Ethnic Party Bans In Africa: A Research Agenda

German Law Journal

Volumn 8, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 617-634

  Basedau, Matthias ^a   Bogaards, Matthijs ^b   Hartmann, Christof ^c   Niesen, Peter ^d  

^a GIGA GERMAN INSTITUTE OF GLOBAL AND AREA STUDIES   (Germany)

^b JACOBS UNIVERSITY BREMEN   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF DUISBURG ESSEN   (Germany)

^d DARMSTADT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 61849105818     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20718322     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S2071832200005812     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. See Robert Jackson, Ethnicity, in SOCIAL SCIENCE CONCEPTS: A SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, 205 (Giovanni Sartori ed., 1984) and Crawford Young, Nationalism, Ethnicity, and Class in Africa: A Retrospective, 26 CAHIERS D'ÉTUDES AFRICAINES 421 (1986).
2. See Robert Jackson, Ethnicity, in SOCIAL SCIENCE CONCEPTS: A SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, 205 (Giovanni Sartori ed., 1984) and Crawford Young, Nationalism, Ethnicity, and Class in Africa: A Retrospective, 26 CAHIERS D'ÉTUDES AFRICAINES 421 (1986).
3. GABRIEL ALMOND & JAMES COLEMAN, THE POLITICS OF THE DEVELOPING AREAS (1960).
4. For an early and careful analysis of this process in Zambia see Robert Molteno, Cleavage and Conflict in Zambian Politics: A Study in Sectionalism, in POLITICS IN ZAMBIA, 62 (William Tordoff ed., 1974).
5. Richard Gunther & Larry Diamond, Types and Functions of Parties, in POLITICAL PARTIES AND DEMOCRACIES, 3 (Larry Diamond/Richard Gunther eds., 2001). See, for the South Asian debate, KANCHAN CHANDRA, WHY ETHNIC PARTIES SUCCEED: PATRONAGE AND ETHNIC HEADCOUNTS IN INDIA (2004).
6. See further, Michelle Kuenzi & Gina Lambright, Party System Institutionalization in 30 African Countries, 7 PARTY POLITICS 437 (2001); Vicky Randall & Lara Svasand, The Contribution of Parties to Democracy and Democratic Consolidation, 9 DEMOCRATIZATION (2002); Gero Erdmann, Party Research: Western Bias and the "African Labyrinth" 11 DEMOCRATIZATION 63 (2004); and Oda Van Cranenburgh, Power and Competition: The Institutional Context of African Multi-Party Politics, in AFRICAN POLITICAL PARTIES: EVOLUTION, INSTITUTIONALISATION, AND GOVERNANCE (M. A. Salih ed., 2003).
7. See further, Michelle Kuenzi & Gina Lambright, Party System Institutionalization in 30 African Countries, 7 PARTY POLITICS 437 (2001); Vicky Randall & Lara Svasand, The Contribution of Parties to Democracy and Democratic Consolidation, 9 DEMOCRATIZATION (2002); Gero Erdmann, Party Research: Western Bias and the "African Labyrinth" 11 DEMOCRATIZATION 63 (2004); and Oda Van Cranenburgh, Power and Competition: The Institutional Context of African Multi-Party Politics, in AFRICAN POLITICAL PARTIES: EVOLUTION, INSTITUTIONALISATION, AND GOVERNANCE (M. A. Salih ed., 2003).
8. See further, Michelle Kuenzi & Gina Lambright, Party System Institutionalization in 30 African Countries, 7 PARTY POLITICS 437 (2001); Vicky Randall & Lara Svasand, The Contribution of Parties to Democracy and Democratic Consolidation, 9 DEMOCRATIZATION (2002); Gero Erdmann, Party Research: Western Bias and the "African Labyrinth" 11 DEMOCRATIZATION 63 (2004); and Oda Van Cranenburgh, Power and Competition: The Institutional Context of African Multi-Party Politics, in AFRICAN POLITICAL PARTIES: EVOLUTION, INSTITUTIONALISATION, AND GOVERNANCE (M. A. Salih ed., 2003).
