메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 93, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 427-449

Neurological Aspects of Syncope and Orthostatic Intolerance

Author keywords

Autonomic neuropathy; Carotid sinus syndrome; Multiple system atrophy; Orthostatic hypotension; POTS; Vasodepressor; Vasovagal

Indexed keywords

ATENOLOL; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CLONIDINE; DISOPYRAMIDE; ETILEFRINE; FLUDROCORTISONE; FLUOXETINE; METHYLPHENIDATE; METOPROLOL; MIDODRINE; PAROXETINE; SCOPOLAMINE; SERTRALINE; THEOPHYLLINE; VERAPAMIL;

EID: 61449236383     PISSN: 00257125     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2008.10.002     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (10)

References (131)
  • 1
    • 0034700437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Syncope
    • Kapoor W.N. Syncope. N Engl J Med 343 (2000) 1856-1862
    • (2000) N Engl J Med , vol.343 , pp. 1856-1862
    • Kapoor, W.N.1
  • 2
    • 0027983548 scopus 로고
    • Syncope: a videometric analysis of 56 episodes of transient cerebral hypoxia
    • Lempert T., Bauer M., and Schmidt D. Syncope: a videometric analysis of 56 episodes of transient cerebral hypoxia. Ann Neurol 36 (1994) 233-237
    • (1994) Ann Neurol , vol.36 , pp. 233-237
    • Lempert, T.1    Bauer, M.2    Schmidt, D.3
  • 3
    • 0036149205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Permanent cardiac pacing to prevent vasovagal syncope
    • Raj S.R., and Sheldon R.S. Permanent cardiac pacing to prevent vasovagal syncope. Curr Opin Cardiol 17 (2002) 90-95
    • (2002) Curr Opin Cardiol , vol.17 , pp. 90-95
    • Raj, S.R.1    Sheldon, R.S.2
  • 4
    • 0029285108 scopus 로고
    • Neurally mediated syncope: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment
    • Kaufmann H. Neurally mediated syncope: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Neurology 45 Suppl 5 (1995) S12-S18
    • (1995) Neurology , vol.45 , Issue.SUPPL. 5
    • Kaufmann, H.1
  • 5
    • 0027409860 scopus 로고
    • Neurocardiogenic syncope
    • Abboud F.M. Neurocardiogenic syncope. N Engl J Med 328 (1993) 1117-1120
    • (1993) N Engl J Med , vol.328 , pp. 1117-1120
    • Abboud, F.M.1
  • 6
    • 0032908273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of age on outcome of tilt-table testing
    • Bloomfield D., Maurer M., and Bigger Jr. J.T. Effects of age on outcome of tilt-table testing. Am J Cardiol 83 (1999) 1055-1058
    • (1999) Am J Cardiol , vol.83 , pp. 1055-1058
    • Bloomfield, D.1    Maurer, M.2    Bigger Jr., J.T.3
  • 7
    • 0034464803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Familial vasovagal syncope and pseudosyncope: observations in a case with both natural and adopted siblings
    • Mathias C.J., Deguchi K., Bleasedale-Barr K., et al. Familial vasovagal syncope and pseudosyncope: observations in a case with both natural and adopted siblings. Clin Auton Res 10 (2000) 43-45
    • (2000) Clin Auton Res , vol.10 , pp. 43-45
    • Mathias, C.J.1    Deguchi, K.2    Bleasedale-Barr, K.3
  • 8
    • 0034610436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The elusive pathophysiology of neurally mediated syncope
    • Mosqueda-Garcia R., Furlan R., Tank J., et al. The elusive pathophysiology of neurally mediated syncope. Circulation 102 (2000) 2898-2906
    • (2000) Circulation , vol.102 , pp. 2898-2906
    • Mosqueda-Garcia, R.1    Furlan, R.2    Tank, J.3
  • 9
    • 84965348278 scopus 로고
    • Vasovagal syncope and the carotid sinus mechanism
    • Lewis T. Vasovagal syncope and the carotid sinus mechanism. Br Med J 1 (1932) 873-876
    • (1932) Br Med J , vol.1 , pp. 873-876
    • Lewis, T.1
  • 10
    • 0028556890 scopus 로고
    • Cardiac pacing does not improve orthostatic tolerance in patients with vasovagal syncope
    • El-Bedawi K.M., Wahbha M.A., and Hainsworth R. Cardiac pacing does not improve orthostatic tolerance in patients with vasovagal syncope. Clin Auton Res 4 (1994) 233-237
    • (1994) Clin Auton Res , vol.4 , pp. 233-237
    • El-Bedawi, K.M.1    Wahbha, M.A.2    Hainsworth, R.3
  • 11
    • 0015357268 scopus 로고
    • Increased activity in the left ventricular receptors during hemorrhage or occlusion of caval veins in the cat; a possible cause of the vasovagal reaction
    • Oberg B., and Thoren P. Increased activity in the left ventricular receptors during hemorrhage or occlusion of caval veins in the cat; a possible cause of the vasovagal reaction. Acta Physiol Scand 85 (1972) 164-173
    • (1972) Acta Physiol Scand , vol.85 , pp. 164-173
    • Oberg, B.1    Thoren, P.2
  • 12
    • 41849088859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhanced vascular responses to hypocapnia in neurally mediated syncope
    • Norcliffe-Kaufmann L.J., Kaufmann H., and Hainsworth R. Enhanced vascular responses to hypocapnia in neurally mediated syncope. Ann Neurol 63 3 (2008) 288-294
    • (2008) Ann Neurol , vol.63 , Issue.3 , pp. 288-294
    • Norcliffe-Kaufmann, L.J.1    Kaufmann, H.2    Hainsworth, R.3
  • 13
    • 49549092937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The origin of vasovagal syncope: to protect the heart or to escape predation?
    • Alboni P., Alboni M., and Bertorelle G. The origin of vasovagal syncope: to protect the heart or to escape predation?. Clin Auton Res 18 4 (2008) 170-178
    • (2008) Clin Auton Res , vol.18 , Issue.4 , pp. 170-178
    • Alboni, P.1    Alboni, M.2    Bertorelle, G.3
  • 14
    • 0033782577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carotid sinus syndrome masquerading as treatment resistant epilepsy
    • Parry S.W., and Kenny R.A. Carotid sinus syndrome masquerading as treatment resistant epilepsy. Postgrad Med J 76 (2000) 656-658
    • (2000) Postgrad Med J , vol.76 , pp. 656-658
    • Parry, S.W.1    Kenny, R.A.2
  • 15
    • 0034857020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carotid sinus hypersensitivity is common in older patients presenting to an accident and emergency department with unexplained falls
    • Davies A.J., Steen N., and Kenny R.A. Carotid sinus hypersensitivity is common in older patients presenting to an accident and emergency department with unexplained falls. Age Ageing 30 (2001) 289-293
    • (2001) Age Ageing , vol.30 , pp. 289-293
    • Davies, A.J.1    Steen, N.2    Kenny, R.A.3
  • 17
    • 0034682653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dual chamber pacing in the treatment of neurally mediated tilt positive cardioinhibitory syncope. Pacemaker versus no therapy- a multicenter randomized study. The vasovagal syncope international study (VASIS) investigators
    • Sutton R., Brignole M., Menozzi C., et al. Dual chamber pacing in the treatment of neurally mediated tilt positive cardioinhibitory syncope. Pacemaker versus no therapy- a multicenter randomized study. The vasovagal syncope international study (VASIS) investigators. Circulation 102 (2000) 294-299
    • (2000) Circulation , vol.102 , pp. 294-299
    • Sutton, R.1    Brignole, M.2    Menozzi, C.3
  • 18
    • 0034857099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carotid sinus hypersensitivity in old age: clinical syndrome or physical sign?
