Twenty million years of continous deformation along the Karakorum fault, western Tibet: A thermochronological analysis

Tectonics

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 2007, Pages

  Valli, Franck ^a   Arnaud, Nicolas ^b   Leloup, Philippe Hervé ^c   Sobel, Edward R ^d   Mahéo, Gweltaz ^c   Lacassin, Robin ^a   Guillot, Stéphane ^e   Li, Haibing ^a,f   Tapponnier, Paul ^a   Xu, Zhiqin ^f  

^a INSTITUT DE PHYSIQUE DU GLOBE DE PARIS   (France)

^b UNIVERSITÉ MONTPELLIER 2   (France)

^c UNIVERSITÉ LYON 1   (France)

^d UNIVERSITY OF POTSDAM   (Germany)

^e UNIV GRENOBLE ALPES   (France)

^f INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BASIN EVOLUTION; COOLING; DEFORMATION; EXHUMATION; FAULT ZONE; GREENSCHIST FACIES; KINEMATICS; MIOCENE; OBLIQUE FAULT; PLATE MOTION; THERMOCHRONOLOGY; TRANSPRESSION;

ASIA; CHINA; EURASIA; FAR EAST; INDUS RIVER; RED RIVER DELTA; SOUTHEAST ASIA; VIET NAM; XIZANG;