9. See further, Michelle Kuenzi & Gina Lambright, Party System Institutionalization in 30 African Countries, 7 PARTY POLITICS 437 (2001); Vicky Randall & Lara Svasand, The Contribution of Parties to Democracy and Democratic Consolidation, 9 DEMOCRATIZATION (2002); Gero Erdmann, Party Research: Western Bias and the "African Labyrinth" 11 DEMOCRATIZATION 63 (2004); and Oda Van Cranenburgh, Power and Competition: The Institutional Context of African Multi-Party Politics, in AFRICAN POLITICAL PARTIES: EVOLUTION, INSTITUTIONALISATION, AND GOVERNANCE (M. A. Salih ed., 2003).
10. See DONALD HOROWITZ, ETHNIC GROUPS IN CONFLICT (1985); DONALD HOROWITZ, A DEMOCRATIC SOUTH AFRICA? CONSTITUTIONAL ENGINEERING IN A DIVIDED SOCIETY (1991); SALIH ED. (note 10); and Edward R. McMahon, Catching the 'Third Wave' of Democratization? Debating Political Party Effectiveness in Africa since 1980, 3 AFRICAN AND ASIAN STUDIES 295 (2004).
11. See DONALD HOROWITZ, ETHNIC GROUPS IN CONFLICT (1985); DONALD HOROWITZ, A DEMOCRATIC SOUTH AFRICA? CONSTITUTIONAL ENGINEERING IN A DIVIDED SOCIETY (1991); SALIH ED. (note 10); and Edward R. McMahon, Catching the 'Third Wave' of Democratization? Debating Political Party Effectiveness in Africa since 1980, 3 AFRICAN AND ASIAN STUDIES 295 (2004).
12. See DONALD HOROWITZ, ETHNIC GROUPS IN CONFLICT (1985); DONALD HOROWITZ, A DEMOCRATIC SOUTH AFRICA? CONSTITUTIONAL ENGINEERING IN A DIVIDED SOCIETY (1991); SALIH ED. (note 10); and Edward R. McMahon, Catching the 'Third Wave' of Democratization? Debating Political Party Effectiveness in Africa since 1980, 3 AFRICAN AND ASIAN STUDIES 295 (2004).
13. See James Scarritt et al, The Interaction between Democracy and Ethnopolitical Protest and Rebellion in Africa, 34 COMPARATIVE POLITICAL STUDIES 800 (2001); and Matthijs Bogaards, Electoral Systems, Party Systems, and Ethnic Conflict Management in Africa, in VOTES, MONEY AND VIOLENCE: POLITICAL PARTIES AND ELECTIONS IN AFRICA: CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS, EMPIRICAL FINDINGS AND THE ROAD AHEAD (Matthias Basedau et al eds., 2007).
14. See James Scarritt et al, The Interaction between Democracy and Ethnopolitical Protest and Rebellion in Africa, 34 COMPARATIVE POLITICAL STUDIES 800 (2001); and Matthijs Bogaards, Electoral Systems, Party Systems, and Ethnic Conflict Management in Africa, in VOTES, MONEY AND VIOLENCE: POLITICAL PARTIES AND ELECTIONS IN AFRICA: CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS, EMPIRICAL FINDINGS AND THE ROAD AHEAD (Matthias Basedau et al eds., 2007).
15. See, for example, JEAN-FRANCOIS BAYART, LA POLITIQUE DU VENTRE, L'ÉTAT EN AFRIQUE (1989); and PATRICK CHABAL & JEAN-PASCAL DALOZ, AFRICA WORKS: DISORDER AS POLITICAL INSTRUMENT (1999).
16. See, for example, JEAN-FRANCOIS BAYART, LA POLITIQUE DU VENTRE, L'ÉTAT EN AFRIQUE (1989); and PATRICK CHABAL & JEAN-PASCAL DALOZ, AFRICA WORKS: DISORDER AS POLITICAL INSTRUMENT (1999).
17. DEMOCRACY AND DEEP-ROOTED CONFLICT: OPTIONS FOR NEGOTIATIORS (Peter Harris/Ben Reilly eds., 1998).
18. ELECTIONS AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IN AFRICA (Timothy Sisk/Andrew Reynolds eds., 1998); ANDREW REYNOLDS, ELECTORAL SYSTEMS AND DEMOCRATIZATION IN SOUTHERN AFRICA (1999); BEN REILLY & ANDREW REYNOLDS, ELECORAL SYSTEMS AND CONFLICT IN DIVIDED SOCIETIES (1999).
