Neuropathic pain: Quality-of-life impact, costs and cost effectiveness of therapy

PharmacoEconomics

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 95-112

  O'Connor, Alec B ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND DENTISTRY   (United States)

^b Box MED/HMD ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMITRIPTYLINE; CARBAMAZEPINE; DESIPRAMINE; DULOXETINE; GABAPENTIN; LIDOCAINE; NORTRIPTYLINE; OPIATE; PREGABALIN; TRAMADOL; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; VENLAFAXINE;

ANALGESIA; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; HEALTH CARE COST; HUMAN; NEUROPATHIC PAIN; POSTHERPETIC NEURALGIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; TRIGEMINUS NEURALGIA;

ABSENTEEISM; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, TRICYCLIC; COST OF ILLNESS; COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; HEALTH CARE COSTS; HEALTH STATUS; HUMANS; NEURALGIA; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC;

EID: 61749090585     PISSN: 11707690     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00019053-200927020-00002     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Woolf CJ. Pain: moving from symptom control toward mechanism-specific pharmacological management. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140: 441-51
2. Treede RD, Jensen TS, Campbell JN, et al. Neuropathic pain: redefinition and a grading system for clinical research purposes. Neurology 2008; 70 (18): 1630-5
3. Dworkin RH, O'Connor AB, Backonja M, et al. Pharmacologic management of neuropathic pain: evidence-based recommendations. Pain 2007; 132 (3): 237-51
4. Gore M, Dukes E, Rowbotham DJ, et al. Clinical characteristics and pain management among patients with peripheral neuropathic disorders in general practice settings. Eur J Pain 2007; 11: 652-64
5. Chou R, Qaseem A, Snow V, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: a joint clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society. Ann Intern Med 2007; 147 (7): 478-91
6. Chou R, Huffman LH, American Pain Society American College of Physicians. Medications for acute and chronic low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society/American College of Physicians clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med 2007; 147 (7): 505-14
7. Boswell MV, Trescot AM, Datta S, et al. Interventional techniques: evidence-based practice guidelines in the management of chronic spinal pain. Pain Physician 2007; 10 (1): 7-111
8. Taylor RS. Epidemiology of refractory neuropathic pain. Pain Pract 2006 Mar; 6 (1): 22-6
9. Torrance N, Smith BH, Bennett MI, et al. The epidemiology of chronic pain of predominantly neuropathic origin: results from a general population survey. J Pain 2006; 7 (4): 281-9
10. Torrance N, Smith BH, Watson MC, et al. Medication and treatment use in primary care patients with chronic pain of predominantly neuropathic origin. Fam Pract 2007; 24 (5): 481-5
11. Gore M, Brandenburg NA, Dukes E, et al. Pain severity in diabetic peripheral neuropathy is associated with patient functioning, symptom levels of anxiety and depression, and sleep. J Pain Symptom Manage 2005; 30 (4): 374-85
12. Oster G, Harding G, Dukes E, et al. Pain, medication use, and health-related quality of life in older persons with postherpetic neuralgia: results from a population-based survey. J Pain 2005; 6 (6): 356-63
13. McDermott AM, Toelle TR, Rowbotham DJ, et al. The burden of neuropathic pain: results of a cross-sectional survey. Eur J Pain 2006; 10 (2): 127-35
14. Tolle T, Xu X, Sadosky AB. Painful diabetic neuropathy: a cross-sectional survey of health state impairment and treatment patterns. J Diabetes Complications 2006; 20 (1): 26-33
15. van Seventer R, Sadosky A, Lucero M, et al. A crosssectional survey of health state impairment and treatment patterns in patients with postherpetic neuralgia. Age Ageing 2006; 35: 132-7
16. Tolle T, Dukes E, Sadosky A. Patient burden of trigeminal neuralgia: results from a cross-sectional survey of health state impairment and treatment patterns in six European countries. Pain Pract 2006 Sep; 6 (3): 153-60
17. Gordon A, Choinière M, Collet J-P, et al. The humanistic burden of neuropathic pain in Canada. J Outcomes Res 2006; 10: 23-35
18. Gore M, Brandenburg NA, Hoffman DL, et al. Burden of illness in painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: the patients' perspectives. J Pain 2006; 7 (12): 892-900
19. Gálvez R, Marsal C, Vidal J, et al. Cross-sectional evaluation of patient functioning and health-related quality of life in patients with neuropathic pain under standard care conditions. Eur J Pain 2007; 11: 244-55