EID: 36248987790     PISSN: 02787407     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2005TC001913     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Armijo, R., P. Tapponnier, and H. Tonglin (1989), Late Cenozoic right-lateral strike-slip faulting in southern Tibet, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 2787-2838.
2. Arnaud, N., P. Tapponnier, F. Roger, M. Brunel, U. Scharer, C. Wen, and X. Zhiqin (2003), Evidence for Mesozoic shear along the western Kunlun and Altyn-Tagh fault, northern Tibet (China), J. Geophys. Res., 108(B1), 2053, doi:10.1029/2001JB000904.
3. Avouac, J. P., and P. Tapponnier (1993), Kinematic model of active deformation in central Asia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20(10), 895-898.
4. 39Ar dating experiments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 45, 795-811.
5. Borges, F. S., and S. H. White (1980), Microstructural and chemical studies of sheared anorthosites, Roneval, South Harris, J. Struct. Geol., 2, 273-280.
6. Brown, E. T., R. Bendick, D. L. Bourlès, V. Gaur, P. Molnar, G. M. Raisbeck, and F. Yiou (2002), Slip rates of the Karakorum fault, Ladakh, India, determined using cosmic ray exposure dating of debris flows and moraines, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B9), 2192, doi:10.1029/ 2000JB000100.
7. Brunel, M., N. Arnaud, P. Tapponnier, Y. Pan, and Y. Wang (1994), Kongur shan normal fault: type example of mountain building assisted by extension (Karakoram fault, eastern Pamir), Geology, 22, 707-710.
8. Burg, J. P. (1983), Tectogénèse comparée de 2 segments de chaine de collision: Le sud Tibet (suture du Zangbo) et la chaîne Hercynienne en Europe (Massif Central Français), these d'Etat, Univ. des Sci. et Tech. du Languedoc, Montpellier, France.
9. 39Ar analysis of perthite microtextures and fluid inclusions in alkali feldspars from the Klokken syenite, south Greenland, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett, 109, 147-167.
10. Cheng, J., and G. Xu (1987), Geologic map of the Ritu region with report, pp. 598, Tibetan Bur. of Geol. and Miner. Resour., Lhasa.
11. Chevalier, M.-L., F. J. Ryerson, P. Tapponnier, R. C. Finkel, J. Van Der Woerd, H. Li, and Q. Liu (2005), Slip-rate measurements on the Karakorum fault may imply secular variations in fault motion, Science, 307, 411-414.
12. Clemens, J. D. (2003), S-type granitic magmas - Petrogenetic issues, models and evidence, Earth Sci. Rev., 61, 1-18.
13. 39Ar age spectra of some undisturbed terrestrial samples, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 38(5), 715-738.
14. Davis, A. M., J. C. Aitchison, X. Badengzhu, and L. Hui (2004) conglomerates record the tectonic evolution of the Yarlung-Tsangpo suture zone in southern Tibet, in Aspects of the Tectonic Evolution of China, edited by J. Malpas, C. J. N. Fletcher, J. R. Ali, and J. C. Aitchison, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. 226, 235-246.
15. Dunlap, W. J., R. F. Weinberg, and M. P. Searle (1998), Karakoram fault zone rocks cool in two phases, J. Geol. Soc. London, 155, 903-912.
16. Eisbacher, G. H. (1970), Deformation mechanics of mylonitic rocks and fractured granites in Cobequid Mountains, Nova Scotia, Canada, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 81, 2009-2020.
17. Farley, K. A. (2000), Helium diffusion from apatite: General behavior as illustrated by Durango fluorapatite, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 2903-2914.
18. Farley, K. A. (2002), (U-Th)/He dating: Techniques, calibrations, and applications, in Noble Gases in Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry, Rev. Mineral. Geochem., vol. 47, edited by D. Porcelli, C. J. Ballentine, and R. Wieler, pp. 819-843, Mineral. Soc. of Am., Washington, D. C.
19. Farley, K. A., R. A. Wolf, and L. T. Silver (1996), The effects of long alpha-stopping distances on (U-Th)/He ages, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 60, 4223-4229.
20. Galbraith, R. F. (1981), On statistical models for fission track counts, Math. Geol., 13, 471-478.
21. Gansser, A. (1964), Geology of the Himalayas, 289 pp., John Wiley, New York.
22. Gapais, D. (1989a), Les Orthogneiss: Structures, mécanismes de déformation et analyse cinématique, Mem. Doc. Centre Armoricain Etude Struct. Socles, 28, 1-366.
23. Gapais, D. (1989b), Shear structures within deformed granites: Mechanical and thermal indications, Geology, 17, 1144-1147.
24. Gapais, D., and B. Barbarin (1986), Quartz fabric transition in a cooling syntectonic granite (Hermitage massif, France), Tectonophysics, 125, 357-370.
