Interlimb coordination in human crawling reveals similarities in development and neural control with quadrupeds

Journal of Neurophysiology

Volumn 101, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 603-613

  Patrick, Susan K ^a   Noah, J Adam ^a,b   Yang, Jaynie F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^b LONG ISLAND UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CHILD; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE; GAIT; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; INFANT; LIMB; LOCOMOTION; MOTOR COORDINATION; MOVEMENT (PHYSIOLOGY); NERVE FUNCTION; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; STANDING; TREADMILL; VELOCITY; WALKING;

ADULT; AGE FACTORS; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; BIOMECHANICS; EXERCISE TEST; EXTREMITIES; FUNCTIONAL LATERALITY; GAIT; HUMANS; INFANT; LOCOMOTION; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; POSTURE; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 61349171285     PISSN: 00223077     EISSN: 15221598     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/jn.91125.2008     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Adolph KE, Vereijken B, Denny MA. Learning to crawl. Child Dev 69: 1299-1312, 1998.
2. Akay T, McVea DA, Tachibana A, Pearson KG. Coordination of fore and hind leg stepping in cats on a transversely-split treadmill. Exp Brain Res 175: 211-222, 2006.
3. Babič J, Karčnik T, Bajd T. Stability analysis of four-point walking. Gait Posture 14: 56-60, 2001.
4. Bajd T, Ẑefran M, Kralj A. Timing and kinematics of quadrupedal walking pattern. Proc IEEE/RSJ Int Conf Intell Robots Systems, Pittsburgh, PA, 1995.
5. Ballion B, Morin D, Viala D. Forelimb locomotor generators and quadrupedal locomotion in the neonatal rat. Eur J Neurosci 14: 1727-1738, 2001.
6. Batschelet E. Circular Statistics in Biology. London: Academic Press, 1981.
7. Bekoff A, Trainer W. The development of interlimb co-ordination during swimming in postnatal rats. J Exp Biol 83: 1-11, 1979.
8. Burnside LH. Coordination in the locomotion of infants. Genet Psychol Monogr 2: 279-372, 1927.
9. Cartmill M, Lemelin P, Schmitt D. Support polygons and symmetrical gaits in mammals. Zool J Linn Soc 136: 401-420, 2002.
10. Cartmill M, Lemelin P, Schmitt D. Understanding the adaptive value of diagonal-sequence gaits in primates: a comment on Shapiro and Raichlen, 2005. Am J Phys Anthropol 133: 822-827, 2007.
11. Cazalets JR, Menard I, Crémieux J, Clarac F. Variability as a characteristic of immature motor systems: an electromyographic study of swimming in the newborn rat. Behav Brain Res 40: 215-225, 1990.
12. Craik RL, Herman RM, Finley FR. Human solutions for locomotion: interlimb coordination. In: Neural Control of Locomotion, edited by Herman RM, Grillner S, Stein PSG, Stuart DG. New York: Plenum Press, 1976, vol. 18, p. 51-64.
13. Demes B, Larson SG, Stern JT Jr, Jungers WL, Biknevicius AR, Schmitt D. The kinetics of primate quadrupedalism: "hindlimb drive" reconsidered. J Hum Evol 26: 353-374, 1994.
14. Dietz V, Fouad K, Bastiaanse CM. Neuronal coordination of arm and leg movements during human locomotion. Eur J Neurosci 14: 1906-1914, 2001.
15. Donker SF, Beek PJ, Wagenaar RC, Mulder T. Coordination between arm and leg movements during locomotion. J Mot Behav 33: 86-102, 2001.
16. English AW, Lennard PR. Interlimb coordination during stepping in the cat: in-phase stepping and gait transitions. Brain Res 245: 353-364, 1982.
17. Falgairolle M, de Seze M, Juvin L, Morin D, Cazalets JR. Coordinated network functioning in the spinal cord: an evolutionary perspective. J Physiol (Paris) 100: 304-316, 2006.
18. Freedland RL, Bertenthal BI. Developmental changes in interlimb coordination: transition to hands-and-knees crawling. Psychol Sci 5: 26-32, 1994.
