Stress field evolution in the northwest Himalayan syntaxis, northern Pakistan

Tectonics

Volumn 27, Issue 6, 2008, Pages

  Pêcher, Arnaud ^a   Seeber, L ^b   Guillot, S ^a   Jouanne, F ^c   Kausar, A ^d   Latif, M ^d   Majid, A ^d   Maheo G ^e   Mugnier, J L ^c   Rolland, Y ^f   van der Beek, P ^a   Van Melle, J ^a  

^a UNIV GRENOBLE ALPES   (France)

^b International Research Institute for Climate and Society   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITÉ DE SAVOIE   (France)

^d Geological Survey of Pakistan   (Pakistan)

^e UNIVERSITÉ DE LYON   (France)

^f UNIVERSITÉ DE NICE SOPHIA ANTIPOLIS   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONVERGENCE; EXHUMATION; FAULT PLANE; MIOCENE; OBLIQUE FAULT; PLIOCENE; QUATERNARY; SPATIAL VARIATION; STRESS FIELD; TEMPORAL VARIATION;

ASIA; EURASIA; PAKISTAN; SOUTH ASIA;

EID: 62149091178     PISSN: 02787407     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2007TC002252     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Angelier, J. (1975), Sur l'analyse des mesures recueillies dans des sites faillés: L'utilité d'une confrontation entre les méthodes dynamiques et cinématiques, C. R. Acad Sci., 281, 1805-1808.
2. Angelier, J. (1979), Determination of the mean principal directions of stresses for a given fault population, Tectonophysics, 56, T17-T26, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(79)90081-7.
3. Angelier, J. (1984), Tectonic analysis of fault slip data sets, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 5835-5848, doi:10.1029/JB089iB07p05835.
4. Argles, T. W., and M. A. Edwards (2002), First evidence for high-grade, Himalayan-age synconvergent extension recognised within the western syntaxis - Nanga Parbat, Pakistan, J. Struct. Geol., 24, 1327-1344, doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(01)00136-5.
5. Armijo, R., E. Carey, and A. Cisternas (1982), The inverse problem in microtectonics and the separation of tectonic phases, Tectonaphysics, 82, 145-160, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(82)90092-0.
6. Armijo, R., P. Tapponnier, J. L. Mercier, and H. Tong-Li (1986), Quaternary extension in southern Tibet: Field observations and tectonic implications, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 13,803-13,872, doi:10.1029/ JB091iB14p13803.
7. Armijo, R., P. Tapponnier, and H. Tonglin (1989), Late Cenozoic right-lateral strike-slip faulting in southern Tibet, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 2787-2838, doi:10.1029/JB094iB03p02787.
8. Avouac, J. P., and P. Tapponnier (1993), Kinematic model of active deformation in central Asia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20(10), 895-898, doi:10.1029/93GL00128.
9. Bendick, R., and R. Bilham, (2001), How perfect is the Himalayan arc?, Geology, 29, 791-794, doi:10.1130/ 0091-7613(2001)029<0791:HPITHA>2.0.CO;2.
10. Bertrand, J., J. Kienast, and J. Pinardon (1988), Structure and metamorphism of the Karakorum gneisses in the Braldu-Baltoro valley (north Pakistan).), Geodin. Acta, 2, 135-150.
11. Bishop, A. W. (1966), The strength of solids as engineering materials, Geotechnique, 16, 91-130.
12. Bossart, P., and R. Ottiger (1989), Rocks of the Murree Formation in Northern Pakistan: Indicators of a descending foreland basin of late Palaeocene to middle Eocene age, Eclogae Geol. Helv., 82, 133-165.
13. Bott, M. H. P. (1959), The mechanics of oblique slip faulting, Geol. Mag., 96, 109-117.
14. Brandon, M. T., M. Roden-Tice, and J. I. Garver (1998), Late Cenozoic exhumation of the Cascadia accretionary wedge in the Olympic Mountains, northwest Washington State, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 110, 985-1009, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0985:LCEOTC>2.3.CO;2.