    • O'Mahony D. Carotid sinus hypersensitivity in old age: clinical syndrome or physical sign?. Age Ageing 30 (2001) 273-274
    • (2001) Age Ageing , vol.30 , pp. 273-274
    • O'Mahony, D.1
  • 20
    • 2942625364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carotid sinus syndrome is common in dementia with Lewy bodies and correlates with deep white matter lesions
    • Kenny R.A., Shaw F.E., O'Brien J.T., et al. Carotid sinus syndrome is common in dementia with Lewy bodies and correlates with deep white matter lesions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 75 7 (2004) 966-971
    • (2004) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr , vol.75 , Issue.7 , pp. 966-971
    • Kenny, R.A.1    Shaw, F.E.2    O'Brien, J.T.3
  • 21
    • 0035499209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carotid sinus syndrome: a modifiable risk factor for nonaccidental falls in older adults (SAFE PACE)
    • Kenny R.A. Carotid sinus syndrome: a modifiable risk factor for nonaccidental falls in older adults (SAFE PACE). J Am Coll Cardiol 38 (2001) 1491-1496
    • (2001) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.38 , pp. 1491-1496
    • Kenny, R.A.1
  • 22
    • 0014024281 scopus 로고
    • Fatal ventricular fibrillation during carotid sinus stimulation
    • Hilal H., and Massumi R. Fatal ventricular fibrillation during carotid sinus stimulation. N Engl J Med 275 (1966) 157-158
    • (1966) N Engl J Med , vol.275 , pp. 157-158
    • Hilal, H.1    Massumi, R.2
  • 23
    • 0021978936 scopus 로고
    • Cough syncope mimicking epilepsy in asthmatic children
    • Haslam R.H., and Freigang B. Cough syncope mimicking epilepsy in asthmatic children. Can J Neurol Sci 12 (1985) 45-47
    • (1985) Can J Neurol Sci , vol.12 , pp. 45-47
    • Haslam, R.H.1    Freigang, B.2
  • 24
    • 0029059242 scopus 로고
    • Transient cerebral circulatory arrest coincides with fainting in cough syncope
    • Mattle H.P., Nirkko A.C., Baumgartner R.W., et al. Transient cerebral circulatory arrest coincides with fainting in cough syncope. Neurology 45 (1995) 498-501
    • (1995) Neurology , vol.45 , pp. 498-501
    • Mattle, H.P.1    Nirkko, A.C.2    Baumgartner, R.W.3
  • 25
    • 53349163704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cough syncope misinterpreted as epileptic seizure
    • Gelisse P., and Genton P. Cough syncope misinterpreted as epileptic seizure. Epileptic Disord 10 3 (2008) 223-224
    • (2008) Epileptic Disord , vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp. 223-224
    • Gelisse, P.1    Genton, P.2
  • 26
    • 0007484627 scopus 로고
    • Micturition syncope: a report of 24 cases
    • Lyle C.B., Monroe J.T., Flinn D.E., et al. Micturition syncope: a report of 24 cases. N Engl J Med 265 (1961) 982-986
    • (1961) N Engl J Med , vol.265 , pp. 982-986
    • Lyle, C.B.1    Monroe, J.T.2    Flinn, D.E.3
  • 28
    • 0021992078 scopus 로고
    • Micturition syncope: a reappraisal
    • Kapoor W.N., Peterson J.R., and Karpf M. Micturition syncope: a reappraisal. JAMA 253 (1985) 796-798
    • (1985) JAMA , vol.253 , pp. 796-798
    • Kapoor, W.N.1    Peterson, J.R.2    Karpf, M.3
  • 29
    • 0037923560 scopus 로고
    • Glossopharyngeal neuralgia initiating or associated with cardiac arrest
    • Riley H.A., German W.J., Wortis H., et al. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia initiating or associated with cardiac arrest. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 68 (1942) 28-29
    • (1942) Trans Am Neurol Assoc , vol.68 , pp. 28-29
    • Riley, H.A.1    German, W.J.2    Wortis, H.3
  • 30
    • 0021246379 scopus 로고
    • Syncope induced by glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Sympathetic outflow to muscle
    • Wallin B.G., Westerberg C., and Sundlof G. Syncope induced by glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Sympathetic outflow to muscle. Neurology 34 (1984) 522-524
    • (1984) Neurology , vol.34 , pp. 522-524
    • Wallin, B.G.1    Westerberg, C.2    Sundlof, G.3
  • 31
    • 0033911185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Misdiagnosis of epilepsy: many seizure-like attacks have a cardiovascular cause
    • Zaidi A., Clough P., Cooper P., et al. Misdiagnosis of epilepsy: many seizure-like attacks have a cardiovascular cause. J Am Coll Cardiol 36 (2000) 181-184
    • (2000) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.36 , pp. 181-184
    • Zaidi, A.1    Clough, P.2    Cooper, P.3
  • 32
    • 49749207860 scopus 로고
    • Electroencephalographic study of syncope: its differentiation from epilepsy
    • Gastaut H., and Fischer-Williams M. Electroencephalographic study of syncope: its differentiation from epilepsy. Lancet 2 (1957) 1018-1025
    • (1957) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 1018-1025
    • Gastaut, H.1    Fischer-Williams, M.2
  • 33
    • 0031401839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electroencephalography in syncope
    • Brenner R.P. Electroencephalography in syncope. J Clin Neurophysiol 14 (1997) 197-209
    • (1997) J Clin Neurophysiol , vol.14 , pp. 197-209
    • Brenner, R.P.1
  • 34
    • 0026045422 scopus 로고
    • Differentiation of convulsive syncope and epilepsy with head-up tilt testing
    • Grubb B.P., Gerard G., Roush K., et al. Differentiation of convulsive syncope and epilepsy with head-up tilt testing. Ann Intern Med 115 (1991) 871-876
    • (1991) Ann Intern Med , vol.115 , pp. 871-876
    • Grubb, B.P.1    Gerard, G.2    Roush, K.3
  • 36
    • 0035198962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Convulsive syncope in young adults: think of a cardiac cause
    • Patel S.J., Jackson G., and Marshall A. Convulsive syncope in young adults: think of a cardiac cause. Int J Clin Pract 55 (2001) 639-640
    • (2001) Int J Clin Pract , vol.55 , pp. 639-640
    • Patel, S.J.1    Jackson, G.2    Marshall, A.3
  • 37
    • 0034954298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Usefulness of head-upright tilt test for distinguishing between syncope and epilepsy in children
    • Eiris-Punal J., Rodriguez-Nunez A., Fernandez-Martinez N., et al. Usefulness of head-upright tilt test for distinguishing between syncope and epilepsy in children. Epilepsia 42 (2001) 709-713
    • (2001) Epilepsia , vol.42 , pp. 709-713
    • Eiris-Punal, J.1    Rodriguez-Nunez, A.2    Fernandez-Martinez, N.3
  • 38
    • 50249168764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined transcranial Doppler and EEG recording in vasovagal syncope
    • Vicenzini E., Pro S., Strano S., et al. Combined transcranial Doppler and EEG recording in vasovagal syncope. Eur Neurol 60 5 (2008) 258-263
    • (2008) Eur Neurol , vol.60 , Issue.5 , pp. 258-263
    • Vicenzini, E.1    Pro, S.2    Strano, S.3
  • 39
