Cutaneous histopathology of lupus erythematosus

Diagnostic Histopathology

Volumn 15, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 157-185

  Crowson, A Neil ^a,b   Magro, Cynthia M ^a,b  

^a ST JOHN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

connective tissue disease; cutaneous; dermatomyositis; histopathology; lupus erythematosus; pathophysiology

Indexed keywords

ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CHLORPROMAZINE; COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C5B; DOCETAXEL; HYDRALAZINE; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; METHYLDOPA; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; PHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODY; PROCAINAMIDE; RECOMBINANT CYTOKINE; RO ANTIBODY; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT;

ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; ARTICLE; BULLOUS PEMPHIGOID; CLINICAL FEATURE; COLD INJURY; DERMATOMYOSITIS; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISCOID LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; DISEASE SEVERITY; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY; KIKUCHI DISEASE; LEUKOCYTOCLASTIC VASCULITIS; LIVEDOID VASCULOPATHY; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; LYMPHOCYTIC VASCULITIS; LYMPHOMA; MIXED CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASE; PARVOVIRUS; SCLERODERMA; SKIN BIOPSY; SKIN LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; SYNDROME CREST; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS; URTICARIAL VASCULITIS; VASCULITIS;

EID: 62349085209     PISSN: 17562317     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mpdhp.2009.02.006     Document Type: Article

References (211)

1. Tan E.M., Cohen A.S., Fries J.F., et al. The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 25 (1982) 1271-1277
2. Sontheimer R.D., Thomas J.R., and Gilliam J.N. Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a cutaneous marker for distinct lupus erythematosus subset. Arch Dermatol 115 (1979) 1409-1415
3. Gilliam J.N., and Sontheimer R.D. Distinctive cutaneous subsets in the spectrum of lupus erythematosus. J Am Acad Dermatol 4 (1981) 471-475
4. Rowell N.R., and Goodfield M.J.D. The 'connective tissue diseases'. In: Champion R.H., Burton J.L., and Ebling F.J.G. (Eds). Textook of dematology. 5th edn. (1992), Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford 2163-2188
5. Bangert J.L., Freeman R.G., Sontheimer R.D., and Gilliam J.N. Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and discoid lupus erythematosus: comparative histological findings. Arch Dermatol 120 (1984) 332-337
6. Jerdan M.S., Hood A.F., Moore G.W., and Callen J.P. Histopathologic comparison of the subsets of lupus erythematosus. Arch Dermatol 126 (1990) 52-55
7. David-Bajar K.M. Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J Invest Dermatol 100 (1993) 2S-8S
8. Watanabe T., and Tsuchida T. Classification of lupus erythematosus based upon cutaneous manifestations. Dermatological, systemic and laboratory findings in 191 patients. Dermatology 190 (1995) 277-283
9. Magro C.M., Crowson A.N., and Harrist T.J. The use of antibody to C5b-9 in the subclassification of lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol 134 (1996) 855-862
10. Chlebus E., Wolska H., Blaszczyk M., and Jablonska S. Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus versus systemic lupus erythematosus: diagnostic criteria and therapeutic implications. J Am Acad Dermatol 38 (1998) 405-412
11. Prsytowsky S.D., and Gilliam J.N. Discoid lupus erythematosus as part of a larger disease spectrum. Correlation of clinical features with laboratory findings in lupus erythematosus. Arch Dermatol 111 (1975) 1448-1452
12. Furukawa F., Tokura Y., Matsushita K., et al. Selective expansion of T cells expressing V beta 8 and V beta 13 in skin lesions of patients with chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J Dermatol 23 (1996) 670-676
13. Serdula M.K., and Rhoades G.G. The frequency of systemic lupus erythematosus in different groups in Hawaii. Arthritis Rheum 22 (1979) 328-333
14. Siegal M., and Lees S.L. The epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus. Semin Arthritis Rheum 3 (1973) 1-54
15. Richardson B., Scheinbart L., Strahler J., Gross L., Hanash S., and Johnson M. Evidence for impaired T cell DNA methylation in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 33 (1990) 1665-1673
16. Yell J.A., Mbuagbaw J., and Burge S.M. Cutaneous manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol 135 (1996) 355-362
17. Duarte A.F., Mota A., Pereira M., Baudrier T., and Azvedo F. Rowell syndrome - case report and review of literature. Dermatol Online J 14 (2008) 15
18. Doutre M.S., Beylot C., Beylot J., Pompougnac E., and Royer P. Chilblain lupus erythematosus: report of 15 cases. Dermatology 184 (1992) 26-28
19. Crowson A.N., and Magro C.M. Idiopathic perniosis and its mimics: A clinical and histological study of 38 cases. Hum Pathol 28 (1997) 478-484
