Natriuretic peptides in hormonal regulation of hypoxia responses

American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology

Volumn 296, Issue 2, 2009, Pages

  Arjamaa, Olli ^a   Nikinmaa, Mikko ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TURKU   (Finland)

Author keywords

Cardiac hormones; Fishes; Low oxygen tension; Mammals

Indexed keywords

NATRIURETIC FACTOR; OXYGEN;

CYANOTIC HEART DISEASE; DIURESIS; FISH; HEMOCONCENTRATION; HORMONAL REGULATION; HYPERVENTILATION; HYPOXIA; OXYGEN AFFINITY; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; OXYGEN SUPPLY; OXYGEN TENSION; OXYGEN TRANSPORT; PLASMA VOLUME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN SECRETION; REVIEW; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME; VERTEBRATE; ACCLIMATIZATION; ANIMAL; ANOXIA; BLOOD; HUMAN; METABOLISM; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ACCLIMATIZATION; ANIMALS; ANOXIA; EVOLUTION, MOLECULAR; FISHES; HUMANS; HYPERVENTILATION; NATRIURETIC PEPTIDES; OXYGEN; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 61949472932     PISSN: 03636119     EISSN: 15221490     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90696.2008     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. Albert TS, Tucker VL, Renkin EM. Atrial natriuretic peptide levels and plasma volume contraction in acute alveolar hypoxia. J Appl Physiol 82: 102-110, 1997.
2. 1a. al-Haboubi HA, Ward BJ. Microvascular permeability of the isolated rat heart to various solutes in well-oxygenated and hypoxic conditions. Int J Microcirc Clin Exp 16: 291-301, 1996.
3. Almeida FA, Suzuki M, Maack T. Atrial natriuretic factor increases hematocrit and decreases plasma volume in nephrectomized rats. Life Sci 39: 1193-1199, 1986. (Pubitemid 16017752)
4. Andrew PS, Kaufman S. Guanylyl cyclase mediates ANP-induced vasoconstriction of murine splenic vessels. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 284: R1567-R1571, 2003. (Pubitemid 36617497)
5. Arad M, Zamir N, Horowitz L, Oxman T, Rabinowitz B. Release of atrial natriuretic peptide in brief ischemia-reperfusion in isolated rat hearts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 266: H1971-H1978, 1994. (Pubitemid 24172137)
6. Baertschi AJ, Hausmaninger C, Walsh RS, Mentzer RM Jr, Wyatt DA, Pence RA. Hypoxia-induced release of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) from the isolated rat and rabbit heart. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 140: 427-433, 1986. (Pubitemid 17190041)
7. Baertschi AJ, Adams JM, Sullivan MP. Acute hypoxemia stimulates atrial natriuretic factor secretion in vivo. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 255: H295-H300, 1988.
8. Baertschi AJ, Teague WG. Alveolar hypoxia is a powerful stimulus for ANF release in conscious lambs. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 256: H990-H998, 1989.
9. Baggish AL, van Kimmenade R, Bayes-Genis A, Davis M, Lainchbury JG, Frampton C, Pinto Y, Richards MA, Januzzi JL. Hemoglobin and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide: Independent and synergistic predictors of mortality in patients with acute heart failure. Results from the International Collaborative of NT-proBNP (ICON) Study. Clin Chim Acta 381: 145-150, 2007. (Pubitemid 46719148)
10. Bärtsch P, Shaw S, Franciolli M, Gnädinger MP, Weidmann P. Atrial natriuretic peptide in acute mountain sickness. J Appl Physiol 65: 1929-1937, 1988. (Pubitemid 19012291)
11. Bärtsch P, Pfluger N, Audétat M, Shaw S, Weidmann P, Vock P, Vetter W, Rennie D, Oelz O. Effects of slow ascent to 4559 M on fluid homeostasis. Aviat Space Environ Med 62: 105-110, 1991.
12. Beall CM, Strohl KP, Blangero J, Williams-Blangero S, Almasy LA, Decker MJ, Worthman CM, Goldstein MC, Vargas E, Villena M, Soria R, Alarcon AM, Gonzales C. Ventilation and hypoxic ventilatory response of Tibetan and Aymara high-altitude natives. Am J Phys Anthropol 104: 427-447, 1997. (Pubitemid 28034619)
13. Berglund B. High-altitude training. Aspects of haematological adaptation. Sports Med 14: 289-303, 1992.
14. Boutilier RG. Mechanisms of cell survival in hypoxia and hypothermia. J Exp Biol 204: 3171-3181, 2001.
15. Budweiser S, Luchner A, Jörres RA, Heinemann F, Hitzl AP, Schmidbauer K, Riegger G, Pfeifer M. NT-proBNP in chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure: a marker of disease severity, treatment effect and prognosis. Respir Med 101: 2003-2010, 2007.