    • 0344407030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and triggers of syncope in medical students
    • Ganzeboom K.S., Colman N., Reitsma J.B., et al. Prevalence and triggers of syncope in medical students. Am J Cardiol 91 (2003) 1006-1008
    • (2003) Am J Cardiol , vol.91 , pp. 1006-1008
    • Ganzeboom, K.S.1    Colman, N.2    Reitsma, J.B.3
  • 40
    • 0030919651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Part 1. Value of history, physical examination and electrocardiography. Clinical efficacy assessment project of the American College of Physicians
    • Linzer M., Yang E.H., Estes III N.A., et al. Part 1. Value of history, physical examination and electrocardiography. Clinical efficacy assessment project of the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 126 (1997) 989-996
    • (1997) Ann Intern Med , vol.126 , pp. 989-996
    • Linzer, M.1    Yang, E.H.2    Estes III, N.A.3
  • 41
    • 0035111050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic evaluation and management of patients with syncope
    • Schnipper J.L., and Kapoor W.N. Diagnostic evaluation and management of patients with syncope. Med Clin North Am 85 (2001) 423-456
    • (2001) Med Clin North Am , vol.85 , pp. 423-456
    • Schnipper, J.L.1    Kapoor, W.N.2
  • 42
    • 0034769940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Task force on syncope, European Society of Cardiology. Part 2. Diagnostic tests and treatment: summary of recommendations
    • Brignole M., Alboni P., Benditt D., et al. Task force on syncope, European Society of Cardiology. Part 2. Diagnostic tests and treatment: summary of recommendations. Europace 3 (2001) 261-268
    • (2001) Europace , vol.3 , pp. 261-268
    • Brignole, M.1    Alboni, P.2    Benditt, D.3
  • 43
    • 0027077501 scopus 로고
    • Long-term outcome of paced and nonpaced patients with severe carotid sinus syndrome
    • Brignole M., Menozzi C., Lolli G., et al. Long-term outcome of paced and nonpaced patients with severe carotid sinus syndrome. Am J Cardiol 69 (1992) 1039-1043
    • (1992) Am J Cardiol , vol.69 , pp. 1039-1043
    • Brignole, M.1    Menozzi, C.2    Lolli, G.3
  • 44
    • 33750472982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unexplained syncope-is screening for carotid sinus hypersensitivity indicated in all patients aged >40 years?
    • Humm A.M., and Mathias C.J. Unexplained syncope-is screening for carotid sinus hypersensitivity indicated in all patients aged >40 years?. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 77 11 (2006) 1267-1270
    • (2006) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr , vol.77 , Issue.11 , pp. 1267-1270
    • Humm, A.M.1    Mathias, C.J.2
  • 45
    • 84920212551 scopus 로고
    • Head-up tilt: a useful test for investigating unexplained syncope
    • Kenny R.A., Ingram A., Bayliss J., et al. Head-up tilt: a useful test for investigating unexplained syncope. Lancet 1 (1986) 1352-1355
    • (1986) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 1352-1355
    • Kenny, R.A.1    Ingram, A.2    Bayliss, J.3
  • 46
    • 0034937160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebral autoregulation in orthostatic intolerance
    • Schondorf R., Benoit J., and Stein R. Cerebral autoregulation in orthostatic intolerance. Ann N Y Acad Sci 940 (2001) 514-526
    • (2001) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.940 , pp. 514-526
    • Schondorf, R.1    Benoit, J.2    Stein, R.3
  • 47
    • 0034859803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurocardiogenic syncope, aetiology and management
    • Gatzoulis K.A., and Toutouzas P.K. Neurocardiogenic syncope, aetiology and management. Drugs 61 (2001) 1415-1423
    • (2001) Drugs , vol.61 , pp. 1415-1423
    • Gatzoulis, K.A.1    Toutouzas, P.K.2
  • 48
    • 0030199184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tilt table testing for assessing syncope. American College of Cardiology expert consensus document
    • Benditt D.G., Ferguson D.W., Grubb B.P., et al. Tilt table testing for assessing syncope. American College of Cardiology expert consensus document. J Am Coll Cardiol 28 (1996) 263-275
    • (1996) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.28 , pp. 263-275
    • Benditt, D.G.1    Ferguson, D.W.2    Grubb, B.P.3
  • 49
    • 0036152777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How and when to pace in vasovagal syncope
    • Sutton R. How and when to pace in vasovagal syncope. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 13 Suppl 1 (2002) S4-S16
    • (2002) J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol , vol.13 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Sutton, R.1
  • 50
    • 0032902747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Significant complications can occur with ischemic heart disease and tilt table testing
    • Leman R.B., Clarke E., and Gillette P. Significant complications can occur with ischemic heart disease and tilt table testing. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 22 (1999) 675-677
    • (1999) Pacing Clin Electrophysiol , vol.22 , pp. 675-677
    • Leman, R.B.1    Clarke, E.2    Gillette, P.3
  • 51
    • 0025146790 scopus 로고
    • Electroencephalography should not be routine in the evaluation of syncope in adults
    • Davis T.L., and Freemon F.R. Electroencephalography should not be routine in the evaluation of syncope in adults. Arch Intern Med 150 (1990) 2027-2029
    • (1990) Arch Intern Med , vol.150 , pp. 2027-2029
    • Davis, T.L.1    Freemon, F.R.2
  • 52
    • 0030029548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Salt supplement increases plasma volume and orthostatic tolerance in patients with unexplained syncope
    • El-Sayed H., and Hainsworth R. Salt supplement increases plasma volume and orthostatic tolerance in patients with unexplained syncope. Heart 75 (1996) 134-140
    • (1996) Heart , vol.75 , pp. 134-140
    • El-Sayed, H.1    Hainsworth, R.2
  • 53
    • 0036532358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Water drinking as a treatment for orthostatic syndromes
    • Shannon J.R., Diedrich A., Biaggioni I., et al. Water drinking as a treatment for orthostatic syndromes. Am J Med 112 (2002) 355-360
    • (2002) Am J Med , vol.112 , pp. 355-360
    • Shannon, J.R.1    Diedrich, A.2    Biaggioni, I.3
  • 54
    • 0032755397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacological approaches to therapy for vasovagal syncope
    • Calkins H. Pharmacological approaches to therapy for vasovagal syncope. Am J Cardiol 84 (1999) 20Q-25Q
    • (1999) Am J Cardiol , vol.84
    • Calkins, H.1
  • 55
    • 0028801251 scopus 로고
    • Acute and long-term beta-adrenergic blockade for patients with neurocardiogenic syncope