25. Gardien, V., A. B. Thompson, D. Grujic, and P. Ulmer (1995), Experimental melting of biotite + plagioclase + quartz ± muscovite assemblages and implications for crustal melting, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 15,581-15,591.
26. Gates, A. E., and L. Glover (1989), Alleghanian tectono-thermal evolution of the dextral transcurrent hylas zone, Virginia Piedmont, USA, J. Struct. Geol., 11, 407-419.
27. Gaudemer, Y., P. Tapponnier, and D. L. Turcotte (1989), River offsets across active strike-slip faults, Ann. Tectonicae, 3, 55-76.
28. Gleadow, A. J. W., I. R. Duddy, P. F. Green, and J. F. Levering (1986), Confined fission track lengths in apatite: A diagnostic tool for thermal history analysis, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 94, 405-415.
29. Gower, J. W., and C. Simpson (1992), Phase boundary mobility in naturally deformed, high-grade quartzo-feldspathic rocks: Evidence for diffusional creep, J. Struct. Geol., 14, 301-313.
30. Green, P. F. (1981), A new look at statisfics in fissiontrack dating, Nucl. Tracks, 5, 77-86.
31. Guillopé, M., and J.-P. Poirier (1979), Dynamic recrystallization during creep of single-crystalline halite: An experimental study, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 5557-5567.
32. Hames, W. E., and S. A. Bowring (1994), An empirical evaluation of the argon diffusion geometry in muscovite, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 124, 161-169.
33. 40Ar in biotite: Temperature, pressure and compositional effect, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 49, 2461-2468.
34. 39Ar results for alkali feldspar containing diffusion domains with differing activation energy, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 55, 1435-1448.
35. Harrison, T. M., M. T. Heizler, O. M. Lovera, W. Chen, and M. A. Grove (1994), Chlorine disinfectant for excess argon released from K-feldspar during step heating, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 123, 95-104.
36. Harrison, T. M., P. H. Leloup, F. J. Ryerson, P. Tapponnier, R. Lacassin, and C. Wenji (1996), Diachronous initiation of transtension along the Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone, Yunnan and Vietnam, in The Tectonics of Asia, edited by T. M. Harrison and Y. An, pp. 208-226, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
37. Hirth, G., and J. Tullis (1992), Dislocation creep regimes in quartz aggregates, J. Struct. Geol., 14, 145-159.
38. House, M. A., K. A. Farley, and D. Stockli (2000), Helium chronometry of apatite and titanite using Nd-YAG laser heating, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 183, 365-368.
39. House, M. A., B. P. Wernicke, and K. A. Farley (2001), Paleo-geomorphology of the Sierra Nevada, California, from (U-Th)/He ages in apatite, Am. J. Sci., 301(77), 102.
40. Hurford, A. J., and P. F. Green (1983), The zeta age calibration of fission-track dating, Chem. Geol., 41, 285-317.
41. Jensen, L. N., and J. Starkey (1985), Plagioclase microfabrics in a ductile shear zone from the Jotun Nappe, Norway, J. Struct. Geol., 7, 527-539.
42. Ji, S., and D. Mainprice (1990), Recrystallization and fabric development in plagioclase, J. Geol., 98, 65-79.
43. Jiao, S., Y. Zhang, S. Yi, C. Ai, Y. Zhao, Y. Li, H. Wang, J. Xu, J. Hu, and T. Guo (1988), Geological map of Qinhai-Xizang Plateau and adjacent areas, Geol. Publ. House, Beijing.
44. Kapp, P., M. A. Murphy, A. Yin, T. M. Harrison, L. Ding, and J. Guo (2003), Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Shiquanhe area of western Tibet, Tectonics, 22(4), 1029, doi:10.1029/ 2001TC001332.
45. Ketcham, R. A., R. A. Donelick, and W. D. Carlson (1999), Variability of apatite fission-track annealing kinetics: III. Extrapolation to geologic timescales, Am. Mineral., 84, 1235-1255.
46. 39Ar spectra of fine-grained white mica: Timing and duration of deformation and empirical constraints on argon diffusion, Geology, 24, 747-750.
47. Kretz, R. (1983), Symbols for rock-forming minerals, Am. Mineral., 68, 227-279.
48. Lacassin, R., et al. (2004), Large-scale geometry, offset and kinematic evolution of the Karakorum fault, Tibet, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 219, 255-269.
49. Leloup, P. H., R. Lacassin, P. Tapponnier, D. Zhong, X. Liu, L. Zhang, S. Ji, and P. T. Trinh (1995), The Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone (Yunnan, China), Tertiary transform boundary of Indochina, Tectonophysics, 251, 3-84.
50. Leloup, P. H., Y. Ricard, J. Battaglia, and R. Lacassin (1999), Shear heating in continental strike-slip shear zones: Model and field examples, Geophys. J. Int, 136, 19-40.
