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0345301917
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note
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6 enhancement in scattering cross-section as compared with x-rays. The result is that the mean free path for elastic scattering of electrons (∼25 nm for 30-keV electrons through Al) is nearly perfectly matched with the excitation volume in studies of laser-induced phase transitions, which is inherently limited to several times the optical penetration depth.
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0344007573
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note
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Materials and methods are available as supporting material on Science Online.
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0345301916
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note
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The electron pulse duration (at the sample) is strongly dependent on the number of electrons in the pulse and on the beam diameter. pulses containing 6000± 500 electrons, as used in these experiments, have a duration of 600 ± 100 fs at the sample, whereas pulses containing 3000 ± 500 electrons have a duration of only 450 ± 50 fs.
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21
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0344438871
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note
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3K [from (21)].
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24
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0036496430
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27
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0344870707
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note
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To convert the measured I(s) to electron units requires a normalization constant, N, to be determined. We used a standard procedure that makes use of the high-angle fitting criterion to perform an initial determination of N, and then fine-tuned this value by minimizing oscillations near r ≈ 0 Å in the calculated H(r). Further discussion of this procedure, and errors associated with the incorrect determination of N, can be found in (18, 26) and references contained therein.
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29
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0345301914
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note
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1 values determined at 6 and 50 ps are likely overestimated by a few percent.
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30
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0344438870
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note
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Supported by the Canada Foundation for innovation, the Ontario Innovation Trust, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and the Connaught Fund. J.R.D. gratefully acknowledges the support of a Walter C. Sumner fellowship.
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