19. ELECTIONS AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IN AFRICA (Timothy Sisk/Andrew Reynolds eds., 1998); ANDREW REYNOLDS, ELECTORAL SYSTEMS AND DEMOCRATIZATION IN SOUTHERN AFRICA (1999); BEN REILLY & ANDREW REYNOLDS, ELECORAL SYSTEMS AND CONFLICT IN DIVIDED SOCIETIES (1999).
20. ELECTIONS AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IN AFRICA (Timothy Sisk/Andrew Reynolds eds., 1998); ANDREW REYNOLDS, ELECTORAL SYSTEMS AND DEMOCRATIZATION IN SOUTHERN AFRICA (1999); BEN REILLY & ANDREW REYNOLDS, ELECORAL SYSTEMS AND CONFLICT IN DIVIDED SOCIETIES (1999).
21. See BERTUS DE VILLIERS, LOCAL AND PROVINCIAL INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS (1997); Eghosa Osaghae, Democracy and National Cohesion in Multiethnic African States: South Africa and Nigera Compared, 5 NATIONS AND NATIONALISM 259 (1999); and NORMAN LEVY & CHRIS TAPSCOTT, INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS IN SOUTH AFRICA: THE CHALLENGES OF COOPERATIVE GOVERNMENT (2001).
22. See BERTUS DE VILLIERS, LOCAL AND PROVINCIAL INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS (1997); Eghosa Osaghae, Democracy and National Cohesion in Multiethnic African States: South Africa and Nigera Compared, 5 NATIONS AND NATIONALISM 259 (1999); and NORMAN LEVY & CHRIS TAPSCOTT, INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS IN SOUTH AFRICA: THE CHALLENGES OF COOPERATIVE GOVERNMENT (2001).
23. See BERTUS DE VILLIERS, LOCAL AND PROVINCIAL INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS (1997); Eghosa Osaghae, Democracy and National Cohesion in Multiethnic African States: South Africa and Nigera Compared, 5 NATIONS AND NATIONALISM 259 (1999); and NORMAN LEVY & CHRIS TAPSCOTT, INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS IN SOUTH AFRICA: THE CHALLENGES OF COOPERATIVE GOVERNMENT (2001).
24. See Andreas Mehler, Dezentralisierung und Krisenprävention, in DEZENTRALISIERUNG IN ENTWICKLUNGSLÄNDERN 391 (W. Thomi et al eds., 2001); and Christof Hartmann, Local Government and the Management of Conflict in Fragmented Societies: South Africa, Namibia and Mauritius Compared, in MANAGING AND RESOLVING AFRICAN CONFLICTS: CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND POST-CONFLICT RECONSTRUCTION. VOL. 2 (Alfred G. Nhema/Paul Tiyambe Zeleza eds., 2007).
25. See Andreas Mehler, Dezentralisierung und Krisenprävention, in DEZENTRALISIERUNG IN ENTWICKLUNGSLÄNDERN 391 (W. Thomi et al eds., 2001); and Christof Hartmann, Local Government and the Management of Conflict in Fragmented Societies: South Africa, Namibia and Mauritius Compared, in MANAGING AND RESOLVING AFRICAN CONFLICTS: CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND POST-CONFLICT RECONSTRUCTION. VOL. 2 (Alfred G. Nhema/Paul Tiyambe Zeleza eds., 2007).
26. Matthijs Bogaards, Prefrabricated Party Systems: Imposing Ideoglogical Cleavages in Africa, 1st ECPR General Conference, Canterbury, United Kingdom (2001); Matthijs Bogaards, Creating an Ideological Space: The Experience of Nigeria's Prefabricated Party System, 2nd ECPR General Conference, Marburg, Germany (2003), BOGAARDS (note 12).
27. Matthijs Bogaards, Prefrabricated Party Systems: Imposing Ideoglogical Cleavages in Africa, 1st ECPR General Conference, Canterbury, United Kingdom (2001); Matthijs Bogaards, Creating an Ideological Space: The Experience of Nigeria's Prefabricated Party System, 2nd ECPR General Conference, Marburg, Germany (2003), BOGAARDS (note 12).