51. Leloup, P. H., N. Arnaud, R. Lacassin, J. R. Kienast, T. M. Harrison, P. T. Trinh, A. Replumaz, and P. Tapponnier (2001), New constraints on the structure, thermochronology and timing of the Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 6657-6671.
52. Liu, Q. (1993), Paléoclimats et contraintes chronologiques sur lea mouvements récents dans l'ouest du Tibet: Failles du Karakorum et de Longmu Co-Gozha Co, lacs en pull-apart de Longmu Co et de Sumxi Co, Paris 7, Paris.
53. 39Ar thermochronometry for slowly cooled samples having a distribution of diffusion domain sizes, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 17,917-17,935.
54. 39Ar released during step heating, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 2057-2069.
55. 39Ar step heating results: I. Significance of activation energy determinations, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 61, 3171-3192.
56. Mahéo, G., A. Pêcher, S. Guillot, and Y. Rolland (2004), Exhumation of Neogene gneiss dome between two oblique crustal boundaries in south Karakorum (NW, Himalaya, Pakistan), in Gneiss Domes in Orogeny, edited by D. L. Whitney, C. Teyssier, and C. S. Siddoway, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 380, 141-154.
57. Matte, P., P. Tapponnier, N. Arnaud, L. Bourjot, J. P. Avouac, P. Vidal, Q. Liu, Y. Pan, and Y. Wang (1996), Tectonics of western Tibet, between the Tarim and the Indus, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 142, 311-330.
58. Miller, C., R. Schuster, U. Klötzli, W. Frank, and B. Grasemann (2000), Late Cretaceous-Tertiary magmatic and tectonic events in the Transhimalaya batholith (Kailas area, SW Tibet), Schweiz. Mineral. Petrogr. Mitt., 80, 1-20.
59. Ministry of Geology of USSR (1989), Geological map of Tadjikistan, USSR republic, and adjacent territories, Vsesojuznoi Geol. Inst. Leningrad, St. Petersburg, Russia.
60. Molnar, P., and G. A. Houseman (2004), The effects of buoyant crust on the gravitational instability of thickened mantle lithosphere at zones of intracontinental convergence, Geophys. J. Int., 158, 1134-1150.
61. Murphy, M. A., A. Yin, P. Kapp, T. M. Harrison, L. Ding, and J. Guo (2000), Southward propagation of the Karakoram fault system, southwest Tibet: Timing and magnitude of slip, Geology, 28, 451-454.
62. Murphy, M. A., A. Yin, P. Kapp, T. M. Harrison, C. E. Manning, F. J. Ryerson, L. Ding, and J. Guo (2002), Structural evolution of the Gurla Mandhata detachment system, southwest Tibet; implications for the eastward extent of the Karakoram fault system, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 114, 428-447.
63. Olesen, N. O. (1987), Plagioclase fabric development in a high-grade shear zone, Jotunheimen, Norway, Tectonophysics, 142, 291-308.
64. Olsen, T. S., and D. L. Kohlstedt (1985), Natural deformation and recrystallisation of some intermediate plagioclase feldspars, Tectonophysics, 111, 107-131.
65. Parrish, R. R., and R. Tirrul (1989), U-Pb age of the Baltoro granite, northwest Himalaya, and implications for monazite U-Pb systematics, Geology, 17, 1076-1079.
66. Passchier, C. W. (1982), Myonitic deformation in the Saint Barthélemy Massif, French Pyrenees, with emphasis on the genetic relationship between ultra-mylonite and pseudotachylyte, Ph.D. thesis, 173 pp., Univ. of Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
67. Passchier, C. W., and R. A. J. Trouw (1996), Microtectonics, 289 pp., Springer, Berlin.
68. Phillips, R. J., R. R. Parrish, and M. P. Searle (2004), Age constraints on ductile deformation and long-term slip rates along the Karakoram fault zone, Ladakh, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 226, 305-319.
69. Ratschbacher, L., W. Frisch G. Liu and C. C. Cheng (1994), Distribled deformation in southern and western Tibet as result of the India-Asia collision, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 19,117-19,945.
70. 39 Ar dating, Chem. Geol., 145(1-2), 117-152.
71. -39Ar dating, a discussion, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 41, 233-244.
72. 39Ar analysis, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 48, 185-208.
73. Rolland, Y. (2000), De la convergence intra-océanique à 1'évolution post-collisionnelle: Exemple de la convergence indo-asiatique en Himalaya du NW du Crétacé à nos jours, Ph.D. thesis, 267 pp., Grenoble Univ., Grenobl France.
74. Rolland, Y. (2002), From intra-oceanic convergence to post-collisional evolution; example of the India-Asia convergence in NW Himalaya, from Cretaceous to present, J. Virtual Explor., 8, 185-208.
75. Rolland, Y., and A. Pêcher (2001), The Pangong granulites of the Karakoram Fault (western Tibet): Vertical extrusion within a lithospbere-scale fault?, C. R. Acad. Sci., 332, 363-370.