20. Smith BH, Torrance N, Bennett MI, et al. Health and quality of life associated with chronic pain of predominantly neuropathic origin in the community. Clin J Pain 2007; 23: 143-9
21. Jensen MP, Chodroff MJ, Dworkin RH. The impact of neuropathic pain on health-related quality of life: review and implications. Neurology 2007; 68: 1178-82
22. Barrett AM, Lucero MA, Le T, et al. Epidemiology, public health burden, and treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain: a review. Pain Med 2007; 8 Suppl. 2: S50-62
23. Benbow SJ, Wallymahmed ME, MacFarlane IA. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy and quality of life. Q J Med 1998; 91 (11): 733-7
24. Atroshi I, Gummesson C, Johnsson R, et al. Symptoms, disability, and quality of life in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. J Hand Surg (Am) 1999; 24 (2): 398-404
25. van der Schans CP, Geertzen JH, Schoppen T, et al. Phantom limb pain and health-related quality of life in lower limb amputees. J Pain Symptom Manage 2002; 24 (4): 429-36
26. Kemler MA, de Vet HC. Health-related quality of life in chronic refractory reflex sympathetic dystrophy (complex regional pain syndrome type I). J Pain Symptom Manage 2000; 20 (1): 68-76
27. Markarian Y, Wulff EA, Simpson DM. Peripheral neuropathy in HIV disease. AIDS Clin Care 1998; 10 (12): 89-91,93,98
28. Kong KH, Woon VC, Yang SY. Prevalence of chronic pain and its impact on health-related quality of life in stroke survivors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004; 85 (1): 35-40
29. Wollaars MM, Post MW, van Asbeck FW, et al. Spinal cord injury pain: the influence of psychological factors and impact on quality of life. Clin J Pain 2007; 23 (5): 383-91
30. O'Connor AB, Schwid SR, Markman J, et al. Pain associated with multiple sclerosis: systematic review and proposed classification. Pain 2008; 137 (1): 96-111
31. Haythornthwaite JA, Benrud-Larson LM. Psychological aspects of neuropathic pain. Clin J Pain 2000; 16 (2 Suppl.): S101-5
32. Haythornthwaite JA, Clark MR, Pappagallo M, et al. Pain coping strategies play a role in the persistence of pain in post-herpetic neuralgia. Pain 2003; 106 (3): 453-60
33. Sofaer-Bennett B, Walker J, Moore A, et al. The social consequences for older people of neuropathic pain: a qualitative study. Pain Med 2007; 8 (3): 263-70
34. Berger A, Dukes EM, Oster G. Clinical characteristics and economic costs of patients with painful neuropathic disorders. J Pain 2004; 5: 143-9
35. Lachaine J, Gordon A, Choiliere M, et al. Painful neuropathic disorders: an analysis of the Régie de l'Assurance Maladie du Québec database. Pain Res Manage 2007; 12 (1): 31-7
36. Atroshi I, Gummesson C, McCabe SJ, et al. SF-6D health utility index in carpal tunnel syndrome. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2007; 32 (2): 198-202
37. FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Approval package for: application number 21-446 medical review(s): 145-63, 182-210 [online]. Available from URL:http://www. fda.gov/cder/foi/nda/2004/021446-Lyrica%20Capsules-medr. PDF [Accessed 2008 Dec 12]
38. Otto M, Bach FW, Jensen TS, et al. Health-related quality of life and its predictive role for analgesic effect in patients with painful polyneuropathy. Eur J Pain 2007; 11 (5): 572-8
39. Wernicke JF, Pritchett YL, D'Souza DN, et al. A randomized controlled trial of duloxetine in diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Neurology 2006; 67 (8): 1411-20
40. Rowbotham M, Harden N, Stacey B, et al. Gabapentin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. JAMA 1998; 280: 1837-42
41. Gilron I, Bailey JM, Tu D, et al. Morphine, gabapentin, or their combination for neuropathic pain. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 1324-34
42. Rice ASC, Maton S, Postherpetic Neuralgia Study Group. Gabapentin in postherpetic neuralgia: a randomized, double blind placebo controlled study. Pain 2001; 94: 215-24
43. Gordh TE, Stubhaug A, Jensen TS, et al. Gabapentin in traumatic nerve injury pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over, multi-center study. Pain 2008; 138 (2): 255-66
44. Serpell MG, Neuropathic Pain Study Group. Gabapentin in neuropathic pain syndromes: a randomised, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Pain 2002; 99: 557-66
45. Dworkin RH, Corbin AE, Young Jr JP, et al. Pregabalin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 2003; 60: 1274-83