16. Carpenter TC, Stenmark KR. Hypoxia decreases lung neprilysin expression and increases pulmonary vascular leak. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 281: L941-L948, 2001.
17. Chen YF, Durand J, Claycomb WC. Hypoxia stimulates atrial natriuretic peptide gene expression in cultured atrial cardiocytes. Hypertension 29: 75-82, 1997. (Pubitemid 27078345)
18. Chen YF. Atrial natriuretic peptide in hypoxia. Peptides 26: 1068-1077, 2005.
19. Cheung CY, Brace RA. Fetal hypoxia elevates plasma atrial natriuretic factor concentration. Am J Obstet Gynecol 159: 1263-1268, 1988.
20. Chun YS, Hyun JY, Kwak YG, Kim IS, Kim CH, Choi E, Kim MS, Park JW. Hypoxic activation of the atrial natriuretic peptide gene promoter through direct and indirect actions of hypoxia-inducible factor-1. Biochem J 370: 149-157, 2003. (Pubitemid 36259427)
21. Cosby RL, Sophocies AM, Durr JA, Perrinjaquet CL, Yee B, Schrier RW. Elevated plasma atrial natriuretic factor and vasopressin in high-altitude pulmonary edema. Ann Intern Med 109: 796-799, 1988. (Pubitemid 19046047)
22. Davidson D, Stalcup SA. Systemic circulatory adjustments to acute hypoxia and reoxygenation in unanesthetized sheep. Role of renin, angiotensin II, and catecholamine interactions. J Clin Invest 73: 317-328, 1984. (Pubitemid 14194610)
23. De Angelis C, Ferri C, Urbani L, Farrace S. Effect of acute exposure to hypoxia on electrolytes and water metabolism regulatory hormones. Aviat Space Environ Med 67: 746-750, 1996. (Pubitemid 26269998)
24. 23a. de Bold AJ, Borenstein HB, Veress AT, Sonnenberg H. A rapid and potent natriuretic response to intravenous-injection of atrial myocardial extract in rats. Life Sci 28: 89-94, 1981.
25. Dejours P. Principles of Comparative Respiratory Physiology. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier-North-Holland, 1975.
26. Di Giulio C, Huang W, Waters V, Mokashi A, Bianchi G, Cacchio M, Macri MA, Lahiri S. Atrial natriuretic peptide stimulates cat carotic body chemoreceptors in vivo. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 134: 27-31, 2003. (Pubitemid 36050845)
27. Dietz JR. Release of natriuretic factor from rat heart-lung preparation by atrial distension. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 247: R1093-R1096, 1984.
28. Dietz JR. Mechanisms of atrial natriuretic peptide secretion from the atrium. Cardiovasc Res 68: 8-17, 2005.
29. Eisensehr I, Noachtar S. Haematological aspects of obstructive sleep apnoea. Sleep Med Rev 5: 207-221, 2001. (Pubitemid 32625983)
30. 2 deprivation, reduced flow, and temperature on release of ANP from rabbit hearts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 268: H2352-H2357, 1995.
31. Fandrey J. Oxygen-dependent and tissue-specific regulation of erythropoietin gene expression. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 286: R977-R988, 2004. (Pubitemid 38661383)
32. Faraci FM. Circulation during hypoxia in birds. Comp Biochem Physiol 85A: 613-620, 1986.
33. Farrell AP, Olson KR. Cardiac natriuretic peptides: A physiological lineage of cardioprotective hormones? Physiol Biochem Zool 73: 1-11, 2000.
34. Fukuta H, Ohte N, Mukai S, Saeki T, Kobayashi K, Kimura G. Anemia is an independent predictor for elevated plasma levels of natriuretic peptides in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization for coronary artery disease. Circ J 72: 212-217, 2008.
35. Gardner DG, Songcang C, Glenn DJ, Grigsby CL. Molecular biology of the natriuretic peptide system. Implications for physiology and hypertension. Hypertension 49: 419-426, 2007.