    • Cox M.M., Perlman B.A., Mayor M.R., et al. Acute and long-term beta-adrenergic blockade for patients with neurocardiogenic syncope. J Am Coll Cardiol 26 (1995) 1293-1298
    • (1995) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.26 , pp. 1293-1298
    • Cox, M.M.1    Perlman, B.A.2    Mayor, M.R.3
  • 56
    • 0028924124 scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of different treatment strategies for neurocardiogenic syncope
    • Natale A., Sra J., Dhala A., et al. Efficacy of different treatment strategies for neurocardiogenic syncope. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 18 (1995) 655-662
    • (1995) Pacing Clin Electrophysiol , vol.18 , pp. 655-662
    • Natale, A.1    Sra, J.2    Dhala, A.3
  • 57
    • 0028892848 scopus 로고
    • Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral atenolol in patients with unexplained syncope and positive upright tilt table test results
    • Mahanonda N., Bhuripanyo K., Kangkagate C., et al. Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral atenolol in patients with unexplained syncope and positive upright tilt table test results. Am Heart J 130 (1995) 1250-1253
    • (1995) Am Heart J , vol.130 , pp. 1250-1253
    • Mahanonda, N.1    Bhuripanyo, K.2    Kangkagate, C.3
  • 58
    • 0035131226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of efficacy of atenolol for the prevention of neurally mediated syncope in a highly symptomatic population: a prospective, double-blind, randomized and placebo controlled study
    • Madrid A.H., Ortega J., Rebollo J.G., et al. Lack of efficacy of atenolol for the prevention of neurally mediated syncope in a highly symptomatic population: a prospective, double-blind, randomized and placebo controlled study. J Am Coll Cardiol 37 (2001) 554-559
    • (2001) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.37 , pp. 554-559
    • Madrid, A.H.1    Ortega, J.2    Rebollo, J.G.3
  • 59
    • 33645526822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of Syncope Trial (POST): a randomized, placebo-controlled study of metoprolol in the prevention of vasovagal syncope
    • Sheldon R., Connolly S., Rose S., et al. Prevention of Syncope Trial (POST): a randomized, placebo-controlled study of metoprolol in the prevention of vasovagal syncope. Circulation 113 (2006) 1164-1170
    • (2006) Circulation , vol.113 , pp. 1164-1170
    • Sheldon, R.1    Connolly, S.2    Rose, S.3
  • 60
    • 33744994066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The second prevention of syncope trial (POST II)-a randomized clinical trial of fludrocortisone for the prevention of neurally mediated syncope: rationale and study design
    • Raj S.R., Rose S., Ritchie D., et al. The second prevention of syncope trial (POST II)-a randomized clinical trial of fludrocortisone for the prevention of neurally mediated syncope: rationale and study design. Am Heart J 151 6 (2006) 1186.e11-1186.e17
    • (2006) Am Heart J , vol.151 , Issue.6
    • Raj, S.R.1    Rose, S.2    Ritchie, D.3
  • 61
    • 0033117026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of paroxetine hydrochloride, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, on refractory vasovagal syncope: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
    • Di Girolamo E., Di Iorio C., Sabatini P., et al. Effects of paroxetine hydrochloride, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, on refractory vasovagal syncope: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Am Coll Cardiol 33 (1999) 1227-1230
    • (1999) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.33 , pp. 1227-1230
    • Di Girolamo, E.1    Di Iorio, C.2    Sabatini, P.3
  • 62
    • 0031958883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Midodrine: a role in the management of neurocardiogenic syncope
    • Ward C.R., Gray J.C., Gilroy J.J., et al. Midodrine: a role in the management of neurocardiogenic syncope. Heart 79 (1998) 45-49
    • (1998) Heart , vol.79 , pp. 45-49
    • Ward, C.R.1    Gray, J.C.2    Gilroy, J.J.3
  • 63
    • 0027451721 scopus 로고
    • A placebo-controlled trial of intravenous and oral disopyramide for prevention of neurally mediated syncope induced by head-up tilt
    • Morillo C.A., Leitch J.W., Yee R., et al. A placebo-controlled trial of intravenous and oral disopyramide for prevention of neurally mediated syncope induced by head-up tilt. J Am Coll Cardiol 22 (1993) 1843-1848
    • (1993) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.22 , pp. 1843-1848
    • Morillo, C.A.1    Leitch, J.W.2    Yee, R.3
  • 64
    • 0033596933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of etilefrine in preventing syncopal recurrence in patients with vasovagal syncope: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. The vasovagal syncope international study
    • Raviele A., Brignole M., Sutton R., et al. Effect of etilefrine in preventing syncopal recurrence in patients with vasovagal syncope: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. The vasovagal syncope international study. Circulation 99 (1999) 1452-1457
    • (1999) Circulation , vol.99 , pp. 1452-1457
    • Raviele, A.1    Brignole, M.2    Sutton, R.3
  • 65
    • 0342859318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tilt training: a treatment for malignant and recurrent neurocardiogenic syncope
    • Reybrouck T., Heidbuchel H., Van de Werf F., et al. Tilt training: a treatment for malignant and recurrent neurocardiogenic syncope. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 23 (2000) 493-498
    • (2000) Pacing Clin Electrophysiol , vol.23 , pp. 493-498
    • Reybrouck, T.1    Heidbuchel, H.2    Van de Werf, F.3
  • 66
    • 0037167725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of vasovagal syncope: controlling or aborting faints by leg crossing and muscle tensing
    • Krediet C.T., van Dijk N., Linzer M., et al. Management of vasovagal syncope: controlling or aborting faints by leg crossing and muscle tensing. Circulation 106 (2002) 1684-1689
    • (2002) Circulation , vol.106 , pp. 1684-1689
    • Krediet, C.T.1    van Dijk, N.2    Linzer, M.3
  • 67
    • 33749518856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of physical counterpressure maneuvers in preventing vasovagal syncope: the physical counterpressure manoeuvres trial (PC-Trial)
    • van Dijk N., Quartieri F., Blanc J.J., et al. Effectiveness of physical counterpressure maneuvers in preventing vasovagal syncope: the physical counterpressure manoeuvres trial (PC-Trial). J Am Coll Cardiol 48 (2006) 1652-1657
    • (2006) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.48 , pp. 1652-1657
    • van Dijk, N.1    Quartieri, F.2    Blanc, J.J.3
  • 68
    • 49549099752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimizing squatting as a physical maneuver to prevent vasovagal syncope