15. Burbank, D. W., R. G. H. Raynolds, and G. H. Johnson (1986), Late Cenozoic tectonics and sedimentation in the north-western Himalayan foredeep: II. Eastern limb of the northwest syntaxis and regional synthesis, Spec. Publ. Int. Assoc. Sedimentol., 8, 293-306.
16. Burbank, D. W., J. Leland, E. Fielding, R. S. Anderson, N. Brozovic, M. R. Reid, and C. Duncan (1996), Bedrock incision, rock uplift and threshold hillslopes in the northwestern Himalayas, Nature, 379, 505-510, doi:10.1038/379505a0.
17. Burg, J. P., P. Nievergelt, F. Oberli, D. Seward, P. Davy, J. C. Maurin, Z. Diao, and M. Meier (1998), The Namche Barwa syntaxis: Evidence for exhumation related to compressional crustal folding, J. Asian Earth Sci., 16(2-3), 239-252, doi:10.1016/S0743-9547(98)00002-6.
18. Burg, J. P., L. Arbaret, N. M. Chaudhry, H. Dawood, S. Hussain, and G. Zeilinger (2005a), Shear strain localization from the upper mantle to the middle crust of the Kohistan Arc (Pakistan), in Fluid Motions in Volcanic Conduits: A Source of Seismic and Acoustic Signals, edited by S. J. Lane and J. S. Gilbert, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 245, 25-38, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.245.01.02.
19. Burg, J. P., B. Célérier, N. M. Chaudhry, M. Ghazanfar, F. Gnehm, and M. Schnellmann (2005b), Fault analysis and paleostress evolution in large strain regions: Methodological and geological discussion of the southeastern Himalayan fold-and-thrust belt in Pakistan, J. Asian Earth Sci., 24, 445-467, doi:10.1016 /j.jseaes.2003.12.008.
20. Butler, R. W. H., and D. J. Prior (1988), Tectonic controls on the uplift of the Nanga Parbat Massif, Pakistan Himalayas, Nature, 333, 247-250, doi:10.1038/333247a0.
21. Célérier, B. (1995), Tectonic regime and slip orientation of reactivated faults, Geophys. J. Int., 121, 143-161, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1995.tb03517.x.
22. Coward, M. P., D. C. Rex, M. Asif Khan, B. F. Windley, R. D. Broughton, I. W. Luff, M. G. Petterson, and C. J. Pudsey (1986), Collision tectonics in the NW Himalayas, in Collision Tectonics, edited by M. P. Coward and A. C. Reis, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 19, 203-219.
23. Coward, M. P., R. W. H. Butler, M. Asif Khan, and R. J. Knipe (1987), The tectonic history of Kohistan and its implication for Himalayan structure, J. Geol. Soc., 144(3), 377-391, doi:10.1144/ gsjgs.144.3.0377.
24. DeCelles, P. G., D. M. Robinson, and G. Zandt (2002), Implications of shortening in the Himalayan fold-thrust belt for uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, Tectonics, 21(6), 1062, doi:10.1029/2001TC001322.
25. DiPietro, J. A., and K. R. Pogue (2004), Tectonostratigraphic subdivisions of the Himalaya: A view from the west, Tectonics, 23, TC5001, doi:10.1029/2003TC001554.
26. DiPietro, J. A., A. Hussain, I. Ahmad, and M. A. Khan (2000), The main mantle thrust in Pakistan: Its character and extent, in Tectonics of the Nanga Parbat Syntaxis and the Western Himalaya, edited by M. A. Khan et al., Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 170, 375-393.
27. Edwards, M. A., W. S. Kidd, M. A. Khan, and D. A. Schneider (2000), Tectonics of the SW margin of the Nanga Parbat-Haramosh massif, in Tectonics of the Nanga Parbat Syntaxis and the Western Himalaya, edited by M. A. Khan et al., Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 170, 77-100.
28. Etchecopar, A., G. Vasseur, and M. Daignières (1981), An inverse problem in microtectonics for the determination of stress tensors from fault striation analysis, J. Struct. Geol., 3, 51-65, doi:10.1016/ 0191-8141(81)90056-0.