20. Fukuda M.V., Lo S.C., de Almeida C.S., and Shinjo S.K. Anti-Ro antibody and cutaneous vasculitiis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol (2008 Nov 25) [Epub ahead of print]
21. Mehregan D.R., Hall M.J., and Gibson L.E. Urticarial vasculitis: a histopathologic and clinical review of 72 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 26 (1992) 441-448
22. Romero-Diaz J., Garcia-Sosa I., and Sanchez-Guerrero J. Thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune diseases of recent onset. J Rheumatol (2008 Nov 15) [Epub ahead of print]
23. Valdivielso P., Gomez-Doblas J.J., Macias M., et al. Lupus-associated endothelial dysfunction, disease activity and arteriosclerosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 26 (2008) 827-833
24. Panopolis P., Yazdany J., Gillis J.Z., et al. Health care costs and costs associated with changes in work productivity among persons with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 59 (2008) 1788-1795
25. Horwitz D.A. Regulatory T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus: past, present and future. Arthritis Res Ther 10 (2008) 227
26. Hu S., Xiao W., Kong F., Ke D., Qin R., and Su M. Regulatory T cells and their molecular markers in peripheral blood of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technology Med Sci 28 (2008) 549-552
27. Kuhn A., Beissert S., and Krammer P.H. CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells in human lupus erythematosus. Arch Dermatol Res 301 (2009) 71-81
28. Sela U., Sharabi A., Dayan M., Hershkoviz R., and Mozes E. The role of dendritic cells in the mechanism of action of a peptide that ameliorates lupus in murine models. Immunology (2008; Nov 24) [Epub ahead of print]
29. Yan B., Ye S., Chen G., Kuang M., Shen N., and Chen S. Dysfunctional CD4+, CD25+ regulatory T cells in untreated active systemic lupus erythematosus scondary to interferon-alpha-producing antigen-presenting cells. Arthritis Rheum 58 (2008) 801-812
30. Tucci M., Lombardi L., Richards H.B., Dammacco F., and Silvestris F. Overexpression of interleukin-12 and T helper 1 predominance in lupus nephritis. Clin Exp Immunol 154 (2008) 247-254
31. Fairweather D., Frisancho-Kiss S., and Rose N.R. Sex differences in autoimmune disease from a pathological perspective. Am J Pathol 173 (2008) 600-609
32. Kalergis A.M., Iruretagoyena M.I., Barrientos M.J., et al. Modulation of nuclear factor-kappa B activity can influence the susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology (2008; Nov 7) [Epub ahead of print]
33. Wang D., Drenker M., Eiz-Vesper B., Werfel T., and Wittmann M. Evidence for a pathogenetic role of interleukin-18 in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 58 (2008) 3206-3215
34. Munoz L.E., van Bavel C., Franz S., Berden J., Herrmann M., and van der Vlag J. Apoptosis in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 17 (2008) 371-375
35. Ardoin S.P., and Pisetsky D.S. Developments in the scientific understandning of lupus. Arthritis Res Ther 10 (2008) 218
36. Criswell L.A. The genetic contribution to systemic lupus erythematosus. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis 66 (2008) 176-183
37. Yanaba K., Bouaziz J.D., Haas K.M., Poe J.C., Fujimoto M., and Tedder T.F. A regulatory B cell subset with a unique CD1dhiCD5+ phenotype controls T cell-dependent inflammatory responses. Immunity 28 (2008) 639-650
38. Garcia-Carrasco M., Jimenez-Hernandez M., Escarcega R.O., et al. Use of rituximab in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: an update. Autoimmun Rev (2008; Nov 23) [EPub ahead of Print]
39. Crowson A.N., Magro C.M., and Mihm Jr. M.C. Interface dermatitis: a review. Arch Pathol Lab Med 132 (2008) 652-666
40. Atwater A.R., Longley B.J., and Aughenbaugh W.D. Kikuchi's disease: Case report and systematic review of cutaneous and histopathology presentations. J Am Acad Dermatol 59 (2008) 130-136
41. Paradela S., Lorenzo J., Martinez-Gomex W., et al. Interface dermatitis of Kikuchi's Fujimototo's disease: a histopathological marker into systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 17 (2008) 1127-1135
42. Despain J., and Clark D.P. Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus presenting as erythroderma. J Am Acad Dermatol 19 (1988) 388-392
43. Sontheimer R.D., Maddison P.J., Reichlin M., Jordon R.E., Stastny P., and Gilliam J.N. Dermatological and HLA associations of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus, a clinical subset of lupus erythematosus. Ann Intern Med 97 (1982) 664-671
44. Schneider I., Puskas M., and Sebok B. Subakuter kutaner Lupus erythematodes mit Blasen. Z Hautkr 67 (1991) 220-223
45. Milde P., and Goerz G. Depigmentierung bei Lupus erythematodes - klinischer "Clue" zum subakut kutanen Lupus erythematodes. Z Hautkr 69 (1994) 123-126
46. Tsutsui K., Imai T., Hatta N., Sakai H., Takata N., and Takehara K. Widespread pruritic plaques in a patient with subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and hypocomplementemia: response to dapsone therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 35 (1996) 313-315