76. Rolland, Y., A. Pêcher, G. Mahéo, and I. M. Villa (2007), Syn-kinematic emplacement of the Pangong metamorpbic and magmatic complex along the Karakorum Fault (N Ladakh), J. Asian Earth Sci, in press.
77. Schärer, U., P. Tapponnier, R. Lacassin, P. H. Leloup, D. Zhong, and S. Ji (1990), Intraplate tectonics in Asia; a precise age for large-scale Miocene movement along the Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone, China, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 97, 65-77.
78. Schwab, M., et al. (2004), Assembly of the Pamirs: Age and origin of magmatic belts from the southern Tien Shan to the southern Pamirs and their relation to Tibet, Tectonics, 23, TC4002, doi:10.1029/ 2003TC001583.
79. Searle, M. P. (1996), Geological evidence against large-scale pre-Holocene offsets along the Karakoram Fault: Implications for the limited extrusion of the Tibetan Plateau, Tectonics, 15, 171-186.
80. Searle, M. P., M. B. Crawford, and A. J. Rex (1992), Field relations, geochemistry, origin and emplacement of the Baltoro granite, central Karakoram, Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh Earth Sci., 83, 519-538.
81. Searle, M. P., R. F. Weinberg, and W. J. Dunlap (1998) Transpressional tectonics along the Karakoram fault zone, northern Ladakh: Constraints on Tibetan extrusion, in Continental Transpressional and Transtensional Tectonics, edited by R. E. Holdsworth, R. A. Strachan, and J. F. Dewey, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 135, 307-326.
82. Seydoux-Guillaume, A.-M., et al. (2002) Experimental resetting of the U-Th-Pb systems in monazite, in Chemical Geology, edited by F. Poitrasson et al., pp. 165-181, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
83. Simpson, C., and R. P. Wintsch (1989), Evidence for deformation-induced K-feldspar replacement by myemekite, J. Metamorph. Geol., 7, 261-275.
84. Sobel, E. R., and M. R. Strecker (2003), Uplift, exhumation, and precipitation: Tectonic and climatic control of Late Cenozoic landscape evolution in the northern Sierras Pampeanas, Argentina, Basin Res., 15, doi:10.1046/j.1365-2117.2003.00214.x.
85. Stesky, R. M. (1978), Mechanisms of high temperature frictional sliding in Westerly granite, Can. J. Earth Sci., 15, 361-375.
86. Stesky, R. M., W. F. Brace, D. K. Riley, and P. Y. F. Robin (1974), Friction in faulted rock at high temperature and pressure, Tectonophysics, 23, 177-203.
87. Tapponnier, P., Z. Xu, F. Roger, B. Meyer, N. Arnaud, G. Wittlinger, and J. Yang (2001), Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet Plateau, Science, 294, 1671-1677.
88. Tsurumi, J., H. Hosonuma, and K. Kanagawa (2003), Strain localization due to a positive feedback of deformation and myrmekite-forming reaction in granite and aplite mylonites along the Hatagawa shear zone of NE Japan, J. Struct. Geol., 25, 557-574.
89. Tullis, Y. E., and R. A. Yund (1987), Transition from cataclastic flow to dislocation creep of feldspar: Mechanisms and microstructures, Geology, 15, 606-609.
90. Tullis, T. E., and R. A. Yund (1991), Diffusion creep in feldspar aggregates: Experimental evidence, J. Struct. Geol., 13, 987-1000.
91. Valli, F. (2005), Décrochements lithosphériques dans l'Ouest du plateau du Tibet: Géométrie, êge, décalages cumulés et vitesse de glissement long-terme sur la Faille du Karakorum, Ph.D. thesis, Inst. de Phys. du Globe de Paris, Paris.
92. Weinberg, R. F., and W. J. Dunlap (2000), Growth and deformation of the Ladakh Batholith, northwest Himalayas: Implications for timing of continental collision and origin of calc-alkaline batholiths, J. Geol., 108, 303-320.
93. Weinberg, R. F., and M. P. Searle (1998), The Pangong Injection Complex, Indian Karakoram: A case of pervasive granite flow through hot viscous crust, J. Geol. Soc. London, 155, 883-891.
94. White, J. C., and C. K. Mawer (1986), Extreme ductility of feldspars from a mylonite, Parry Sound, Canada, J. Struct. Geol., 8, 133-143.
95. White, S. (1975), Tectonic deformation and recrystallisation of oligoclase, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 50, 287-304.
96. Yin, A., T. M. Harrison, M. A. Murphy, M. Grove, S. Nie, F. J. Ryerson, X. Wang, and Z. Chen (1999), Tertiary deformation history of southeastern and southwestern Tibet during the Indo-Asian collision, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 111, 1644-1664.
97. York, D. (1969), Least squares fitting of a straight line with correlated errors, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 5, 320-324.
98. Zhang, J., L. Ding, D. Zhong, and Y. Zhou (2000), Orogen-parallel extension in Himalaya: Is it indicator of collapse or the product in process of compressive uplift?, Chin. Sci. Bull., 45(2).