29. 39Ar chronology and tectonic model for the Neelum valley, Azad Kashmir, NE Pakistan, in Tectonics of the Nanga Parbat Syntaxis and the Western Himalaya, edited by A. Khan et al., Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 170, 431-453.
30. Fraser, J. E., M. P. Searle, R. R. Parrish, and S. R. Noble (1999). U-Pb geochronology on the timing of metamorphism and magmatism in the Hunza Karakorum (abstract), Terra Nostra, 99(2), 45-46.
31. Fraser, J. E., M. P. Searle, R. R. Parrish, and S. R. Noble (2001). Chronology of deformation, metamorphism and magmatism in southern Karakoram Mountains, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 113, 1443-1455, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<1443: CODMAM>2.0.CO;2.
32. Gaetani, M. (1997), The Karakorum Block in central Asia, from Ordovician to Cretaceous, Sediment. Geol., 109, 339-359, doi:10.1016/ SO037-0738(96)00068-1.
33. Greco, A. (1991), Tectonics and metamorphism in the western Himalayan syntaxis area (Azad Kashmir, NE-Pakistan), Mitt. Geol. Inst. Zurich, 274, 193 pp.
34. Greco, A., G. Martinotti, K. Papritz, J. G. Ramsay, and R. Rey (1989), The crystalline rocks of the Kaghan valley (NE-Pakistan), Eclogae Geol. Helv., 82(2), 629-653.
35. 40Ar diffusion in Fe-rich biotite, Am. Mineral., 81, 940-951.
36. Guillot, S., G. Garzanti, D. Baratoux, D. Marquer, G. Maheo, and J. de Sigoyer (2003), Reconstructing the total shortening history of the NW Himalaya, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 4(7), 1064, doi:10.1029/ 2002GC000484.
37. 0Ar in biotite: Temperature, pressure, and compositional effects. (1985), Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 49(11), 2461-2468, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(85)90246-7.
38. Jouanne, F., J. L. Mugnier, J. F. Gamond, P. Le Fort, M. R. Pandey, L. Bollinger, M. Flouzat, and J. P. Avouac (2004), Current shortening across the Himalayas of Nepal, Geophys. J. Int., 157, 1-14, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02180.x.
39. Kasmi, A. H., and Q. Jan (1997), Geology and Tectonics of Pakistan, 554 pp., Graphic Publ., Karachi, Pakistan.
40. 39Ar thermochronology, Tectonics, 15(2), 403-415, doi:10.1029 /95TC02424.
41. Larson, K. M., R. Bürgmann, R. Bilham, and J. T. Freymneller (1999), Kinematics of the India-Eurasia collision zone from GPS measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 1077-1093, doi:10.1029/1998JB900043.
42. Le Fort, P., and A. Pêcher (2002), An introduction to the geological map of the area between Hunza and Baltistan, Karakoram-Kohistan-Ladakh-Himalaya region, northern Pakistan, scale 1:150,000, Geologica, 6, 1-199.
43. 26Al exposure age dating of bedrock straths, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 154, 93-107, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00171-4.
44. Liesa, C., and R. J. Lisle (2004), Reliability of methods to separate stress teasers from heterogeneous fault-slip data, J. Struct. Geol., 26, 559-572, doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2003.08.010.
45. Lode, W. (1925), Versuche über den Einfluss der mittleren Hauptspannung auf die Fliessgrenze, Z. Angew. Math. Mech., 5, 142-144.
46. Lombardo, B., and F. Rolfo (2000), Two contrasting eclogite types in the Himalayas: Implications for the Himalayan orogeny, J. Geodyn., 30, 37-60, doi:10.1016/S0264-3707(99)00026-5.
47. 39 Ar Method, 2nd ed., 269 pp., Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
48. Mahéo, G., A. Pêcher, S. Guillot, Y. Rolland, and C. Delacourt (2004), Exhumation of Neogene gneiss domes between oblique crustal boundaries in south Karakorum (northwest Himalaya, Pakistan), in Gneiss Domes in Orogeny, edited by D. L. Whitney, C. Teyssier, and C. S. Siddoway, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 380, 141-154.