47. Pramatov K., Vassileva S., and Miteva L. Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus presenting with generalized poikiloderma. J Am Acad Dermatol 42 (2000) 286-288
48. Sanchez-Perez J., Penas P.F., Rios-Buceta L., Fernandez-Herrera J., Fraga Y., and Garcia-Diez A. Leukocytoclastic vasculitis in subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a clinicopathologic study of three cases and review of the literature. Dermatology 193 (1996) 230-235
49. Popovic K., Nyberg F., Wahren-Herlenius M., and Nyberg F. A serology-based approach combined with clinical examination of 125 Ro/SSA-positive patients to define incidence and prevalence of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 56 (2007) 255-264
50. Herrera-Esparza R., Villalobos R., Bollain-Y-Goytia J.J., et al. Apoptosis and redistribution of the Ro antigen in Balb/c mouse like in subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Clin Dev Immunol 13 (2006) 163-166
51. Hasan T., Nyberg F., Stephansson E., et al. Photosensitivity in lupus erythematosus, UV photoprovocation results compared with history of photosensitivity and clinical findings. Br J Dermatol 136 (1997) 699-705
52. Crowson A.N., and Magro C.M. Recent advances in the pathology of cutaneous drug eruption. Dermatol Clin 17 (1999) 537-560
53. Crowson A.N., and Magro C.M. Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus arising in the setting of calcium channel blocker therapy. Hum Pathol 28 (1997) 67-73
54. Crowson A.N., and Magro C.M. Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus in association with Diltiazem (letter). N Engl J Med 33 (1995) 1429
55. Brenner S., Golan H., Gat A., and Bialy-Golan A. Paraneoplastic subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: report of a case associated with cancer of the lung. Dermatology 194 (1997) 172-174
56. Miyagawa S., Okada N., Inagaki Y., et al. SSA/Ro antigen expression in simian virus 40-transformed human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 90 (1988) 342-345
57. Tesar J.T., and Armstrong J. Expression of Ro/SSA and La/SSB antigens on epithelial cell surface following in vitro adenovirus (AV) infection (abstr). Arthritis Rheum S74 (1986) C20
58. Baboonian C., Venables P.J.W., Booth J., Williams D.G., Roffe L.M., and Maini R.N. Virus infection induces redistribution and membrane localization of the nuclear antigen La (SS-B): a possible mechanism for autoimmunity. Clin Exp Immunol 78 (1989) 454-459
59. Furukawa F., Lyons M.B., Lee L.A., Coulter S.N., and Norris D.A. Estradiol enhances binding to cultured human keratinocytes of antibodies specific for SS-A/Ro and SS-B/La. Another possible mechanism for estradiol influence of lupus erythematosus. J Immunol 141 (1988) 1480-1488
60. Furukawa F., Kahihara-Sawami M., Lyons M.B., and Norris D.A. Binding of antibodies to ENA SS-A/Ro and SS-B/La is induced on the surface of human keratinocytes by UVL: Implications for the pathogenesis of photosensitive cutaneous lupus. J Invest Dermatol 94 (1990) 77-85
61. Hennings H., Michael D., Cheng C., Steinart P., Holbrook K., and Yuspa S.H. Calcium regulation of growth and differentiation of mouse epidermal cells in culture. Cell 19 (1980) 245-254
62. Magro C.M., and Crowson A.N. The cutaneous pathology associated with seropositivity for antibodies to Ro: a clinicopathological study of 23 adult patients without subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Am J Dermatopathol 21 (1999) 129-137
63. Magro C.M., Crowson A.N., and Regauer S. Mixed connective tissue disease. A clinical, histologic, and immunofluorescence study of eight cases. Am J Dermatopathol 19 (1997) 206-213
64. Crowson A.N. Superficial and deep perivascular dermatitis. In: Barnhill R., Crowson A.N., Busam K., and Granter S. (Eds). Textbook of dermatopathology (1998), McGraw-Hill, New York 69-81
65. Kuhn A., and Bijl M. Pathogenesis of cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Lupus 17 (2008) 389-393
66. Damm J, Sonnischen N. [Clinical examinations of chronic discoid lupus erythematosus]. Dermatol Wochenschr. 1964; 150: 268.
67. Sampaio M.C., de Oliveira Z.N., Machado M.C., dos Reis V.M., and Vilela M.A. Discoid lupus erythematosus in children - a retrospective study of 34 patients. Pediatr Dermatol 25 (2008) 163-167
68. Dekle C.L., Mannes K.D., Davis L.S., and Sangueza O.P. Lupus tumidus. J Am Acad Dermatol 41 (1999) 250-253
69. Ruiz H., and Sanchez J.L. Tumid lupus erythematosus. Am J Dermatopathol 21 (1999) 356-360
70. Abe M., Ishikawa O., and Miyachi Y. Linear cutaneous lupus erythematosus following the lines of Blaschko. Br J Dermatol 139 (1998) 307-310
71. Bouzit N., Grzard P., Wolf F., Balme B., and Perrot H. Linear cutaneous lupus erythematosus in an adult. Dermatology 199 (1999) 60-62
72. Green J.J., and Baker D.J. Linear childhood disoid lupus erythematosus following the lines of Blaschko: a case report with review of the linear manifestations of lupus erythematosus. Pediatr Dermatol 16 (1999) 128-133
73. Nousari H.C., Ha V.T., Laman S.D., et al. Centripetal flagellate erythema: a cutaneous manifestation of dermatomyositis. J Rheumatol 26 (1999) 692-695