36. Ge RL, Shai HR, Takeoka M, Hanaoka M, Koizumi T, Matsuzawa Y, Kubo K, Kobayashi T. Atrial natriuretic peptide and red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in patients with chronic mountain sickness. Wilderness Environ Med 12: 2-7, 2001. (Pubitemid 32220533)
37. Goetze JP, Gore A, Moller CH, Steinbruchel DA, Rehfeld JF, Nielsen LB. Acute myocardial hypoxia increases BNP gene expression. FASEB J 18: 1928-1930, 2004. (Pubitemid 39602287)
38. Granger HJ, Goodman AH, Cook BH. Metabolic models of microcirculatory regulation. Fed Proc 34: 2025-2030, 1975.
39. Grant WS, Root WS. Fundamendal stimulus for erythropoiesis. Physiol Rev 32: 449-498, 1952.
40. He L, Dinger B, Fidone S. Cellular mechanisms involved in carotid body inhibition produced by atrial natriuretic peptide. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 278: C845-C852, 2000. (Pubitemid 30211315)
41. Hira GK, Sarda IR, Wong ST, Pang SC, Flynn TG. Immunoreactive iso ANP/BNP in plasma, tissues and atrial granules of the rat. Regul Pept 44: 1-9, 1993.
42. Hochachka PW, Buck LT, Doll CJ, Land SC. Unifying theory of hypoxia tolerance: Molecular metabolic defense and rescue mechanisms for surviving oxygen lack. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 9493-9498, 1996.
43. Holeton RG, Randall DJ. The effect of hypoxia upon the partial pressure of gases in the blood and water afferent and efferent to the gills of rainbow trout. J Exp Biol 46: 317-327, 1967.
44. Hopkins WE, Hall C. Paradoxical relationship between N-terminal proatrial natriuretic peptide and filling pressure in adults with cyanotic congenital heart disease. Circulation 96: 2215-2220, 1997. (Pubitemid 27425825)
45. Hopkins WE, Chen Z, Fukagawa NK, Hall C, Knot HJ, LeWinter MM. Increased atrial and brain natriuretic peptides in adults with cyanotic congenital heart disease: enhanced understanding of the relationship between hypoxia and natriuretic peptide secretion. Circulation 109: 2872-2877, 2004. (Pubitemid 38780301)
46. Huxley VH, Tucker VL, Verburg KM, Freeman RH. Increased capillary hydraulic conductivity induced by atrial natriuretic peptide. Circ Res 60: 304-307, 1987.
47. Huxley VH, Meyer DJ Jr. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)-induced increase in capillary albumin and water flux. Adv Exp Med Biol 242: 23-31, 1988.
48. Iervasi G, Cierico A, Berti S, Pilo A, Vitek F, Biagini A, Baratto MT, Bianchi R, Donato L. ANP kinetics in normal men: In vivo measurement by a tracer method and correlation with sodium intake. Am J Physiol Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol 264: F480-F489, 1993. (Pubitemid 23102763)
49. Jelkmann W. Erythropoietin: structure, control of production, and function. Physiol Rev 72: 449-489, 1992.
50. Johnson DD, Singh MB, Cheung CY. Effect of three hours of hypoxia on atrial natriuretic factor gene expression in the ovine fetal heart. Am J Obstet Gynecol 176: 42-48, 1997.
51. Johnson KR, Olson KR. Comparative physiology of the piscine natriuretic peptide system. Gen Comp Endocrinol 157: 21-26, 2008.
52. Kaditis AG, Alexopoulos EI, Hatzi F, Kostadima E, Kiaffas M, Zakynthinos E, Gourgoulians K. Overnight change in brain natriuretic peptide levels in children with sleep-disordered breathing. Chest 130: 1377-1384, 2006.
53. Karmpaliotis D, Kirtane AJ, Ruisi CP, Polonsky T, Malhotra A, Talmor D, Kosmidou I, Jarolim P, de Lemos JA, Sabatine MS, Gibson CM, Morrow D. Diagnostic and prognostic utility of brain natriuretic peptide in subjects admitted to the ICU with hypoxic respiratory failure due to noncardiogenic and cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Chest 131: 964-971, 2007. (Pubitemid 46608693)
54. Kawashima A, Kubo K, Matsuzawa Y, Kobayashi T, Sekiguchi M. Hypoxia-induced ANP secretion in subjects susceptible to high-altitude pulmonary edema. Respir Physiol 89: 309-317, 1992.