    • Krediet C.T., Go-Schön I.K., van Lieshout J.J., et al. Optimizing squatting as a physical maneuver to prevent vasovagal syncope. Clin Auton Res 18 4 (2008) 179-186
    • (2008) Clin Auton Res , vol.18 , Issue.4 , pp. 179-186
    • Krediet, C.T.1    Go-Schön, I.K.2    van Lieshout, J.J.3
  • 69
    • 0032947494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The North American Vasovagal Pacemaker Study (VPS). A randomized trial of permanent cardiac pacing for the prevention of vasovagal syncope
    • Connolly S.J., Sheldon R., Roberts R.S., et al. The North American Vasovagal Pacemaker Study (VPS). A randomized trial of permanent cardiac pacing for the prevention of vasovagal syncope. J Am Coll Cardiol 33 (1999) 16-20
    • (1999) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.33 , pp. 16-20
    • Connolly, S.J.1    Sheldon, R.2    Roberts, R.S.3
  • 70
    • 0035800092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Permanent cardiac pacing versus medical treatment for the prevention of recurrent vasovagal syncope: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial
    • Ammirati F., Colivicchi F., and Santini M. Permanent cardiac pacing versus medical treatment for the prevention of recurrent vasovagal syncope: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Circulation 104 (2001) 52-57
    • (2001) Circulation , vol.104 , pp. 52-57
    • Ammirati, F.1    Colivicchi, F.2    Santini, M.3
  • 71
    • 0037809703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pacemaker therapy for prevention of syncope in patients with recurrent severe vasovagal syncope: second vasovagal pacemaker study (VPS II): a randomized trial
    • Connolly S.J., Sheldon R., Thorpe K.E., et al. Pacemaker therapy for prevention of syncope in patients with recurrent severe vasovagal syncope: second vasovagal pacemaker study (VPS II): a randomized trial. JAMA 289 (2003) 2224-2229
    • (2003) JAMA , vol.289 , pp. 2224-2229
    • Connolly, S.J.1    Sheldon, R.2    Thorpe, K.E.3
  • 72
    • 4644250818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of permanent cardiac pacing for the treatment of recurrent tilt-induced vasovagal syncope. The vasovagal syncope and pacing trial (SYNPACE)
    • Raviele A., Giada F., Menozzi C., et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of permanent cardiac pacing for the treatment of recurrent tilt-induced vasovagal syncope. The vasovagal syncope and pacing trial (SYNPACE). Eur Heart J 25 (2004) 1741-1748
    • (2004) Eur Heart J , vol.25 , pp. 1741-1748
    • Raviele, A.1    Giada, F.2    Menozzi, C.3
  • 73
    • 33845871201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The expectation effect and cardiac pacing for refractory vasovagal syncope
    • Sud S., Massel D., Klein G.J., et al. The expectation effect and cardiac pacing for refractory vasovagal syncope. Am J Med 120 1 (2007) 54-62
    • (2007) Am J Med , vol.120 , Issue.1 , pp. 54-62
    • Sud, S.1    Massel, D.2    Klein, G.J.3
  • 74
    • 0029817396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ictal bradycardia syndrome
    • Reeves A.L., Nollet K.E., Klass D.W., et al. The ictal bradycardia syndrome. Epilepsia 37 (1996) 983-987
    • (1996) Epilepsia , vol.37 , pp. 983-987
    • Reeves, A.L.1    Nollet, K.E.2    Klass, D.W.3
  • 75
    • 37549001745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ictal asystole: a benign condition?
    • Schuele S.U., Bermeo A.C., Locatelli E., et al. Ictal asystole: a benign condition?. Epilepsia 49 1 (2008) 168-171
    • (2008) Epilepsia , vol.49 , Issue.1 , pp. 168-171
    • Schuele, S.U.1    Bermeo, A.C.2    Locatelli, E.3
  • 76
    • 0035214735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ictal bradycardia in partial epileptic seizures: autonomic investigation in three cases and literature review
    • Tinuper P., Bisulli F., Cerullo A., et al. Ictal bradycardia in partial epileptic seizures: autonomic investigation in three cases and literature review. Brain 124 (2001) 2361-2371
    • (2001) Brain , vol.124 , pp. 2361-2371
    • Tinuper, P.1    Bisulli, F.2    Cerullo, A.3
  • 77
    • 0023230249 scopus 로고
    • ECG abnormalities in patients with epilepsy
    • Keilson M., Hauser W., Magrill J., et al. ECG abnormalities in patients with epilepsy. Neurology 37 (1987) 1624-1626
    • (1987) Neurology , vol.37 , pp. 1624-1626
    • Keilson, M.1    Hauser, W.2    Magrill, J.3
  • 78
    • 0033528686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiac asystole and bradycardia as a manifestation of left temporal lobe complex partial seizure
    • Locatelli E.R., Varghese J.P., Shuaib A., et al. Cardiac asystole and bradycardia as a manifestation of left temporal lobe complex partial seizure. Ann Intern Med 130 (1999) 581-583
    • (1999) Ann Intern Med , vol.130 , pp. 581-583
    • Locatelli, E.R.1    Varghese, J.P.2    Shuaib, A.3
  • 79
    • 0035087665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outpatient seizure identification. Result of 502 patients using computer-assisted ambulatory EEG
    • Tatum W.O., Winters L., Gieron M., et al. Outpatient seizure identification. Result of 502 patients using computer-assisted ambulatory EEG. J Clin Neurophysiol 18 (2001) 14-19
    • (2001) J Clin Neurophysiol , vol.18 , pp. 14-19
    • Tatum, W.O.1    Winters, L.2    Gieron, M.3
  • 80
    • 0037006614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The misdiagnosis of epilepsy
    • Chadwick D., and Smith D. The misdiagnosis of epilepsy. Br Med J 24 (2002) 495-496
    • (2002) Br Med J , vol.24 , pp. 495-496
    • Chadwick, D.1    Smith, D.2
  • 81
    • 0031794085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The misdiagnosis of epilepsy: findings of a population study
    • Scheepers B., Clough P., and Pickles C. The misdiagnosis of epilepsy: findings of a population study. Seizure 5 (1998) 403-406
    • (1998) Seizure , vol.5 , pp. 403-406
    • Scheepers, B.1    Clough, P.2    Pickles, C.3
  • 82
    • 0032942120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The misdiagnosis of epilepsy and the management of refractory epilepsy in a specialist clinic
    • Smith D., Defalla B.A., and Chadwick D.W. The misdiagnosis of epilepsy and the management of refractory epilepsy in a specialist clinic. QJM 92 (1999) 15-23
    • (1999) QJM , vol.92 , pp. 15-23
    • Smith, D.1    Defalla, B.A.2    Chadwick, D.W.3
  • 83
    • 0035110755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Syncope resulting from autonomic insufficiency syndromes associated with orthostatic intolerance
    • Grubb B.P., and Kosinski D.J. Syncope resulting from autonomic insufficiency syndromes associated with orthostatic intolerance. Med Clin North Am 85 (2001) 457-472
    • (2001) Med Clin North Am , vol.85 , pp. 457-472
    • Grubb, B.P.1    Kosinski, D.J.2