74. Millard L.G., and Rowell N.R. Abnormal laboratory test results and their relationship tp prognosis in discoid lupus erythematosus. Arch Dermatol 115 (1979) 1055-1058
75. Millard L.G., Rowell N.R., and Rajah S.M. Histocompatibility antigens in discoid and systemic lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol 96 (1977) 139-144
76. Perniciaro C., Randle H.W., and Perry H.O. Hypertrophic discoid lupus erythematosus resembling squmaous cell carcinoma. Dermatol Surg 21 (1995) 255-257
77. Mosquera Vieitez J.C., de la Torre Fraga C., and Cruces Prado M.J. Gougerot's lupus erythematosus tumidus. Med Cutan Ibero Lat Am 12 (1984) 425-429
78. Crowson A.N., and Magro C.M. The cutaneous pathology of lupus erythematosus. J Cutan Pathol 28 (2001) 1-23
79. Casala A.M., Bianchi C., Bianchi O., and Stringa S.G. Lupus erythematosus tumidus (lymphocytic infiltration of the skin) and chronic lupus erythematosus associated in the same patient. Immunofluorescent study. Bull Soc Fr Dermatol Syphiligr 78 (1971) 256-258
80. Remy-Leroux V., Leonard F., Lambert D., et al. Comparison of histopathologic-clinical characteristics of Jessner's lymphocytic infiltration of the skin and lupus erythematosus tumidus: Multicenter study of 46 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 58 (2008) 217-223
81. Lipsker D., Mitschler A., Grosshans E., and Cribier B. Could Jessner's lymphocytic infiltrate of the skin be a dermal variant of lupus erythematosus? An analysis of 210 cases. Dermatology 213 (2006) 15-22
82. Rupec R.A., Petropoulou T., Belohradsky B.H., et al. Lupus erythematosus tumidus and chronic discoid lupus erythematosus in carriers of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease. Eur J Dermatol 10 (2000) 184-189
83. Drenkard C., Villa A.R., Reyes E., Abello M., and Alarcon-Segovia D. Vasculitis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 6 (1997) 235-242
84. Magro C.M., and Crowson A.N. Sterile neutrophilic folliculitis with perifollicular vasculopathy: a distinctive cutaneous reaction pattern reflecting systemic disease. J Cutan Pathol 25 (1998) 215-221
85. Radway-Bright E.L., Ravirajan C.T., and Isenberg D.A. The prevalence of antibodies to anionic phospholipids in patients with the primary antiphospholipid syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus and their relatives and spouses. Rheumatology (Oxford) 39 (2000) 427-431
86. Amigo M.C., and Khamashta M.A. Antiphospholipid (Hughes) syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 26 (2000) 331-348
87. Ehrenfeld M., and Schoenfeld Y. Haematology and oncology in rheumatology. In: Maddison P.J., Isenberg D.A., Woo P., and Glass D.N. (Eds). Oxford textbook of rheumatology (1993), Oxford University Press, Oxford 158-159
88. Conley C.L., and Hartmann R.C. A hemorrhagic disorder caused by circulating anticoagulant in patients with disseminated LE. J Clin Invest 31 (1952) 621-622
89. Myones B.L., and McCurdy D. The antiphospholipid syndrome: immunologic and clinical aspects. Clinical spectrum and treatment. J Rheumatol 27 suppl 58 (2000) 20-28
90. Jou I.M., Liu M.F., and Chao S.C. Widespread cutaneous necrosis associated with antiphospholipid syndrome. Clin Rheumatol 15 (1996) 394-398
91. Farrell A.M., Moss J., Costello C., Fearfield L.A., Woodrow D., and Bunker C.B. Benign cutaneous Degos' disease. Br J Dermatol 139 (1998) 708-712
92. Ishikawa O., Takahashi A., Tamura A., and Miyachi Y. Cutaneous papules and nodules in the diagnosis of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Br J Dermatol 140 (1999) 725-729
93. Hughson M.D., McCarty G.A., and Brumback R.A. Spectrum of vascular pathology affecting patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome. Hum Pathol 26 (1995) 716-724
94. Creamer D., Black M.M., and Calonje E. Reactive angioendotheliomatosis in association with the antiphospholipid syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 42 (2000) 903-906
95. Mutasim D.F., and Adams B.B. A practical guide for serological evaluation of autoimmune connective tissue diseases. J Am Acad Dermatol 4 (2000) 159-174
96. Lerner M.R., and Steitz J.A. Antibodies to small nuclear RNA's complexed with proteins are produced by patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 76 (1979) 5495-5499
97. Yamagata H., Harley J.B., and Reichlin M. Molecular properties of Ro/SSA antigen and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for quantitation of antibody. J Clin Invest 74 (1984) 625-633
98. Lee L.A., Harmon C., Huff C., Norris D.A., and Weston W.L. The demonstration of SS-A/Ro antigen in human fetal tissues and in neonatal and adult skin. J Invest Dermatol 85 (1985) 143-146
99. Wechsler H.L., and Stravrides A. Systemic lupus erythematosus with anti-Ro antibodies: clinical, histologic, and immunologic findings. Report of three cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 6 (1982) 73-83
100. Reichlin M., and Wasicek C.A. Clinical and biologic significance of antibodies to Ro/SSA. Hum Pathol 14 (1983) 401-405