46. Sabatowski R, Galvez R, Cherry DA, et al. Pregabalin reduces pain and improves sleep and mood disturbances in patients with postherpetic neuralgia: results of a randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Pain 2004; 109 (1-2): 26-35
47. Rosenstock J, Tuchman M, LaMoreaux L, et al. Pregabalin for the treatment of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pain 2004; 110: 628-38
48. Lesser H, Sharma U, LaMoreaux L, et al. Pregabalin relieves symptoms of painful diabetic neuropathy: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology 2004; 63: 2104-10
49. Richter RW, Portenoy R, Sharma U, et al. Relief of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy with pregabalin: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Pain 2005; 6: 253-60
50. Vranken JH, Dijkgraaf MGW, Kruis MR, et al. Pregabalin in patients with central neuropathic pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a flexible-dose regimen. Pain 2008; 136 (1-2): 150-7
51. Watson CPN, Moulin D, Watt-Wilson J, et al. Controlled-release oxycodone relieves neuropathic pain: a randomized controlled trial in painful diabetic neuropathy. Pain 2003; 105: 71-8
52. Gimbel JS, Richards P, Portenoy RK. Controlled-release oxycodone for pain in diabetic neuropathy: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology 2003; 60: 927-34
53. Backonja M, Glanzman RL. Gabapentin dosing for neuropathic pain: evidence from randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Clin Ther 2003; 25: 81-104
54. Goldstein DJ, Lu Y, Detke MJ, et al. Duloxetine vs. placebo in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy. Pain 2005; 116 (1-2): 109-18
55. Backonja M, Beydoun A, Edwards KR, et al. Gabapentin for the symptomatic treatment of painful neuropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1998; 280: 1831-6
56. Raskin J, Pritchett YL, Wang F, et al. A double-blind, randomized multicenter trial comparing duloxetine with placebo in the management of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Pain Med 2005; 6: 346-56
57. Tolle T, Freynhagen R, Versavel M, et al. Pregabalin for relief of neuropathic pain associated with diabetic neuropathy: a randomized, double-blind study. Eur J Pain 2008; 12: 203-13
58. Raja SN, Haythornthwaite JA, Pappagallo M, et al. Opioids versus antidepressants in postherpetic neuralgia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 2002; 59: 1015-21
59. Rowbotham MC, Twilling L, Davies PS, et al. Oral opioid therapy for chronic peripheral and central neuropathic pain. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1223-32
60. Agarwal S, Polydefkis M, Block B, et al. Transdermal fentanyl reduces pain and improves functional activity in neuropathic pain states. Pain Med 2007; 8 (7): 554-62
61. Sindrup SH, Gram LF, Skjold T, et al. Clomipramine vs desipramine vs placebo in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy symptoms: a double-blind cross-over study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1990; 30: 683-91
62. Freynhagen R, Strojek K, Griesing T, et al. Efficacy of pregabalin in neuropathic pain evaluated in a 12-week, randomized, double-blind,multicentre, placebo-controlled trial of flexible- and fixed-dose regimens. Pain 2005; 115: 254-63
63. Van Seventer R, Feister HA, Young JP, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of twice-daily pregabalin for treating pain and related sleep interference in postherpetic neuralgia: a 13-week, randomized trial. Curr Med Res Opin 2006; 22 (2): 375-84
64. Siddall PJ, Cousins MJ, Otte A, et al. Pregabalin in central neuropathic pain associated with spinal cord injury: a placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 2006; 67 (10): 1792-800
65. Max MB, Kishore-Kumar R, Schafer SC, et al. Efficacy of desipramine in painful diabetic neuropathy: a placebo-controlled trial. Pain 1991; 45: 3-9
66. Max MB, Lynch SA, Muir J, et al. Effects of desipramine, amitriptyline, and fluoxetine on pain in diabetic neuropathy. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 1250-6
67. Deshpande MA, Holden RR, Gilron I. The impact of therapy on quality of life and mood in neuropathic pain: what is the effect of pain reduction? Anesth Analg 2006; 102 (5): 1473-9
68. Farrar JT, Dworkin RH, Griesing T, et al. Investigation of possible predictors of patient global impression of change response in peripheral neuropathic pain: results of an analysis of 10 trials with pregabalin [poster]. 9th International Conference on the Mechanisms and Treatment of Neuropathic Pain; 2006 Nov 2-4; Southampton, Bermuda