28. B. GUY PETERS, INSTITUTIONAL THEORY IN POLITICAL SCIENCE: THE NEW INSTITUTIONALISM (2001).
29. See AREND LIJPHART, PATTERNS OF DEMOCRACY (1999); ADAM PRZEWORSKI ET AL, DEMOCRACY AND DEVELOPMENT: POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS AND WELL-BEING IN THE WORLD, 1950-1990 (2000); and JOSEP COLOMER, POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, DEMOCRACY AND SOCIAL CHOICE (2001).
30. See AREND LIJPHART, PATTERNS OF DEMOCRACY (1999); ADAM PRZEWORSKI ET AL, DEMOCRACY AND DEVELOPMENT: POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS AND WELL-BEING IN THE WORLD, 1950-1990 (2000); and JOSEP COLOMER, POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, DEMOCRACY AND SOCIAL CHOICE (2001).
31. See AREND LIJPHART, PATTERNS OF DEMOCRACY (1999); ADAM PRZEWORSKI ET AL, DEMOCRACY AND DEVELOPMENT: POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS AND WELL-BEING IN THE WORLD, 1950-1990 (2000); and JOSEP COLOMER, POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, DEMOCRACY AND SOCIAL CHOICE (2001).
32. See DOUGLASS C. NORTH, INSITUTIONS, INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE (1990); Barry R. Weingast, Political Institutions: Rational Choice Perspectives, in A NEW HANDBOOK OF POLITICAL SCIENCE (Robert E. Goodin/H. D. Kingemann eds., 1996); and Kathleen Thelen, Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics, 2 ANNUAL REVIEW OF POLITICAL SCIENCE 369 (1999).
33. See DOUGLASS C. NORTH, INSITUTIONS, INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE (1990); Barry R. Weingast, Political Institutions: Rational Choice Perspectives, in A NEW HANDBOOK OF POLITICAL SCIENCE (Robert E. Goodin/H. D. Kingemann eds., 1996); and Kathleen Thelen, Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics, 2 ANNUAL REVIEW OF POLITICAL SCIENCE 369 (1999).
34. See DOUGLASS C. NORTH, INSITUTIONS, INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE (1990); Barry R. Weingast, Political Institutions: Rational Choice Perspectives, in A NEW HANDBOOK OF POLITICAL SCIENCE (Robert E. Goodin/H. D. Kingemann eds., 1996); and Kathleen Thelen, Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics, 2 ANNUAL REVIEW OF POLITICAL SCIENCE 369 (1999).
35. Andreas Schedler, The Menu of Manipulation, 13 JOURNAL OF DEMOCRACY 36 (2002).
36. RUTH COLLIER & DAVID COLLIER, SHAPING THE POLITICAL ARENA: CRITICAL JUNCTURES, THE LABOR MOVEMENT, AND REGIME DYNAMICS IN LATIN AMERICA (1991).
37. Karl Loewenstein, Militant Democracy and Fundamental Rights I and II, AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCE REVIEW XXXI 417 and 638 (1937).
38. See CARL SCHMITT, LEGALITÄT UND LEGITIMITÄT (1932); and Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court - BverfGE) 2, 12f.
39. Martin Morlok, Parteiverbot als Verfassungsschutz - Ein Unauflöslicher Widerspruch?, 54 NEUE JURISTISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 2931 2001.
40. Michael Minkenberg, Repression and Reaction: Militant Democracy and the Radical Right in Germany and France, 40 PATTERNS OF PREJUDICE 25 (2006).
41. CLAUS LEGGEWIE & HORST MEIER, REPUBLIKSCHUTZ. MASSSTÄBE FÜR DIE VERTEIDIGUNG DER DEMOKRATIE (1995) and VERBOT DER NPD ODER MIT RECHTSRADIKALEN LEBEN (Claus Leggewie/Horst Meier eds., 2002).
42. Ulrich Preuss, Die Empfindsame Demokratie in LEGGEWIE/MEIER EDS. (note 29), 104.
43. Eur. Court H.R., Refah Partisi and others v. Turkey, Judgement of 31 July 2001. See also Peter Niesen, Anti-extremism, Negative Republicanism, Civic Society: Three Paradigms for Banning Political Parties, in 3 GERMAN LAW JOURNAL 7, 2002.