101. Meyer O., Hauptmann G., Tappeiner G., Ochs H.D., and Mascart-Lemone F. Genetic deficiency of C4, C2 or C1q and lupus syndromes. Association with anti-Ro (SS-A) antibodies. Clin Exp Immunol 62 (1985) 678-684
102. Reichlin M. Significance of the Ro antigen system. J Clin Immunol 6 (1986) 339-348
103. Reichlin M., and Harley J. Antibodies to Ro(SSA) and the heterogeneity of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 14 (1987) 112-117
104. Alexander E.L., Hirsh T.J., Arnett F.C., Provost T.T., and Stevens M.B. Ro(SSA) and La(SSB) antibodies in the clinical spectrum of Sjogren's syndrome. J Rheumatol 9 (1982) 239-246
105. Alexander E.L., Arnett F.C., Provost T.T., and Stevens M.B. Sjogren's syndrome: Association of Anti-Ro(SS-A) antibodies with vasculitis, hematologic abnormalities and serologic hyperreactivity. Ann Int Med 98 (1983) 155-159
106. Molina R., Provost T.T., and Alexander E.L. Two types of inflammatory vascular disease in Sjogren's syndrome. Differential association with seroreactivity to rheumatoid factor and antibodies to Ro (SSA) and with hypercomplementemia. Arthritis Rheum 28 (1985) 1251-1258
107. Senecal J., Chartier S., and Rothfield N. Hypergammaglobulinemic purpura in systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases: Predictive value of anti-Ro(SSA) and anti-La (SSB) antibodies and treatment with indomethacin and hydroxychloroquine. J Rheumatol 22 (1995) 868-875
108. Maddison P.J., Mogavero M., Provost T.T., et al. The clinical significance of autoantibodies to a soluble cytoplasmic antigen in systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases. J Rheumatol 6 (1979) 189-195
109. Maddison P.J., and Reichlin M. Deposition of antibodies to a soluble cytoplasmic antigen in the kidneys of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med 64 (1977) 80-86
110. Boire G., and Menard H.A. Clinical significance of anti-Ro(SS-A) antibody in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 15 (1988) 392-394
111. Penner E., and Reichlin M. Primary biliary cirrhosis associated with Sjogren's syndrome. Evidence for circulating and tissue deposited Ro/anti-Ro immune complexes. Arthritis Rheum 28 (1985) 1251-1258
112. Provost T.T., Wilson R., and Simmons-O'Brien E. Significance of the anti-Ro (SS-A) antibody in evaluation of patents with cutaneous manifestations of a connective tissue disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 35 (1996) 147-169
113. Simmons-O'Brien E.S., Chen S., Watson R., et al. One hundred anti-Ro (SS-A) antibody positive patients: a 10 year follow up. Medicine 74 (1995) 109-130
114. Scopelitis E., Perez M., and Biundo J.J. Anti-SS-A (Ro) antibody: a connective tissue disease marker. J Rheumatol 12 (1985) 1105-1108
115. Logar D., Kveder T., Rozman B., and Dobovisek J. Possible association between anti-Ro antibodies and myocarditis or cardiac conduction defects in adults with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 49 (1990) 627-629
116. Bell D.A., Komar R., Chodirker W.B., Block J., and Cairns E. A comparison of serologic reactivity among SLE patients with or without Anti-Ro (SS-A) antibodies. J Rheumatol 11 (1984) 315-317
117. Aoki T., Ishizawa T., Hozumi Y., Aso K., and Kondo S. Chilblain lupus erythematosus of Hutchinson responding to surgical treatment: a report of two patients with anti-Ro/SS-A antibodies. Br J Dermatol 134 (1996) 533-537
118. Crowson A.N., and Magro C.M. The role of microvascular injury in the pathogenesis of cutaneous lesion of dermatomyositis. Hum Pathol 26 (1996) 14-19
119. Al-Suwaid A.R., Venkataram M.N., and Bhushnurmath S.R. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: comparison of direct immunofluorescence findings with histopathology. Int J Dermatol 34 (1995) 480-482
120. Burnham T.K., Neblett T.R., and Fine G. Immunofluorescent "band" test for lupus erythematosus. II. Employing skin lesions. Arch Dermatol 102 (1970) 42-50
121. Harrist T.J., and Mihm Jr. M.C. Cutaneous immunopathology. The diagnostic use of direct and indirect immunfluorescence techniques in diagnostic dermatopathology. Hum Pathol 10 (1979) 625-653
122. Harrist T.J., and Mihm Jr. M.C. The specificity and clinical usefulness of the lupus band test. Arthritis Rheum 23 (1980) 479-490
123. Provost T.T. Lupus band test. Int J Dermatol 20 (1981) 475-481
124. Smith C.D., Marino C., and Rothfield N.F. The clinical utility of the lupus band test. Arthritis Rheum 27 (1984) 382-387
125. Jordon R.E. Lupus band test: clinical applications. Clin Dermatol 3 (1985) 113-122
126. Magro C.M., and Crowson A.N. The application of immunofluorescence testing in diagnostic dermatopathology. In: Cockerell C.J. (Ed). Advances in dermatology (1999), Mosby, St Louis 441-486
127. Cardinali C., Caproni M., and Fabbri P. The utility of the lupus band test on sun-protected non-lesional skin for the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Rheumatol 17 (1999) 427-432
128. Leibold A.M., Bennion S., David-Bajar K., and Schleve M.J. Occurrence of positive immunofluorescence in the dermoepidermal junction of sun-exposed skin of normal adults. J Cutan Pathol 21 (1994) 200-206