55. Khan AR, Birbach M, Cohen MS, Ittenbach RF, Spray TL, Levy RJ, Gaynor JW. Chronic hypoxemia increases ventricular brain natriuretic peptide precursors in neonatal swine. Ann Thorac Surg 85: 618-623, 2008.
56. Klinger JR, Arnal F, Warburton RR, Ou LC, Hill NS. Downregulation of pulmonary atrial natriuretic peptide receptor in rats exposed to chronic hypoxia. J Appl Physiol 77: 1309-1316, 1994. (Pubitemid 24299385)
57. Klinger JR, Pietras L, Warburton R, Hill NS. Reduced oxygen tension increases atrial natriuretic peptide release from atrial cardiocytes. Exp Biol Med 226: 847-853, 2001. (Pubitemid 34053235)
58. Kooyman GL. Diverse Divers. New York: Springer 1989.
59. Krieger J, Laks L, Wilcox I, Grunstein RR, Costas LJ, McDougall JG, Sullivan CE. Atrial natriuretic peptide release during sleep in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea before and during treatment with nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Clin Sci 77: 407-411, 1989.
60. Lahiri S, Roy A, Baby SM, Hoshi T, Semenza GL, Prabhakar NR. Oxygen sensing in the body. Progr Biophys Mol Biol 91: 249-286, 2006.
61. Lang RE, Thölken H, Ganten D, Luft FC, Ruskoaho H, Unger T. Atrial natriuretic factor - a circulating hormone stimulated by volume loading. Nature 314: 264-266, 1985. (Pubitemid 15076514)
62. Lawrence DL, Skatrud JB, Shenker Y. Effect of hypoxia on atrial natriuretic factor and aldosterone regulation in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 258: E243-E248, 1990. (Pubitemid 20094636)
63. Ljusegren ME, Andersson RG. Hypoxia induces release of atrial natriuretic peptide in rat atrial tissue: a role for this peptide during low oxygen stress. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 350: 189-193, 1994.
64. Luo Y, Jiang C, Belangor AJ, Akita GY, Wadsworth SC, Gregory RJ, Vincent KA. A constitutively active hypoxia-inducible factor-1α/VP16 hybrid factor activates expression of the human B-type natriuretic peptide gene. Mol Pharmacol 69: 1953-1962, 2006. (Pubitemid 43894313)
65. McKenzie JC, Kelley KB, Merisko-Liversidge EM, Kennedy J, Klein RM. Developmental pattern of ventricular atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) expression in chronically hypoxic rats as an indicator of the hypertrophied process. J Mol Cell Cardiol 26: 753-767, 1994. (Pubitemid 24192402)
66. Moya FR, Grannum PA, Riddick JA, Pinheiro J. Atrial natriuretic factor in hydrops fetalis caused by Rh isoimmunisation. Arch Dis Child 65: 683-686, 1990. (Pubitemid 20210175)
67. Nikinmaa M. Vertebrate Red Blood Cells. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1990.
68. Nikinmaa M. Membrane transport and the control of haemoglobin-oxygen affinity in nucleated erythrocytes. Physiol Rev 72: 301-321, 1992.
69. Nikinmaa M. Haemoglobin function in vertebrates: evolutionary changes in cellular regulation in hypoxia. Respir Physiol 128: 317-329, 2001. (Pubitemid 33051006)
70. Nikinmaa M. Oxygen-dependent cellular functions-why fishes and their aquatic environment are a prime choice of study. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 133: 1-16, 2002.
71. Nikinmaa M, Tervonen V. Regulation of Blood Haemoglobin Concentration in Hypoxic Fish. May 2003, edited by Rupp GL and White, MD. Athens, GA: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ecosystems Research Division, 2004, p. 243-252.
72. Nilsson S. Autonomic nerve function in the vertebrates. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1983.
73. Niskanen E, Baertschi AJ. Physiological concentrations of atrial natriuretic factor stimulate human erythroid progenitors in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 156: 15-21, 1988. (Pubitemid 18249679)
74. Ogunyemi DA, Koos BJ, Arora CP, Castro LC, Mason BA. Adenosine modulates hypoxia-induced atrial natriuretic peptide release in fetal sheep. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 269: H282-H287, 1995.