44. Eur. Court H.R., Refah Partisi and others v. Turkey, Judgement of 31 July 2001. See also Peter Niesen, Anti-extremism, Negative Republicanism, Civic Society: Three Paradigms for Banning Political Parties, in 3 GERMAN LAW JOURNAL 7, 2002.
45. See Dieter Grimm, Wieviel Toleranz verlangt das Grundgesetz?, in DIETER GRIMM, DIE VERFASSUNG UND DIE POLITIK, 118 (2001); and Uwe Backes & Eckhard Jesse, Islamismus - Djihadismus - Totalitarismus - Extremismus, in JAHRBUCH EXTREMISMUS UND DEMOKRATIE, 14 (Uwe Backes/Eckhard Jesse eds., 2002).
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47. Gregory H. Fox & Georg Nolte, Intolerant Democracies, 36 HARVARD INTERNATIONAL LAW JOURNAL 1 (1995).
48. Matthijs Bogaards, Electoral Systems and the Management of Ethnic Conflict in the Balkans, in UNDERSTANDING POSTCOMMUNIST NATIONALISM: LESSONS LEARNED, 247 (Alina Mungiu-Pippedi ed., 2004).
49. Giovanni Capoccia, Anti-System Parties: A Conceptual Reassessment, 14 JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL POLITICS 9, 12 (2002).
50. European Commission for Democracy Through Law (Venice Commission), Guidelines on prohibition and dissolution of politcal parties and analogous measures, 10 January 2000; Peter Niesen, Zwischen Pfadabhängigkeit und Kommensuration. Verbote politischer Parteien in Europa in "SCHMERZLICHE ERFAHRUNGEN" DER VERGANGENHEIT UND DER PROZESS DER KONSTITUTIONALSIERUNG EUROPAS. (Chritian Joerges et al. eds., 2007 forthcoming).
51. European Commission for Democracy Through Law (Venice Commission), Guidelines on prohibition and dissolution of politcal parties and analogous measures, 10 January 2000; Peter Niesen, Zwischen Pfadabhängigkeit und Kommensuration. Verbote politischer Parteien in Europa in "SCHMERZLICHE ERFAHRUNGEN" DER VERGANGENHEIT UND DER PROZESS DER KONSTITUTIONALSIERUNG EUROPAS. (Chritian Joerges et al. eds., 2007 forthcoming).
52. SECESSION AND SELF-DETERMINATION (Stephen Macedo/Allen Buchanan eds., 2003).
53. Miguel Revenga Sanchez, El Tránsito Hacia (y la Lucha por) la Democracia Militante en España, 62 REVISTA DE DERECHO POLITICO 11 (2005).
54. NIESEN (note 31).
55. FOX (note 33), 59-68.
56. AMARTYA SEN, DEVELOPMENT AS FREEDOM (1999).
57. See NIESEN (note 31).
58. NORBERT FREI, VERGANGENHEITSPOLITIK. DIE ANFÄNGE DER BUNDERSREPUBLIK UND DIE NSVERGANGENHEIT (1999), 326-360.
59. Claus Offe, Democracy and Trust, 96 THEORIA 1 (2000).
60. Venice Commission (note 36); FOX (note 33).
61. See POLITICAL PARTIES OF THE WORLD, 6th edition, (Bogdan Szajkowski ed., 2005), 501-503.
62. Anthony Pazzanita, The Origins and Evolution of Mauritania's Second Republic, 34 THE JOURNAL OF MODERN AFRICAN STUDIES 575, 593 (1996).
63. BOGAARDS (note 34).
64. For a similar argument on the change in electoral systems, see Christof Hartmann, Paths of Electoral Reform in Africa, in VOTES, MONEY AND VIOLENCE: POLITICAL PARITES AND ELECTIONS IN CONTEMPORARY AFRICA: CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS, EMPIRICAL FINDINGS AND THE ROAD AHEAD (Matthias Basedau et al eds., 2007).
65. BRUCE ACKERMAN, WE THE PEOPLE: FOUNDATIONS (1991).
66. See also NIESEN (notes 31 and 36).