69. Dukes E, Dworkin R, Collett B, et al. Patients' willingness to pay for aspects of treatment for peripheral neuropathic pain: a discrete choice experiment [poster]. 9th International Conference on the Mechanisms and Treatment of Neuropathic Pain; 2006 Nov 2-4; Southampton, Bermuda
70. Hall GC, Carroll D, Parry D, et al. Epidemiology and treatment of neuropathic pain: the UK primary care perspective. Pain 2006; 122 (1-2): 156-62
71. Meyer-Rosberg K, Kvarnstrom A, Kinnman E, et al. Peripheral neuropathic pain: a multidimensional burden for patients. Eur J Pain 2001; 5 (4): 379-89
72. Galer BS, Gianas A, Jensen MP. Painful diabetic polyneuropathy: epidemiology, pain description, and quality of life. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2000; 47 (2): 123-8
73. Finnerup NB, Otto M, McQuay HJ, et al. Algorithm for neuropathic pain treatment: an evidence based proposal. Pain 2005; 118 (3): 289-305
74. Gilron I, Watson CP, Cahill CM, et al. Neuropathic pain: a practical guideline for the clinician. CMAJ 2006; 173 (3): 265-75
75. Attal N, Cruccu G, Haanpaa M, et al. EFNS guidelines on pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain. Eur J Neurol 2006; 13 (11): 1153-69
76. Berger A, Dukes EM, Edelsberg J, et al. Use of tricyclic antidepressants in older patients with painful neuropathies. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2006; 62: 757-64
77. Berger A, Dukes E, Edelsberg J, et al. Use of tricyclic antidepressants in older patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Clin J Pain 2007; 23 (3): 251-8
78. Blackwell B, Stefopoulos A, Enders P, et al. Anticholinergic activity of two tricyclic antidepressants. Am J Psychiatry 1978; 135: 722-4
79. Draganich LF, Zacny J, Klafta J, et al. The effects of antidepressants on obstructed and unobstructed gait in healthy elderly people. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001; 56: M36-41
80. American Geriatrics Society. The management of persistent pain in older persons: AGS panel on persistent pain in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002; 50: S205-24
81. Beers MH. Explicit criteria for determining potentially inappropriate medication use by the elderly: an update. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 1531-6
82. Scott FT, Johnson RW, Leedham-Green M, et al. The burden of herpes zoster: a prospective population based study. Vaccine 2006; 24: 1308-14
83. Davies L, Cossins L, Bowsher D, et al. The cost of treatment for post-herpetic neuralgia in the UK. Pharmacoeconomics 1994; 6 (2): 142-8
84. Manktelow RT, Binhammer P, Tomat LR, et al. Carpal tunnel syndrome: cross-sectional and outcome study in Ontario workers. J Hand Surg [Am] 2004; 29 (2): 307-17
85. Insinga RP, Itzler RF, Pellissier JM. Acute/subacute herpes zoster: healthcare resource utilisation and costs in a group of US health plans. Pharmacoeconomics 2007; 25 (2): 155-69
86. Dworkin RH, White R, O'Connor AB, et al. Health care costs of acute and chronic pain associated with a diagnosis of herpes zoster. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007; 55: 1168-75
87. Rodriguez MJ, Garcia AJ. A registry of the aetiology and costs of neuropathic pain in pain clinics: results of the registry of aetiologies and costs (REC) in neuropathic pain disorders study. Clin Drug Invest 2007; 27 (11): 771-82
88. Argoff CE. The coexistence of neuropathic pain, sleep, and psychiatric disorders: a novel treatment approach. Clin J Pain 2007; 23: 15-2
89. Gordois A, Scuffham P, Shearer A, et al. The health care costs of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in the US. Diabetes Care 2003; 26 (6): 1790-5
90. Le TK, Able SL, Lage MJ. Resource use among patients with diabetes, diabetic neuropathy, or diabetes with depression. Cost Eff Resour Alloc 2006; 4: 18
91. Bitar G, Alexandrides J, Missirian R, et al. Carpal tunnel release in the United States and Sweden: reimbursement patterns, cost for treatment, and return to work. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002; 109 (5): 1574-8
92. Foley M, Silverstein B, Polissar N. The economic burden of carpal tunnel syndrome: long-term earnings of CTS claimants in Washington state. Am J Ind Med 2007; 50 (3): 155-72
93. Cepeda MS, Farrar JT. Economic evaluation of oral treatments for neuropathic pain. J Pain 2006; 7 (2): 119-28
94. Tarride JE, Gordon A, Vera-Llonch M, et al. Cost-effectiveness of pregabalin for the management of neuropathic pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy and postherpetic neuralgia: a Canadian perspective. Clin Ther 2006; 28 (11): 1922-34
95. Rodriguez MJ. Cost-effectiveness analysis of pregabalin versus gabapentin in the management of neuropathic pain due to diabetic polyneuropathy or post-herpetic neuralgia. Curr Med Res Opin 2007; 23 (10): 2585-96