49. Meltzer, A., G. Sarker, B. Beaudoin, L. Seeber, and J. Armbruster (2001), Seismic characterization of an active metamorphic massif Nanga Parbat, Pakistan, Himalayan Geol., 29, 651-654, doi:10.1130/ 0091-7613(2001)029<0651:SCOAAM>2.0.CO;2.
50. Nemcok, M., and R. J. Lisle (1995), A stress inversion procedure for polyphase fault/slip data sets, J. Struct. Geol., 17(10), 1445-1453, doi:10.1016/0191-8141(95)00040-K.
51. Otsubo, M., K. Sato, and A. Yamaji (2006), Computerized identification of stress tenser determined from heterogeneous fault-slip data by combining the multiple inverse method and k-means clustering, J. Struct. Geol., 28, 991-997, doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2006.03.008.
52. Parrish, R. P., and R. Tirrul (1989), U-Pb ages of the Baltoro granite, northwest Himalaya, and implications for monazite U-Pb systematics, Geology, 17, 1076-1079, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1989) 017<1076:UPAOTB>2.3.CO;2.
53. Paul, J., et al. (2001), The motion and active deformation of India, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 647-650, doi:10.1029/2000GL011832.
54. Pêher, A., and P. Le Fort (1999), Late Miocene tectonic evolution of the Karakorum-Nanga Parbat contact zone (northern Pakistan), in Himalaya and Tibet: Mountain Roots to Mountain Tops, edited by A. MacFarlane, J. Quade, and R. Sorkhabi, Spec. Pap. Geol Soc. Am., 328, 145-158.
55. Pêcher, A., and L. Seeber (2003), Recent stress field in Nanga Partial and southern Karakorum from faults inversion, paper presented at the 18th HimalayaKarakoram- Tibet Workshop, ETH-Zurich, Ascona, Switzerland.
56. Pêher, A., G. Giuliani, A. B. Kausar, R. M. Malik, and H. R. Muntaz (2002), Geology and geochemistry of the Nangimali ruby deposit area, Nanga-Parbat Himalaya (Azra Kashmir, Pakistan), J. Asian Earth Sci., 21(3), 265-282, doi:10.1016/S1367-9120 (02)00041-X.
57. Poupeau, G., A. Pêher, M. Benharbit, and O. F. Noyan (1991), Ages traces de fission sur apatites et taux de dénudation Plio-Quatemaires an Karakorum central, C. R. Acad. Sci., 313, 917-922.
58. Reuber, I. (1989), The Dras arc: Two successive volcanic events on eroded oceanic crust, Tectonophysics, 161, 93-106, doi:10.1016/ 0040-1951(89)90305-3.
59. Robertson, A. H. F., and A. S. Collins (2002), Shyok Suture Zone, N Pakistan: Late Mesozoic-Tertiary evolution of a critical suture separating the oceanic Ladakh Arc from the Asian continental margin, J. Asian Earth Sci., 20, 309-351, doi:10.1016/ S1367-9120(01)00041-4.
60. Rolland, Y., A. Pêcher, and C. Picard (2000), Middle Cretaceous back-arc formation and arc evolution along the Asian margin: The Shyook Suture Zone in northern Ladakh (NW Himalaya), Tectonophysics 325, 145-173, doi:10.1016/SO0401951 (00)00135-9.
61. Rolland, Y., G. Mahéo, S. Guillot, and A. Pêcher (2001), Tectono-metamorphic evolution ofthe Karakoram Metamorphic Complex (Dassu-Askole area, NE Pakistan): Mid-crustal granulite exhumation in a compressive context, J. Metamorph. Geol., 19, 717-737.
62. Rolland, Y., C. Picard, A. Pêcher, E. Carrie, S. M. F. Sheppard, S. M. Oddone, and I. Villa (2002), Presence and geodynamic significance of CambroOrdovician series of SE Karakoram (N Pakistan), Geodin. Acta, 15, 1-21, doi:10.1016/S09853111 (01)01075-0.
63. Rolland, Y., E. Carrio-Schaffhauser, S. M. F. Sheppard, A. Pêher, and L. Esclauze (2006), Metamorphic zoning and geodynamic, evolution of an inverted crustal section (Karakorum margin, N Pakistan), evidence for two metamorphic events, Int. J. Earth Sci., 95, 288-305, doi:10.1007/s00531-005- 0026-x.