129. Weigand D.A. Lupus band test: anatomic regional variations in discoid lupus erythematosus. J Am Acad Dermatol 14 (1986) 426-428
130. Magro C.M., and Crowson A.N. The immunofluorescent profile of dermatomyositis. A comparative study with lupus erythematosus. J Cutan Pathol 24 (1997) 543-552
131. Kondo S., Tone M., Teramoto N., et al. Clinical studies of 15 cases of progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) associated with positive proteinuria and membranous glomerulonephritis. Nippon Hifuka Gakkai Zasshi 99 (1989) 1105-1110
132. Shibeshi D., Blaszczyk M., Jarzabek-Chorzelska M., Jablonska S., and Chorzelski T. Immunopathologic findings in systemic sclerosis patients: clinical and immunopathologic relationships. Int J Dermatol 28 (1989) 650-656
133. Provost T.T., Andres G., Maddison P.J., and Reichlin M. Lupus band test in untreated SLE patients: correlation of immunoglobulin deposition in the skin of the extensor forearm with clinical renal disease and serological abnormalities. J Invest Dermatol 74 (1980) 407-412
134. Liu T., and Liu F.R. Prognostic value of lupus band test in unexposed normal skin of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Chin Med J 102 (1989) 620-624
135. Gilliam J.N. The significance of cutaneous immunoglobulin deposits in lupus erythematosusand NZB/NZW F1 hybrid mice. J Invest Dermatol 65 (1975) 154-161
136. Helm K.F., and Peters M.S. Deposition of membrane attack complex in cutaneous lesions of lupus erythematosus. J Am Acad Dermatol 28 (1993) 687-691
137. Crowson A.N., and Magro C.M. C5b-9 deposition at the dermoepidermal junction in lupus erythematosus. J Am Acad Dermatol 31 (1994) 515-516
138. Provost T.T., Talal N., Harley J.B., et al. The relationship between anti-Ro(SS-A) antibody-positive Sjogren's syndrome and anti-Ro(SS-A) antibody-positive lupus erythematosus. Arch Dermatol 124 (1988) 63-71
139. Sousa Jr. J.X., Miyamoto D., Zimbres J.M., Costa D.V., and Aoki V. Clinicopathological evaluation of in vivo epidermal nuclear fluorescence. Clin Exp Dermatol (2008 Nov 24) [Epub ahead of print]
140. Walker E.J., Tymms K.E., Webb J., and Jeffrey P.D. Improved detection of anti-Jo-1 antibody, a marker for myositis using purified histidyl-tRNA synthetase. J Immunol Methods 96 (1987) 149-156
141. Lanto B., Bohm F., Meffert H., and Sonnichsen N. The cytotoxic effect of anti-Ro- (SS-A) antibodies and UVA light on human endothelial cells in vitro. Dermatol Monatsschr 176 (1990) 305-311
142. Ben-Chetrit E. The molecular basis of the SSA/Ro antigens and the clinical significance of their autoantibodies. Br J Rheumatol 32 (1993) 396-402
143. Norris D.A., and Lee L.A. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and skin disease. J Invest Dermatol 85 1 suppl (1985) 165S-175S
144. Norris D.A. Pathomechanisms of photosensitive lupus erythematosus. J Invest Dermatol 100 (1993) 58S-68S
145. Magro C.M., Ross P., Marsh C.B., et al. The role of anti-endothelial cell antibody-mediated microvascular injury in the evolution of pulmonary fibrosis in the setting of collagen vascular disease. Am J Clin Pathol 127 (2007) 237-247
146. Alexander E., Provost T., Sanders M., Frank M., and Joiner K. Serum complement activation in central nervous system disease in Sjogren's syndrome. Am J Med 85 (1988) 513-518
147. Prapotnik S., Bozic B., Kveder T., and Rozman B. Fluctuation of anti-Ro/SS-A antibody levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjogren's syndrome: a prospective study. Clin Exp Rheumatol 17 (1999) 63-68
148. Burrows N.P., Bhogal B.S., Black M.M., et al. Bullous eruption of systemic lupus erythematosus: a clinicopathological study of four cases. Br J Dermatol 128 (1993) 332-338
149. Rappersberger K., Tschachler E., Tani M., and Wolff K. Bullous disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Am Acad Dermatol 21 (1989) 745-752
150. Yell J.A., Allen J., Wojnarowska F., Kirtschig G., and Burge S.M. Bullous systemic lupus erythematosus: revised criteria for diagnosis. Br J Dermatol 132 (1995) 921-928
151. Borradori L., Hohl D., Monteil M., and Frenk E. Bullous systemic lupus erythematosus. Dermatology 187 (1993) 306-308
152. Gleason B.C., Zembowicz A., and Granter S.R. Non-bullous neutrophilic dermatosis: an uncommon dermatologic manifestation in patients with lupus erythematosus. J Cutan Pathol 33 (2006) 721-725
153. Camarillo D., McCalmont T.H., Frieden I.J., and Gilliam A.E. Two cases of nonbullous histiocytoid neutrophilic dermatitis presenting as a cutaneous manifestation of lupus erythematosus. Arch Dermatol 144 (2008) 1495-1498
154. Barton D.D., Fine J.D., Gammon W.R., and Sams W.M. Bullous systemic lupus erythematosus: an unusual clinical course and detectable circulating autoantibodies to the epidermolysis bullosa acquisita antigen. J Am Acad Dermatol 15 (1986) 369-373
155. Gammon W.R., Woodley D.T., Dole K.C., and Briggaman R.A. Evidence that the anti-basement membrane zone antibodies in bullous eruption of systemic lupus erythematosus recognize epidermolysis bullosa acquisita autoantigen. J Invest Dermatol 84 (1985) 472-476