  • 84
    • 0029287588 scopus 로고
    • Orthostatic hypotension: causes, mechanisms, and influencing factors
    • Mathias C.J. Orthostatic hypotension: causes, mechanisms, and influencing factors. Neurology 45 Suppl 5 (1995) S6-S11
    • (1995) Neurology , vol.45 , Issue.SUPPL. 5
    • Mathias, C.J.1
  • 85
    • 35448976026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Orthostatic hypotension-related hospitalizations in the United States
    • Shibao C., Grijalva C.G., Raj S.R., et al. Orthostatic hypotension-related hospitalizations in the United States. Am J Med 120 (2007) 975-980
    • (2007) Am J Med , vol.120 , pp. 975-980
    • Shibao, C.1    Grijalva, C.G.2    Raj, S.R.3
  • 86
    • 0029904204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, pure autonomic failure, and multiple system atrophy. The consensus committee of the American Autonomic Society and the American Academy of Neurology
    • Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, pure autonomic failure, and multiple system atrophy. The consensus committee of the American Autonomic Society and the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 46 (1996) 1470
    • (1996) Neurology , vol.46 , pp. 1470
  • 87
    • 0002180894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of aging on the autonomic nervous system
    • Low P.A. (Ed), Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia
    • Low P.A. The effect of aging on the autonomic nervous system. In: Low P.A. (Ed). Clinical autonomic disorders. 2nd edition (1997), Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia 161-175
    • (1997) Clinical autonomic disorders. 2nd edition , pp. 161-175
    • Low, P.A.1
  • 88
    • 0028131335 scopus 로고
    • The head and neck discomfort of autonomic failure: an unrecognized aetiology of headache
    • Robertson D., Kincaid D.W., Haile V., et al. The head and neck discomfort of autonomic failure: an unrecognized aetiology of headache. Clin Auton Res 4 (1994) 99-103
    • (1994) Clin Auton Res , vol.4 , pp. 99-103
    • Robertson, D.1    Kincaid, D.W.2    Haile, V.3
  • 89
    • 33746817127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delayed orthostatic hypotension: a frequent cause of orthostatic intolerance
    • Gibbons C.H., and Freeman R. Delayed orthostatic hypotension: a frequent cause of orthostatic intolerance. Neurology 67 (2006) 28-32
    • (2006) Neurology , vol.67 , pp. 28-32
    • Gibbons, C.H.1    Freeman, R.2
  • 90
    • 0029765512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of orthostatic hypotension and tachycardia in patients with pheochromocytoma
    • Streeten D.H., and Anderson G.H. Mechanisms of orthostatic hypotension and tachycardia in patients with pheochromocytoma. Am J Hypertens 9 (1996) 760-769
    • (1996) Am J Hypertens , vol.9 , pp. 760-769
    • Streeten, D.H.1    Anderson, G.H.2
  • 91
    • 33847148005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autonomic peripheral neuropathy
    • Freeman R. Autonomic peripheral neuropathy. Neurol Clin 25 1 (2007) 277-301
    • (2007) Neurol Clin , vol.25 , Issue.1 , pp. 277-301
    • Freeman, R.1
  • 92
    • 2142680213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension, autonomic failure, and autonomic neuropathy
    • Rowland LP, Pedley TA, editors, 12th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, in press
    • Weimer LH. Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension, autonomic failure, and autonomic neuropathy. In: Rowland LP, Pedley TA, editors. Merritt's neurology. 12th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, in press.
    • Merritt's neurology
    • Weimer, L.H.1
  • 93
    • 2142659298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Syncope and orthostatic intolerance for the primary care physician
    • Weimer L.H. Syncope and orthostatic intolerance for the primary care physician. Prim Care 31 1 (2004) 175-199
    • (2004) Prim Care , vol.31 , Issue.1 , pp. 175-199
    • Weimer, L.H.1
  • 94
    • 0018945070 scopus 로고
    • The natural history of diabetic autonomic neuropathy
    • Ewing D.J., Campbell I.W., and Clarke B.F. The natural history of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Q J Med 49 (1980) 95-108
    • (1980) Q J Med , vol.49 , pp. 95-108
    • Ewing, D.J.1    Campbell, I.W.2    Clarke, B.F.3
  • 95
    • 0027425239 scopus 로고
    • Mortality in diabetic patients with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy
    • Rathman W., Ziegler D., Jahnke M., et al. Mortality in diabetic patients with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. Diabet Med 10 (1993) 820-824
    • (1993) Diabet Med , vol.10 , pp. 820-824
    • Rathman, W.1    Ziegler, D.2    Jahnke, M.3
  • 96
    • 0035488780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impaired autonomic function is associated with increased mortality, especially in subjects with diabetes, hypertension, or a history of cardiovascular disease: the hoorn study
    • Gerritsen J., Dekker J.M., TenVoorde B.J., et al. Impaired autonomic function is associated with increased mortality, especially in subjects with diabetes, hypertension, or a history of cardiovascular disease: the hoorn study. Diabetes Care 24 (2001) 1793-1798
    • (2001) Diabetes Care , vol.24 , pp. 1793-1798
    • Gerritsen, J.1    Dekker, J.M.2    TenVoorde, B.J.3
  • 97
    • 0029808637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improvement in the polyneuropathy associated with familial amyloid polyneuropathy after liver transplantation
    • Bergethon P.R., Sabin T.D., and Lewis D. Improvement in the polyneuropathy associated with familial amyloid polyneuropathy after liver transplantation. Neurology 47 (1996) 944-951
    • (1996) Neurology , vol.47 , pp. 944-951
    • Bergethon, P.R.1    Sabin, T.D.2    Lewis, D.3
  • 98
    • 0028086597 scopus 로고
    • Idiopathic autonomic neuropathy: clinical, neurophysiologic, and follow-up studies on 27 patients
    • Suarez G.A., Fealey R.D., Camilleri M., et al. Idiopathic autonomic neuropathy: clinical, neurophysiologic, and follow-up studies on 27 patients. Neurology 44 9 (1994) 1675-1682
    • (1994) Neurology , vol.44 , Issue.9 , pp. 1675-1682
    • Suarez, G.A.1    Fealey, R.D.2    Camilleri, M.3
  • 99
    • 31544475910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immune-mediated autonomic neuropathies
    • Etienne M., and Weimer L.H. Immune-mediated autonomic neuropathies. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 6 1 (2006) 57-64
    • (2006) Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep , vol.6 , Issue.1 , pp. 57-64
    • Etienne, M.1    Weimer, L.H.2
  • 100
    • 0027531172 scopus 로고
    • Idiopathic postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. An attenuated form of acute pandysautonomia?