64. Schneider, D. A., M. A. Edwards, W. S. F. Kidd, M. Asif Khan, L. Seeber, and P. K. Zeitter (1999), Tectonics of Nanga Parbat, western Himalaya: Synkinematic plutonisin within the doubly vergent shear zones of a crustal-scale pop-up structure, Geology, 27, 999-1002, doi:10.1130/0091-7613 (1999)027<0999:TONPWH>2.3.CO;2.
65. Schneider, D. A., P. K. Zeitler, W. S. F. Kidd, and M. A. Edwards (2001), Geochronologic, constraints on the tectonic evolution and exhumation of Nanga Parbat, western Himalaya syntaxis, revisited, J. Geol., 109, 563-583, doi:10.1086/322764.
66. Scholz, C. H. (1988), The brittle-plastic transition and the depth of seismic faulting, Geol. Rundsch., 77, 319-328, doi:10.1007/ BF01848693.
67. Scholz, C. H. (2002), The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U.K.
68. Searle, M. P., A. J. Rex, R. Tirrut, D. C. Rex, A. Barnicoat, and B. F. Windley (1989), Metamorphic, magmatic and tectonic evolution of the Central Karakoram in the Biafo-Baltoro-Hushe regions of northern Pakistan, in Tectonics of the Western Himalayas, edited by L. L. Malinconico, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 232, 47-73.
69. Searle, M. P., M. A. Khan, J. E. Fraser, S. J. Gough, and M. Q. Jan (1999), The tectonic evolution of the Kohistan-Karakoram collision belt along the Karakoram Highway transect, north Pakistan, Tectonics, 18(6), 929-949, doi:10.1029/1999TC900042.
70. Seeber, L., and A. Pêcher (1998), Strain partitioning along the Himalayan arc and the Nanga Parbat antiform, Geology, 26, 791-794, doi:10.1130/0091-7613 (1998)026<0791:SPATHA>2.3.CO;2.
71. Sharma, K. K., and K. R. Gupta (1978), Some observations on the geology of the Indus and Shyok valleys between Leh and Panamik, District of Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, India, Recent Res. Geol., 7, 133-143.
72. Smith, H. A. (1993), Characterization and timing of metamorphism within the Indo-Asian suture zone, Himalayas, northern Pakistan, Ph.D. thesis, Dartmouth Coll., Hanover, N. H.
73. Smith, H. A., C. P. Chamberlain, and P. K. Zeitler (1992), Documentation of Neogene regional metamorphism in the Himalayas of Pakistan using U-Pb in monazite, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 113, 93-105, doi:10.1016/ 0012-821X(92)90213-F.
74. Steck, A. (2003), Geology of the NW Indian Himalaya, Eclogae Geol. Helv, 96(2), 147-196.
75. Tahirkheli, R. A. K. (1982), Geology of the Himalaya, Karakorum, and Hindu Kush in Pakistan, Geol. Bull. 15, 51 pp., Univ. of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan.
76. Tahirkheli, R. A. K. (1996), Map of tectonostratigraphic domains of Northern Collisional belts in Pakistan, scale 1:750000, MirRock Found., Geosci. Lab., Geol. Surv. of Pakistan, Islamabad.
77. Tahirkheli, R. A. K., M. Mattauer, F. Proust, and P. Tapponnier (1979), The India-Eurasia suture zone in northern Pakistan: Synthesis and interpretation of recent data of plate scale, in Geodynamic of Pakistan, edited by A. Farah and de K. A. S. Jong, pp. 125-130, Geol. Surv. of Pakistan, Quetta.
78. Treloar, P. J., et al. (2000), Geochronological constraints on the evolution of the Nanga partial syntaxis, Pakistan Himalaya, in Tectonic of the Nanga Parbat Syntaxis and the Western Himalaya, edited by M. A. Khan et al., Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 170, 137-162.