156. Jones D.A., Hunt III S.W., Prisayanh P.S., Briggaman R.A., and Gammon W.R. Immunodominant autoepitopes of type VII collagen are short, paired peptide sequences within the fibronectin type III homology region of the noncollagenous(NC1) domain. J Invest Dermatol 104 (1995) 231-235
157. Shirahama S., Furukawa F., Yagi H., Tanaka T., Hashimoto T., and Takigawa M. Bullous systemic lupus erythematosus: detection of antibodies against noncollagenous domain of type VII collagen. J Am Acad Dermatol 38 (1998) 844-848
158. Ishikawa O., Zaw K., Miyachi Y., et al. The presence of anti-basement zone antibodies in the sera of patients with non-bullous lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol 136 (1997) 222-226
159. Magro C.M., Crowson A.N., and Harrist T. Atypical lymphoid infiltrates in cutaneous lesions of connective tissue disease. Am J Dermatopathol 19 (1997) 446-455
160. Harrist T., Murphy G., and Mihm M.C. Lymphomatoid vasculitis. In: Moschella S.L. (Ed). Dermatology update: reviews for physicians (1982), Elsevier Publishing Company, New York 115-133
161. Magro C.M., Tawfik N., and Crowson A.N. Lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Int J Dermatol 33 (1994) 157-160
162. Watanabe T., Tsuchida T., Morioka N., et al. Lupus erythematosus profundus: its clinical features of the reported cases in Japan. Rinsho Derma (Tokyo) 35 (1993) 1049-1056
163. Prysher F., Sims C.F., and Pensky N. Lupus erythematosus (Kaposi-Irgang). Reprint of a case including comparative study with that of chronic discoid lupus erythematosus. J Invest Dermatol 25 (1955) 347
164. Sanchez N.P., Peters M.S., and Winkelmann R.K. The histopathology of lupus erythematosus profundus. J Am Acad Dermatol 5 (1981) 673-680
165. Tuffanelli D.L. Lupus erythematosus panniculitis (profundus): clinical and immunologic studies. Arch Dermatol 103 (1971) 231-242
166. Tuffanelli D.L. Lupus erythematosus (panniculitis) profundus: a classic revisited commentary and report of 22 cases. Hawaii Med J 41 (1982) 394-397
167. Tuffannelli D. Lupus panniculitis. Semin Dermatol 4 (1985) 79-82
168. Izumi A.K., and Takiguchi P. Lupus erythematosus panniculitis. Arch Dermatol 119 (1983) 61-64
169. Winkelmann R.K. Panniculitis and systemic lupus erythematosus. J Am Med Assoc 211 (1970) 472-475
170. Martens P., Moder K.G., and Ahmed I. Lupus panniculitis: clinical persepctives from a case series. J Rheumatol 26 (1999) 68-72
171. Nousari H.C., Kimyai-Asadi A., Sanatan H.M., et al. Generalized lupus panniculitis and antiphospholipid syndrome without complement deficiency. Pediatr Dermatol 16 (1999) 273-276
172. Gono T., Matsuda M., Shimojima Y., Kaneko K., Murata H., and Ikeda S. Lupus erythematosus profundus (lupus panniculitis) induced by interferon-beta in a multiple sclerosis patient. J Clin Neurosci 14 (2007) 997-1000
173. Harris R.F., Duncan S.C., Esker R.I., et al. Lymphoid follicles in subcutaneous inflammatory disease. Arch Dermatol 115 (1979) 442-443
174. Magro C.M., Schaefer J.T., Morrison C., and Porcu P. Atypical lymphocytic lobular panniculitis: a clonal subcutaneous T-cell dyscrasia. J Cutan Pathol 35 (2008) 947-954
175. Magro C.M., Crowson A., Kovatich A.J., and Burns F. Lupus profundus, indeterminate lymphocytic lobular panniculitis and subcutaneous T-cell lymphoma: a spectrum of subcuticular T-cell lymphoid dyscrasia. J Cutan Pathol 28 (2001) 235-247
176. Burlingame R.W., and Rubin R.L. Drug induced anti-histone autoantibodies display two patterns of reactivity with substructures of chromatin. J Clin Invest 88 (1991) 680-690
177. Yung R.L., Quddus J., Johnson K., Chrisp C., and Richardson B.C. Treating a cloned TH2 T cell line with a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor is sufficient to cause a lupus-like disease in syngeneic mice. Arthritis Rheum 36 (1993) R6
178. Quddus J., Johnson K.J., Gavalchin J., et al. Treating activated CD4+ T cells with either of two distinct DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, 5-azacytidine or procainamide, is sufficient to induce a lupus-like disease in syngeneic mice. J Clin Invest 92 (1993) 38-53
179. Corvetta A., Della Bitta R., Luchetti M.M., and Pomponio G. 5- Methylcytosine content of DNA in blood, synovial mononuclear cells and synovial tissue from patients affected by autoimmune rheumatic diseases. J Chromatogr 566 (1991) 481-491
180. Bray V.J., West S.G., Rubin R.L., and Schultz K.T. Anti-histone antibody profile in sulfasalazine-induced SLE. Arthritis Rheum 36 (1993) R7
181. Darken M., and McBurney E.I. Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus-like drug eruption due to combination diuretic hydrochlorothiazide and triamterene. J Am Acad Dermatol 18 (1988) 38-42
182. Reed B.R., Huff J.C., Jones S.K., et al. Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus associated with hydrochlorothiazide therapy. Ann Intern Med 103 (1985) 49-51
183. Crowson A.N., and Magro C.M. Lichenoid and subacute lupus erythematosus-like dermatitis associated with antihistamine therapy. J Cutan Pathol 26 (1999) 95-100