96. O'Connor AB, Noyes K, Holloway RG. A cost-effectiveness comparison of desipramine, gabapentin, and pregabalin for treating postherpetic neuralgia. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007; 55 (8): 1176-84
97. Smith KJ, Roberts MS. Sequential medication strategies for postherpetic neuralgia: a cost-effectiveness analysis. J Pain 2007; 8: 396-404
98. O'Connor AB. Re: Sequential medication strategies for postherpetic neuralgia: a cost-effectiveness analysis. J Pain 2007; 8 (8): 674-6
99. Dakin H, Nuijten M, Liedgens H, et al. Cost-effectiveness of a lidocaine 5% medicated plaster relative to gabapentin for postherpetic neuralgia in the United Kingdom. Clin Ther 2007; 29: 1491-507
100. Wu EQ, Birnbaum HG, Mareva MN, et al. Cost-effectiveness of duloxetine versus routine treatment for U.S. patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. J Pain 2006; 7 (6): 399-407
101. O'Connor AB. Cost-effectiveness of duloxetine versus routine treatment for U.S. patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. J Pain 2006; 7 (11): 867
102. Beard SM, McCrink L, Le TK, et al. Cost-effectiveness of duloxetine in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain in the UK. Curr Med Res 2008; 24 (2): 385-99
103. O'Connor AB, Noyes K, Holloway RG. A cost-utility comparison of four first-line medications in painful diabetic neuropathy. Pharmacoeconomics 2008; 26 (12): 1045-64
104. Bell CM, Urbach DR, Ray JG, et al. Bias in published cost effectiveness studies: systematic review. BMJ 2006; 332 (7543): 699-703
105. Korthals-de Bos IB, Gerritsen AA, van Tulder MW, et al. Surgery is more cost-effective than splinting for carpal tunnel syndrome in the Netherlands: results of an economic evaluation alongside a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2006; 7: 86
106. Chung KC, Walters MR, Greenfield ML, et al. Endoscopic versus open carpal tunnel release: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998; 102 (4): 1089-99
107. Saw NL, Jones S, Shepstone L, et al. Early outcome and cost-effectiveness of endoscopic versus open carpal tunnel release: a randomized prospective trial. J Hand Surg [Br] 2003; 28 (5): 444-9
108. Lorgelly PK, Dias JJ, Bradley MJ, et al. Carpal tunnel syndrome, the search for a cost-effective surgical intervention: a randomised controlled trial. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2005; 87 (1): 36-40
109. Pollock BE, Ecker RD. A prospective cost-effectiveness study of trigeminal neuralgia surgery. Clin J Pain 2005; 21: 317-22
110. Mekhail NA, Aeschbach A, Stanton-Hicks M. Cost benefit analysis of neurostimulation for chronic pain. Clin J Pain 2004; 20 (6): 462-8
111. Blond S, Buisset N, Dam Hieu P, et al. Cost-benefit evaluation of spinal cord stimulation treatment for failed back surgery syndrome patients. Neurochirugie 2004; 50 (4): 443-53
112. North R, Shipley J, Prager J, et al. Practice parameters for the use of spinal cord stimulation in the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain. Pain Med 2007; Suppl. 4: S200-75
113. Kemler MA, Furnée CA. Economic evaluation of spinal cord stimulation for chronic reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Neurology 2002; 59 (8): 1203-9
114. Cruccu G, Aziz TZ, Garcia-Larrea L, et al. EFNS guidelines on neurostimulation therapy for neuropathic pain. Eur J Neurol 2007; 14: 952-70
115. Hornberger J, Kumar K, Verhulst E, et al. Rechargable spinal cord stimulation versus nonrechargable system for patients with failed back surgery syndrome: a cost-consequences analysis. Clin J Pain 2008; 24 (3): 244-52
116. Koulousakis A, Kuchta J, Bayarassou A, et al. Intrathecal opioids for intractable pain syndromes. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2007; 97 (Pt 1): 43-8
117. Hornberger J, Robertus K. Cost-effectiveness of a vaccine to prevent herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in older adults. Ann Intern Med 2006; 145: 317-25
118. Rothberg MB, Virapongse A, Smith KJ. Cost-effectiveness of a vaccine to prevent herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in older adults. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44: 1280-8
119. Pellissier JM, Brisson M, Levin MJ. Evaluation of the cost-effectiveness in the United States of a vaccine to prevent herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia. Vaccine 2007; 25: 8326-37
120. Smith KJ, Roberts MS. Antiviral therapies for herpes zoster infections: are they economically justifiable? Pharmacoeconomics 2000; 18 (2): 95-104