75. Pandey KN. Biology of natriuretic peptides and their receptors. Peptides 26: 901-932, 2005.
76. Porat O, Neumann D, Zamir O, Nachshon S, Feigen E, Cohen J, Zamir N. Erythropoietin stimulates atrial natriuretic peptide secretion from adult rat cardiac atrium. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 276: 1162-1168, 1996. (Pubitemid 126660593)
77. Potter LR, Abbey-Hosch S, Dickey DM. Natriuretic peptides, their receptors, and cyclic guanosine monophosphate-dependent signaling functions. Endocr Rev 27: 47-72, 2006. (Pubitemid 43228238)
78. Pradhan RK, Chakravarthy VS. A computational model that links non-periodic vasomotion to enhanced oxygenation in skeletal muscle. Math Biosci 209: 486-499, 2007.
79. Rajabi M, Kassiotis C, Razeghi P, Taegtmeyer H. Return to the fetal gene program protects the stressed heart: a strong hypothesis. Heart Fail Rev 12: 331-343, 2007. (Pubitemid 350176706)
80. Richards AM. Natriuretic peptides: Update on peptide release, bioactivity, and clinical use. Hypertension 50: 25-30, 2007.
81. Rose RA, Giles WR. Natriuretic peptide C receptor signalling in the heart and vasculature. J Physiol 586: 353-366, 2008.
82. Ruskoaho H. Atrial natriuretic peptide: synthesis, release, and metabolism. Pharmacol Rev 44: 479-602, 1992. (Pubitemid 23014354)
83. Scott GR Milsom WK. Control of breathing and adaptation to high altitude in the bar-headed goose. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 293: R379-R391, 2007.
84. Semenza G. Involvement of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 in pulmonary pathophysiology. Chest 128: 592S-594S, 2005. (Pubitemid 43054145)
85. Shams I, Avivi A, Nevo E. Oxygen and carbon dioxide fluctuations in burrows of subterranean blind mole rats indicate tolerance to hypoxic-hypercapnic stresses. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 142: 376-382, 2005. (Pubitemid 41571331)
86. Sharma S, Taegtmeyer H, Adrogue J, Razeghi P, Sen S, Ngumbela K, Essop MF. Dynamic changes of gene expression in hypoxia-induced right ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 286: H1185-H1192, 2004. (Pubitemid 38248636)
87. Siggaard-Andersen J, Petersen FB, Hansen TI, Mellemgaard K. Plasma volume and vascular permeability during hypoxia and carbon monoxide exposure. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl 103: 39-48, 1968.
88. Stockmann PT, Will DH, Sides SD, Brunnert SR, Wilner GD, Leahy KM, Wiegand RC, Needleman P. Reversible induction of right ventricular atriopeptin synthesis in hypertrophy due to hypoxia. Circ Res 63: 207-213, 1988. (Pubitemid 18168672)
89. Sun JZ, Chen SJ, Li G, Chen YF. Hypoxia reduces atrial natriuretic peptide clearance receptor gene expression in ANP knockout mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 279: L511-L519, 2000.
90. Svatikova A, Shamsuzzaman AS, Wolk R, Philipps BG, Olson LJ, Somers VK. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Cardiol 94: 529-532, 2004. (Pubitemid 39120013)
91. Swift DJ, Lloyd R. Changes in urine flow rate and haematocrit value of rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri (Richardson) exposed to hypoxia. J Fish Biol 6: 379-387, 1974.
92. Takei Y. Does the natriuretic peptide system exist throughout the animal and plant kingdom? Comp Biochem Physiol B: Biochem Mol Biol 129: 559-573, 2001. (Pubitemid 32523980)
93. Taylor JS, Braasch I, Frickey T, Meyer A, de Peer YV. Genome duplication, a trait shared by 22,000 species of ray-finned fish. Genome Res 13: 382-390, 2003. (Pubitemid 36395395)
94. Tervonen V, Vuolteenaho O, Nikinmaa M. Hemoconcentration via diuresis in short-term hypoxia: A possible role for cardiac natriuretic peptide in rainbow trout. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 144: 86-92, 2006.
95. Toop T, Donald JA. Comparative aspects of natriuretic peptide physiology in non-mammalian vertebrates: a review. J Comp Physiol B Biochem Systemic Environ Physiol 174: 189-204, 2004. (Pubitemid 38642151)
96. Toth M, Vuorinen KH, Vuolteenaho O, Hassinen IE, Uusimaa PA, Leppäluoto J, Ruskoaho H. Hypoxia stimulates release of ANP and BNP from perfused rat ventricular myocardium. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 266: H1572-H1580, 1994. (Pubitemid 2084570)
97. Trajanovska S, Donald JA. Molecular cloning of natriuretic peptides from the heart of reptiles: loss of ANP in diapsid reptiles and birds. Gen Comp Endocrinol 156: 339-346, 2008.
