Do ethnic parties promote minority ethnic conflict?

Nationalism and Ethnic Politics

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 56-83

  Ishiyama, John ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEMOCRACY; ETHNIC CONFLICT; ETHNIC GROUP; POPULAR PROTEST;

EID: 61849120014     PISSN: 13537113     EISSN: 15572986     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13537110802672388     Document Type: Article

References (102)

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2. Alvin Rabushka and Kenneth Shepsle, Politics in Plural Societies: A Theory of Democratic Instability (Columbus, OH: Merrill, 1972).
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9. For instance, India as in Kanchan Chandra's 2004 study.
10. Sherrill Stroschein, "Measuring Ethnic Party Success in Romania, Slovakia and Ukraine," Problems of Post-Communism, Vol. 4, No. 1 (2001), pp. 59-69
11. John Ishiyama, "Institutions and Ethnopolitical Conflict In Post-Communist Politics," Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, Vol. 6, No. 1 (2000), pp. 51-67
12. Ishiyama and Breuning; A notable exception is the recent work of Johanna K. Birnir, 2007.
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17. Koeble, pp. 73-89.
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19. Becher and Basedau, p. 9.
20. Horowitz, p. 291.
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27. Stroschein, p. 61.
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29. Ishiyama, pp. 51-67.
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34. Birnir, pp. 59-69.
35. Kanchan Chandra and Sherill Stroschein make very similar arguments. See Chandra; Stroschein.
36. Ishiyama, pp. 51-67.
37. Pippa Norris, "Ballots not Bullets: Electoral systems, Ethnic minorities and Democratization," in Andrew Reynolds and Scot Mainwaring (Eds.), The Architecture of Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002)
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43. Paul Brass, Ethnicity and Nationalism (New Delhi: Sage Press, 1991).
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46. Benjamin Reilly, Democracy in Divided Societies: Electoral Engineering for Conflict Management (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
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48. J. A. Cheibub, Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, and Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 18
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50. Matthew Shugart and John M. Carey, Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
51. Scott Mainwaring, "Presidentialism, Multipartism and Democracy: The Difficult Combination," Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 26, No. 3 (1993), pp. 198-228, 223.
52. Birnir.
53. Alfred Stepan and Cynthia Skach, "Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation," World Politics, Vol. 46, No. 1 (1993), pp. 1-22
54. Linz, pp. 51-69.
55. Donald Horowitz, "Comparing Democratic Systems," Journal of Democracy, Vol. 1, No. 4 (1990), pp. 783-94, 784 (italics in original).
56. Horowitz; Lijphart.
57. Will Kymlicka, "Emerging Western Models of Multination Federalism: Are they Relevant for Africa?," in David Turton (Ed.), Ethnic Federalism: The Ethiopian Experience in Comparative Perspective (Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2006), pp. 1-25
58. K. Adeney, Federalism and Ethnic Conflict Regulation in India and Pakistan (New York: Palgrave, 2006)
59. R. Suberu, Federalism and Ethnic Conflict in Nigeria (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2001).
60. Robert Kaplan, Balkan Ghosts (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2003)
61. Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Pandemonium: Ethnicity in International Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993)
62. Samuel Huntington, "The Clash of Civilizations?," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 72 (1993), pp. 22-49.
63. Arjun Appadurai, "Dead Certainty: Ethnic Violence in the Era of Globalization," Public Culture, Vol. 10, No. 3 (1998), pp. 225-40
64. Julie Kristeva, Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982)
65. Vamik Volkan, Cyprus-War and Adaptation: A Psychoanalytic History of Two Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia, 1979).
66. Appadurai, p. 247.
67. Ibid., p. 246.
68. Arjun Appadurai, "Dead Certainty: Ethnic Violence in the Era of Globalization," Public Culture, Vol. 10, No. 3 (1998), pp. 225-24
69. Robert Kaplan, Balkan Ghosts: A Journey through History. (New York: Vintage Books, 1993)
70. Samuel Huntington, "The Clash of Civilizations?", Foreign Affairs Vol. 72, No. 3 (1993) pp. 22-49
71. Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Pandemonium: Ethnicity in International Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).
72. Yahya Sadowski, The Myth of Global Chaos (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1998), p. 95.
73. Robin Wright and Doyle Macmanus, Flashpoints: Promise and Peril in a New World (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1991).
74. Ibid., pp. 20-21.
75. S. K. Bhaumik, Gang, and M. Yun, "Ethnic Conflict and Economic Disparity: Serbian and Albanians in Kosovo," Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol. 34, No. 4 (2006), pp. 754-73.
76. M. D. Toft, The Geography of Ethnic Violence: Identity, Interests, and Territory (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003)
77. E. Bonacich, "A Theory of Middleman Minorities," American Sociological Review, Vol. 38, No. 4 (1973), pp. 583-94
78. E. Bonacich, "A Theory of Ethnic Antagonism: The Split Labor Market," American Sociological Review, Vol. 37, No. 4 (1972), pp. 547-59
79. William Easterly and R. Levine, "Africa's Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions," Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 112, No. 4 (1997), pp. 1203-50.
80. Paul Collier, "Economic Causes of Civil Conflict and Their Implications for Policy," in C. A. Crocker, F. O. Hampson, and P. Aall (Eds.), Leashing the Dogs of War (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2007)
81. Fearon and Laitin, pp. 715-734.
82. Gunther and Diamond, p. 183.
83. Kanchan Chandra and Daniel Metz, "A New Cross-national Database on Ethnic Parties," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Midwestern Political Science Association, Chicago, Illinois, 2002, p. 5.
84. Leon Epstein defines the political party as "any group of individuals, however loosely organized, whose avowed purpose is winning elections." Leon Epstein, Political Parties in Western Democracies (New York: Praeger, 1966), p. 1
85. Sartori defined a party as "any political group identified by an official label that presents at elections, and is capable of placing through elections (free or nonfree), candidates for public office." Giovanni Sartori, Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), p. 63
86. Still more broadly, a party can be defined as an organization that pursues a goal of placing its avowed representatives in government positions. Kenneth Janda, Political Parties (New York: Free Press, 1990), p. 5.
87. Herbert Kitschelt, "Divergent Paths of Postcommunist Democracies," in Larry Diamond and Richard Gunther (Eds.), Political Parties and Democracy (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001).
88. See Horowitz, pp. 294-7.
89. Paul Brass, p. 106.
90. Ted Robert Gurr, "People Against States: Ethnopolitical Conflict and the Changing World System," International Studies Quarterly Vol. 38, No. 3 (1994), pp. 347-77, 349.
91. Ibid., p. 349.
92. For a recent criticism see Vladimir Tishkov, "Status in the World System and Economic Mobilization," Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 36, No. 4 (1999), pp. 571-91
93. also William J. Foltz, "Minorities at Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflicts," The American Political Science Review Vol. 88, No. 2 (1994), pp. 513-14.
94. For a defense of the use of the MAR data, see Birnir, pp. 168-9.
95. Birnir, pp. 168-169.
96. Rein Taagepera and Matthew Shugart, Seats and Votes: The Effects and Determinants of Electoral Systems (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989).
97. Phillip Keefer, DPI2004: Database of Political Institutions (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2005).
98. Shaheen Mozzafar, James Scaritt, and Greg Galaich, "Electoral Institutions, Ethnopolitical Cleavages, and Party Systems in Africa's Emerging Democracies," American Political Science Review, Vol. 97, No. 3 (2003), pp. 379-90; Toft.
99. John Fox, Regression Diagnostics (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1991).
100. Ibid.
101. Toft.
102. See Brass, 1991, for this point.