79. Valdiya, K. S. (1998), Dynamic Himalaya, 178 pp., Univ. Press, Hyderabad.
80. Valli, F., N. Arnaud, P. H. Leloup, E. R. Sobel, G. Mahéo, R. Lacassin, S. Guillot, H. Li, P. Tapponnier, and Z. Xu (2007), Twenty million years of continuous deformation along the Karakorum fault, western Tibet: A thermochronological analysis, Tectonics, 26, TC4004, doi:10.1029/2005TC001913.
81. Van Melle, J., P. A. van der Beek, S. Guillot, A. Pêcher, and M. Latif (2007), Slow steady exhumation of the high elevation Deosai Plateau (northern Pakistan Himalaya) since 40 Ma, Eos Trans. AGU, 88(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract T20-7345.
82. Viganò, A., and S. Martin (2007), Thermorheological model for the European central Alps: Brittle-ductile transition and lithospheric strength, Terra Nova, 19, 309-316, doi:10.1111/ j.1365-3121.2007.00751.x.
83. Villa, I. M., Y. Lemennicier, and P. Le Fort (1996), Late Miocene to early Pliocene tectonometamorphism, in south-central Karakorum and Indus-Tsangpo suture, Chogo Lungma area (NE Pakistan).), Tectonophysics, 260, 201-214, doj:10.1016/0040-1951 (96)00086-8.
84. Wadia, D. N. (1975), Geology of India, 4th ed., 508 pp., Tata McGraw-Hill, New Dehli.
85. Winslow, D. M., P. K. Zeider, C. P. Chamberlain, and L. S. Hollister (1994), Direct evidence for a steep geotherm under conditions of rapid denudation, western Himalaya, Pakistan, Geology, 22, 1075-1078, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<1075: DEFASG>2.3.CO;2.
86. Yamaji, A. (2000), The multiple inverse method: A new technique to separate stresses from heterogeneous fault slip data, J. Struct. Geol., 22, 441-452, doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(99)00163-7.
87. Yamaji, A., S. Tomita, and M. Otsubo (2005), Bedding tilt test for palleostress analysis, J. Struct. Geol., 27, 161-170, doi:10.1016/ jjsg.2004.08.006.
88. Zanchi, A., and M. Gaetani (1994), Introduction to the geological map of the North Karakoram Terrain from the Chapursan valley to the Shimshal Pass 1:150000 scale, Riv. Ital. Paleontol. Strat., 100, 125-136.
89. Zanchi, A., and D. Gritti (1996), Multistage structural evolution of Northern Karakorurn (Hunza region, Pakistan), Tectonophysics, 260, 145-165, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(96)00081-9.
90. Zeilinger, G., J.-P. Burg, N. Chaudhry, H. Dawood, and S. Hussain (2000), Fault systems and paleo-stress tensors in the Indus Suture Zone (NW Pakistan).), J. Asian Earth Sci., 18(5), 547-559, doi:10.1016/ S1367-9120(99)00084-X.
91. Zeilinger, G., D. Seward, and J.-P. Burg (2007), Exhumation across the Indus suture zone: A record of back sliding of the hanging wall, Terra Nova, 19(6), 425-431, in press., doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121. 2007.00767.x.
92. Zeitler, P. K. (1985), Cooling history of the NW Himalaya, Pakistan, Tectonics, 4(1), 127-151, doi:10.1029/TC004i001p00127.
93. Zeitler, P. K., C. P. Chamberlain, and H. A. Smith (1993), Synchronous anatexis, metamorphism, and rapid denudation at Nanga Parbat (Pakistan Himalaya), Geology, 21, 347-350, doi:10.1130/0091-7613 (1993)021<0347:SAMARD>2.3.CO;2.
94. Zeitler, P. K., et al. (2001a), Crustal reworking at Nanga Parbat, Pakistan: Metamorphic consequences of thermal-mechanical coupling facilitated by erosion, Tectonics, 20, 712-728, doi:10.1029/ 2000TC001243.
95. Zeitler, P. K., et al. (2001b), Erosion, Himalayan geodynamics, and the geomorphology of metamorphism, GSA Today, 11, 4-9, doi:10.1130/ 1052-5173 (2001)011<0004:EHGATG>2.0.CO;2.