    • [STOP]
    • Schondorf R., and Low P.A. Idiopathic postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. An attenuated form of acute pandysautonomia?. Neurology 43 (1993) 132-137 [STOP]
    • (1993) Neurology , vol.43 , pp. 132-137
    • Schondorf, R.1    Low, P.A.2
  • 101
    • 0031798570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuronal nicotinic ACh receptor antibody in subacute autonomic neuropathy and cancer-related syndromes
    • Vernino S., Adamski J., Kryzer T.J., et al. Neuronal nicotinic ACh receptor antibody in subacute autonomic neuropathy and cancer-related syndromes. Neurology 50 (1998) 1806-1813
    • (1998) Neurology , vol.50 , pp. 1806-1813
    • Vernino, S.1    Adamski, J.2    Kryzer, T.J.3
  • 102
    • 0034699650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autoantibodies to ganglionic acetylcholine receptors in autoimmune autonomic neuropathies
    • Vernino S., Low P.A., Fealey R.D., et al. Autoantibodies to ganglionic acetylcholine receptors in autoimmune autonomic neuropathies. N Engl J Med 343 (2000) 847-855
    • (2000) N Engl J Med , vol.343 , pp. 847-855
    • Vernino, S.1    Low, P.A.2    Fealey, R.D.3
  • 103
    • 0030061904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Idiopathic dysautonomia treated with intravenous gammaglobulin
    • Heafield M.T.E., Gammage M.D., Nightingale S., et al. Idiopathic dysautonomia treated with intravenous gammaglobulin. Lancet 347 (1996) 28-29
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.347 , pp. 28-29
    • Heafield, M.T.E.1    Gammage, M.D.2    Nightingale, S.3
  • 104
    • 0031412635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unusual recovery from acute panautonomic neuropathy after immunoglobulin therapy
    • Smit A.A.J., Vermeulen M., Koelman H.T.M., et al. Unusual recovery from acute panautonomic neuropathy after immunoglobulin therapy. Mayo Clin Proc 72 (1997) 333-335
    • (1997) Mayo Clin Proc , vol.72 , pp. 333-335
    • Smit, A.A.J.1    Vermeulen, M.2    Koelman, H.T.M.3
  • 105
    • 0027982363 scopus 로고
    • Autonomic involvement in Guillain-Barré syndrome: a review
    • Zochodne D.W. Autonomic involvement in Guillain-Barré syndrome: a review. Muscle Nerve 17 (1994) 1145-1155
    • (1994) Muscle Nerve , vol.17 , pp. 1145-1155
    • Zochodne, D.W.1
  • 106
    • 0036154043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paraneoplastic peripheral neuropathy associated with anti-Hu antibodies. A clinical and electrophysiological study of 20 patients
    • Camdessanche J.P., Antoine J.C., Honnorat J., et al. Paraneoplastic peripheral neuropathy associated with anti-Hu antibodies. A clinical and electrophysiological study of 20 patients. Brain 125 (2002) 166-175
    • (2002) Brain , vol.125 , pp. 166-175
    • Camdessanche, J.P.1    Antoine, J.C.2    Honnorat, J.3
  • 107
    • 52449086856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Second consensus statement on the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy
    • Gilman S., Wenning G.K., Low P.A., et al. Second consensus statement on the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy. Neurology 71 9 (2008) 670-676
    • (2008) Neurology , vol.71 , Issue.9 , pp. 670-676
    • Gilman, S.1    Wenning, G.K.2    Low, P.A.3
  • 108
    • 0028941637 scopus 로고
    • Autonomic dysfunction in pathologically confirmed multiple system atrophy and idiopathic Parkinson's disease-a retrospective comparison
    • Magalhães M., Wenning G.K., Daniel S.E., et al. Autonomic dysfunction in pathologically confirmed multiple system atrophy and idiopathic Parkinson's disease-a retrospective comparison. Acta Neurol Scand 91 (1995) 98-102
    • (1995) Acta Neurol Scand , vol.91 , pp. 98-102
    • Magalhães, M.1    Wenning, G.K.2    Daniel, S.E.3
  • 109
    • 0023637610 scopus 로고
    • Endogenous restoration of noradrenaline by precursor therapy in dopamine-beta-hydroxylase deficiency
    • Biaggioni I., and Robertson D. Endogenous restoration of noradrenaline by precursor therapy in dopamine-beta-hydroxylase deficiency. Lancet 2 (1987) 1170-1172
    • (1987) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 1170-1172
    • Biaggioni, I.1    Robertson, D.2
  • 110
    • 0030876714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The distribution of Lewy bodies in pure autonomic failure: autopsy findings and review of the literature
    • Hague K., Lento P., Morgello S., et al. The distribution of Lewy bodies in pure autonomic failure: autopsy findings and review of the literature. Acta Neuropathol 94 (1997) 192-196
    • (1997) Acta Neuropathol , vol.94 , pp. 192-196
    • Hague, K.1    Lento, P.2    Morgello, S.3
  • 111
    • 0023637112 scopus 로고
    • Dopamine in dopamine-beta-hydroxylase deficiency
    • Biaggioni I., Hollister A.S., and Robertson D. Dopamine in dopamine-beta-hydroxylase deficiency. N Engl J Med 317 (1987) 1415-1416
    • (1987) N Engl J Med , vol.317 , pp. 1415-1416
    • Biaggioni, I.1    Hollister, A.S.2    Robertson, D.3
  • 112
    • 0034756589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • L-threo-dihydroxyphenylserine (L-threo-DOPS; droxidopa) in the management of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: a multi-national, multi-center, dose-ranging study in multiple system atrophy and pure autonomic failure
    • Mathias C.J., Senard J.M., Braune S., et al. L-threo-dihydroxyphenylserine (L-threo-DOPS; droxidopa) in the management of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: a multi-national, multi-center, dose-ranging study in multiple system atrophy and pure autonomic failure. Clin Auton Res 11 (2001) 235-242
    • (2001) Clin Auton Res , vol.11 , pp. 235-242
    • Mathias, C.J.1    Senard, J.M.2    Braune, S.3
  • 113
    • 0030096107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment: clinical autonomic testing report of the therapeutics and technology assessment subcommittee of the American Association of Neurology
    • Assessment: clinical autonomic testing report of the therapeutics and technology assessment subcommittee of the American Association of Neurology. Neurology 46 (1996) 873-880
    • (1996) Neurology , vol.46 , pp. 873-880
  • 114
    • 30344445984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative studies of autonomic function
    • Hilz M.J., and Dutsch M. Quantitative studies of autonomic function. Muscle Nerve 33 1 (2006) 6-20
    • (2006) Muscle Nerve , vol.33 , Issue.1 , pp. 6-20
    • Hilz, M.J.1    Dutsch, M.2
