fs-electron pulse generation. New J. Phys. 9 (2007) 451
46. Baum P., and Zewail A.H. Attosecond electron pulses for 4d diffraction and microscopy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104 (2007) 18409-18414
47. Mackie W.A., Hartman R.L., and Davis P.R. High current density field emission from transition metal carbides. Appl. Surf. Sci. 67 (1993) 29-35
48. Yudin G.L., and Ivanov M.Yu. Nonadiabatic tunnel ionization: looking inside a laser cycle. Phys. Rev. B 64 (2001) 013409