184. Wagner K., and Neumayer H.H. Influence of the calcium antagonist diltiazem on delayed graft function in cadaveric kidney transplantation: results of a 6-month follow-up. Transplant Proc 19 (1987) 1353-1357
185. Weir M.R., Peppler R., Gomolka D., and Handwerger B.S. Additive inhibitory effect of cyclosporin and verapamil may occur through different mechanisms that may be dependent or independent of the slow calcium channel. Transplant Proc 21 (1989) 866-870
186. McMillen M.A., Lewis T., Jaffe B.M., and Wait R.B. Verapamil inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation and function in vitro. J Surg Res 39 (1985) 76-80
187. Raziuddin S., Nur M.A., and Alwabel A.A. Selective loss of the CD4+ inducers of suppressor T cell subsets (2H4+) in active systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 16 (1989) 1315-1319
188. Kammer G.M. Impaired T cell capping and receptor regeneration in active systemic lupus erythematosus. Evidence for a disorder intrinsic to the T lymphocyte. J Clin Invest 72 (1983) 1686-1697
189. Kirtland H.H., Mohler D.N., and Horwitz D.A. Methyldopa inhibition of suppressor-lymphocyte function: A proposed cause of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. N Engl J Med 302 (1980) 825-832
190. Bluestein H.G., Zvaifler N.J., Weisman M.H., and Shapiro R.F. Lymphocyte alteration by procainamide: relation to drug-induced lupus erythematosus syndrome. Lancet 2 (1979) 816-819
191. Ochi T., Goldings E.A., Lipsky P.E., and Ziff M. Immunomodulatory effect of procainamide in man. Inhibition of human suppressor T-cell activity in vitro. J Clin Invest 71 (1983) 36-45
192. Hahn B.H., Sharp G.C., Irvin W.S., et al. Immune responses to hydralazine and nuclear antigens in hydralazine-induced lupus erythematosus. Ann Intern Med 76 (1972) 365-374
193. Seki H., Iwai K., Kanegane H., et al. Differential protective action of cytokines on radiation-induced apoptosis of peripheral lymphocyte subpopulations. Cell Immunol 163 (1995) 30-36
194. Crowson A.N., Pilavdzic D., Dawood M., and Magro C.M. A causal role for parvovirus B19 infection in cutaneous lesions of connective tissue disease (Abst). Lab Invest 80 (2000) 61A
195. Magro C.M., Dawood M.R., and Crowson A.N. The cutaneous manifestations of human parvovirus B19 infection. Hum Pathol 31 (2000) 488-497
196. Magro C.M., Crowson A.N., and Regauer S. Granuloma annulare and necrobiosis lipoidica tissue reactions as a manifestation of systemic disease. Hum Pathol 27 (1996) 50-56
197. Magro C., and Segal J. The phenotypic profile of lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis. Mod Pathol (2008)
198. Solomon G.J., and Magro C.M. Foxp3 expression in cutaneous T-cell lymphocytic infiltrates. J Cutan Pathol 35 (2008) 1032-1039
199. Magro C.M., and Dyrsen M.E. Cutaneous lymphocyte antigen expression in benign and neoplastic cutaneous B- and T-cell lymphoid infiltrates. J Cutan Pathol 35 (2008) 1040-1049
200. Magro C.M., and Dyrsen M.E. The use of C3d and C4d immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed tissue as a diagnostic adjunct in the assessment of inflammatory skin disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 59 (2008) 822-833
201. Deapen D., Escalante A., Weinrib L., et al. A revised estimate of twin concordance in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 35 (1992) 311-318
202. Kelly J.A., Moser K.L., and Haley J.B. The genetics of systemic lupus erythematosus: putting the pieces together. Genes Immun 3 suppl 1 (2002) S71-S85
203. Lee-Kirsch M.A., Gong M., Chowdhury D., et al. Mutations in the gene encoding the 3-5 DNA exonuclease TREX are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Genet 39 (2007) 1065-1067
204. Pickering M.C., and Walport M.J. Links between complement abnormalities and systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology 39 (2000) 133-141
205. Baechler E.C., Batliwalla F.M., Karypis G., et al. Interferon-inducible gene expression signature in peripheral blood cells of patients with severe lupus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100 (2003) 2610-2615
206. Kozyrev S.V., and Alarcon-Riquelme M.E. The genetics and biology of Irf5 mediated signaling in lupus. Autoimmunity 40 (2007) 591-601
207. Kozyrev S.V., Abelson A.K., Wojcik J., et al. Functional variants in the B-cell gene BANK1 are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Genet 40 (2008) 211-216
208. Hibbs M.L., Tarlington D.M., Armes J., et al. Multiple defects in the immune system of Lyn-deficient mice, culminating in autoimmune disease. Cell 83 (1995) 301-311
209. Mathur A.N., Chang H.C., Zisoulis D.G., et al. Stat3 and Stat4 direct development of IL-17-secreting Th cells. J Immunol 178 (2007) 4901-4907
210. Nishikomori R., Usui T., Wu C.Y., Morinobu A., O'Shea J.J., and Strober W. Activated STAT4 has an essential role in Th1 differentiation and proliferation that is independent of its role in the maintenance of IL-12R beta 2 chain expression and signalling. J Immunol 169 (2002) 4388-4398
211. Hom G., Graham R.R., Modrek B., et al. Association of systemic lupus erythematosus with C8orf13-BLK and ITGAM-ITGAX. N Engl J Med 358 (2008) 900-909