  • 115
    • 38949188680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice. Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension
    • Freeman R. Clinical practice. Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. N Engl J Med 358 6 (2008) 615-624
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.358 , Issue.6 , pp. 615-624
    • Freeman, R.1
  • 116
    • 4644254425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Water drinking in the management of orthostatic intolerance due to orthostatic hypotension, vasovagal syncope and the postural tachycardia syndrome
    • Mathias C.J., and Young T.M. Water drinking in the management of orthostatic intolerance due to orthostatic hypotension, vasovagal syncope and the postural tachycardia syndrome. Eur J Neurol 11 9 (2004) 613-619
    • (2004) Eur J Neurol , vol.11 , Issue.9 , pp. 613-619
    • Mathias, C.J.1    Young, T.M.2
  • 117
    • 34548457738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Respiratory countermaneuvers in autonomic failure
    • Thijs R.D., Wieling W., van den Aardweg J.G., et al. Respiratory countermaneuvers in autonomic failure. Neurology 69 6 (2007) 582-585
    • (2007) Neurology , vol.69 , Issue.6 , pp. 582-585
    • Thijs, R.D.1    Wieling, W.2    van den Aardweg, J.G.3
  • 118
    • 0027291916 scopus 로고
    • Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study with midodrine
    • Jankovic J., Gilden J.L., Hiner B.C., et al. Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study with midodrine. JAMA 95 (1993) 38-48
    • (1993) JAMA , vol.95 , pp. 38-48
    • Jankovic, J.1    Gilden, J.L.2    Hiner, B.C.3
  • 119
    • 0034716469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypertensive cardiovascular damage in patients with primary autonomic failure
    • Vagaonescu T.D., Saadia D., Tuhrim S., et al. Hypertensive cardiovascular damage in patients with primary autonomic failure. Lancet 355 (2000) 725-726
    • (2000) Lancet , vol.355 , pp. 725-726
    • Vagaonescu, T.D.1    Saadia, D.2    Tuhrim, S.3
  • 120
    • 33645739276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pyridostigmine treatment trial in neurogenic orthostatic hypotension
    • Singer W., Sandroni P., Opfer-Gehrking T.L., et al. Pyridostigmine treatment trial in neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. Arch Neurol 63 (2006) 513-518
    • (2006) Arch Neurol , vol.63 , pp. 513-518
    • Singer, W.1    Sandroni, P.2    Opfer-Gehrking, T.L.3
  • 122
    • 0032712170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Idiopathic orthostatic intolerance and postural tachycardia syndromes
    • Jacob G., and Biaggioni I. Idiopathic orthostatic intolerance and postural tachycardia syndromes. Am J Med Sci 317 (1999) 88-101
    • (1999) Am J Med Sci , vol.317 , pp. 88-101
    • Jacob, G.1    Biaggioni, I.2
  • 123
    • 33847076124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The postural tachycardia syndrome
    • Medow M.S., and Stewart J.M. The postural tachycardia syndrome. Cardiol Rev 15 2 (2007) 67-75
    • (2007) Cardiol Rev , vol.15 , Issue.2 , pp. 67-75
    • Medow, M.S.1    Stewart, J.M.2
  • 124
    • 0034001134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Orthostatic intolerance and tachycardia associated with norepinephrine-transporter deficiency
    • Shannon J.R., Flattem N.L., Jordan J., et al. Orthostatic intolerance and tachycardia associated with norepinephrine-transporter deficiency. N Engl J Med 342 8 (2000) 541-549
    • (2000) N Engl J Med , vol.342 , Issue.8 , pp. 541-549
    • Shannon, J.R.1    Flattem, N.L.2    Jordan, J.3
  • 125
    • 0037154309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibition as a human model of orthostatic intolerance
    • Schroeder C., Tank J., Boschmann M., et al. Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibition as a human model of orthostatic intolerance. Circulation 105 (2002) 347-353
    • (2002) Circulation , vol.105 , pp. 347-353
    • Schroeder, C.1    Tank, J.2    Boschmann, M.3
  • 126
    • 55249086828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fatigue is significant in vasovagal syncope and is associated with autonomic symptoms
    • Legge H., Norton M., and Newton J.L. Fatigue is significant in vasovagal syncope and is associated with autonomic symptoms. Europace 10 9 (2008) 1095-1101
    • (2008) Europace , vol.10 , Issue.9 , pp. 1095-1101
    • Legge, H.1    Norton, M.2    Newton, J.L.3
  • 127
    • 0028957255 scopus 로고
    • Is neurally mediated hypotension an unrecognized cause of chronic fatigue?
    • Rowe P.C., Bou-Holaigah I., Kan J.S., et al. Is neurally mediated hypotension an unrecognized cause of chronic fatigue?. Lancet 345 (1995) 623-624
    • (1995) Lancet , vol.345 , pp. 623-624
    • Rowe, P.C.1    Bou-Holaigah, I.2    Kan, J.S.3
  • 128
    • 29244463853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Orthostatic instability in a population-based study of chronic fatigue syndrome
    • Jones J.F., Nicholson A., Nisenbaum R., et al. Orthostatic instability in a population-based study of chronic fatigue syndrome. Am J Med 118 12 (2005) 1415
    • (2005) Am J Med , vol.118 , Issue.12 , pp. 1415
    • Jones, J.F.1    Nicholson, A.2    Nisenbaum, R.3
  • 129
    • 0035798745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fludrocortisone acetate to treat neurally mediated hypotension in chronic fatigue syndrome: a randomized controlled trial
    • Rowe P.C., Calkins H., DeBusk K., et al. Fludrocortisone acetate to treat neurally mediated hypotension in chronic fatigue syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 285 (2001) 52-59
    • (2001) JAMA , vol.285 , pp. 52-59
    • Rowe, P.C.1    Calkins, H.2    DeBusk, K.3
  • 130
    • 0024521555 scopus 로고
    • Spectrum of dysautonomia in mitral valve prolapse
    • Taylor A.A., Davies A.O., Mares A., et al. Spectrum of dysautonomia in mitral valve prolapse. Am J Med 86 (1989) 267-274
    • (1989) Am J Med , vol.86 , pp. 267-274
    • Taylor, A.A.1    Davies, A.O.2    Mares, A.3
  • 131
    • 0035169456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chiari I malformation as a cause of orthostatic intolerance symptoms: a media myth?
    • Garland E.M., and Robertson D. Chiari I malformation as a cause of orthostatic intolerance symptoms: a media myth?. Am J Med 111 (2001) 546-552
    • (2001) Am J Med , vol.111 , pp. 546-552
    • Garland, E.M.1    Robertson, D.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.