98. Tucker VL, Huxley VH. O2 modulation of single-vessel hydraulic conductance. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 254: H317-H323, 1988.
99. Tunny TJ, van Gelder J, Gordon RD, Klemm SA, Hamlet SM, Finn WL, Carney GM, Brand-Maher C. Effects of altitude on atrial natriuretic peptide: the Bicentennial Mount Everest Expedition. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 16: 287-291, 1989. (Pubitemid 19150421)
100. Uusimaa PA, Peuhkurinen KJ, Hassinen IE, Vuolteenaho O, Ruskoaho H. Ischemia stimulates the release of atrial natriuretic peptide from rat cardiac ventricular myocardium in vitro. Life Sci 50: 365-373, 1992.
101. Uusimaa PA, Peuhkurinen KJ, Vuolteenaho O, Ruskoaho H, Hassinen IE. Role of myocardial redox and energy states in ischemia-stimulated release of atrial natriuretic peptide. J Mol Cell Cardiol 24: 191-205, 1992.
102. Wang ZZ, He L, Stensaas LJ, Dinger BG, Fidone SJ. Localization and in vitro actions of atrial nattriuretic peptide in the cat carotid body. J Appl Physiol 70: 942-946, 1991.
103. Wang WJ, He L, Chen J, Dinger B, Fidone S. Mechanisms underlying chemoreceptor inhibition induced by atrial natriuretic peptide in rabbit carotid body. J Physiol 460: 427-441, 1993. (Pubitemid 23058058)
104. Weber RE. Hemoglobin adaptation to hypoxia and altitude-the phylogenetic perspective. In: Hypoxia and the Brain. Burlington VT: Queen City Printers, 1995, p. 31-44.
105. Weber RE. High-altitude adaptations in vertebrate hemoglobins. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 158: 132-142, 2007.
106. Weidemann A, Klanke B, Wagner M, Volk T, Willam C, Wiesener MS, Eckardt KU, Warnecke C. Hypoxia, via stimulation of the hypoxia-inducible factor HIF-1α, is a direct and sufficient stimulus for brain-type natriuretic peptide induction. Biochem J 409: 233-242, 2008.
107. Wenger RH, Gassmann M. Little difference. Nature 380: 100, 1996. (Pubitemid 26085866)
108. Westendorp RG, Roos AN, van der Hoeven HG, Tjiong MY, Simons R, Frölich M, Souverijn JH, Meinders AE. Atrial natriuretic peptide improves pulmonary gas exchange in subjects exposed to hypoxia. Am Rev Respir Dis 148: 304-309, 1993. (Pubitemid 23221570)
109. Wijeyaratne CN, Moult PJ. The effect of alpha human natriuretic peptide on plasma volume and vascular permeability in normotensive subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76: 343-346, 1993.
110. Wilhide ME, Jones WK. Potential therapeutic gene for the treatment of ischemic disease: Ad2/hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1)/VP16 enhances B-type natriuretic peptide gene expression via a HIF-1-responsive element. Mol Pharmacol 69: 1773-1778, 2006.
111. Winter RJ, Meleagros L, Pervez S, Jamal H, Krausz T, Polak JM, Bloom SR. Atrial natriuretic peptide levels in plasma and cardiac tissues after chronic hypoxia in rats. Clin Sci 76: 95-101, 1989. (Pubitemid 19039096)
112. Woodard GE, Rosado JA. Natriuretic peptides in vascular physiology and pathology. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol 268: 59-93, 2008.
113. Wood SC, Lenfant C. Oxygen transport and oxygen delivery. In: Evolution of Respiratory Processes. A Comparative Approach. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1979, p. 193-223.
114. Yandle TG, Richards AM, Nicholls MG, Cuneo R, Espiner EA, Livesey JH. Metabolic clearance rate and plasma half life of alpha-human atrial natriuretic peptide in man. Life Sci 38: 1827-1833, 1986.
115. Zenteno-Savin T, Castellini MA. Changes in the plasma levels of vasoactive hormones during apnea in seals. Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol 119: 7-12, 1998. (Pubitemid 28132829)