19. Frigon A, Collins DF, Zehr EP. Effect of rhythmic arm movement on reflexes in the legs: modulation of soleus H-reflexes and somatosensory conditioning. J Neurophysiol 91: 1516-1523, 2004.
20. Grillner S. Locomotion in vertebrates: central mechanisms and reflex interaction. Physiol Rev 55: 247-304, 1975.
21. Grillner S. Control of locomotion in bipeds, tetrapods, and fish. In: Handbook of Physiology. The Nervous System. Motor Control. Bethesda, MD: Am. Physiol. Soc., 1981, sect. 1, vol. II, pt. 2, p. 1179-1236.
22. Haridas C, Zehr EP. Coordinated interlimb compensatory responses to electrical stimulation of cutaneous nerves in the hand and foot during walking. J Neurophysiol 90: 2850-2861, 2003.
23. Hildebrand M. Analysis of the symmetrical gaits of tetrapods. Folio Biotheoretica 6: 9-22, 1966.
24. Hildebrand M. Symmetrical gaits of primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 26: 119-130, 1967.
25. Hildebrand M. Analysis of tetrapod gaits: general considerations and symmetrical gaits. In: Neural Control of Locomotion, edited by Herman RM, Grillner S, Stein PSG, Stuart DG. New York: Plenum Press, 1976, p. 203-236.
26. Hildebrand M. The quadrupedal gaits of vertebrates. Bioscience 39: 766-775, 1989.
27. Huang HJ, Ferris DP. Neural coupling between upper and lower limbs during recumbant stepping. J Appl Physiol 97: 1299-1308, 2004.
28. Hurov JR. Monkey locomotion during gait transitions: how do interlimb time intervals, step sequences, and kinematics change? Am J Phys Anthropol 66: 417-427, 1985.
29. Huttenlocher PR. Synaptogenesis in human cerebral cortex. In: Human Behavior and the Developing Brain, edited by Dawson G, Fisher KW. New York: Guilford Press, 1994, p. 137-152.
30. Jamon M, Clarac F. Early walking in the neonatal rat: a kinematic study. Behav Neurosci 112: 1218-1228, 1998.
31. Juvin L, Simmers J, Moring D. Propriospinal circuitry underlying interlimb coordination in mammalian quadrupedal locomotion. J Neurosci 25: 6025-6035, 2005.
32. Kiehn O. Locomotor circuits in the mammalian spinal cord. Annu Rev Neurosci 29: 279-306, 2006.
33. Kimura T, Okada M, Ishida H. Kinesiological characteristics of primate walking: its significance in human walking. In: Environment, Behavior, and Morphology: Dynamic Interactions in Primates, edited by Morbeck M, Preuschoft H, Gomberg N. New York: Gustav Fischer, 1979, p. 297-311.
34. Larson SG, Schmitt D, Lemelin P, Hamrick M. Uniqueness of primate forelimb posture during quadrupedal locomotion. Am J Phys Anthropol 112: 87-101, 2000.
35. Miller S, Van Der Burg J, Van Der Meche F. Coordination of movements of the hindlimbs and forelimbs in different forms of locomotion in normal and decerebrate cats. Brain Res 91: 217-237, 1975.
36. Muybridge E. The Human Figure in Motion. New York: Dover, 1955.
37. Nakano Y. Footfall patterns in the early development of the quadrupedal walking of Japanese macaques. Folia Primatol 66: 113-125, 1996.
38. Peters SE. Postnatal development of gait behaviour and functional allometry in the domestic cat (Felis catus). J Zool (Lond) 199: 461-486, 1983.
39. Shapiro LJ, Raichlen DA. Lateral sequence walking in infant Papio cynocephalus: implications for the evolution of diagonal sequence walking in primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 126: 205-213, 2005.
40. Sparrow WA. Creeping patterns of human adults and infants. Am J Phys Anthropol 78: 387-401, 1989.
41. Sparrow WA, Newell KM. The coordination and control of human creeping with increases in speed. Behav Brain Res 63: 151-158, 1994.
42. Stein PSG. Neuronal control of turtle hindlimb motor rhythms. J Comp Physiol A Sens Neural Behav Physiol 191: 213-229, 2005.
43. Vilensky JA. Gait characteristics of two macaques, with emphasis on relationships with speed. Am J Phys Anthropol 61: 255-265, 1983.
44. Vilensky JA. Primate quadrupedalism: how and why does it differ from that of typical quadrupeds? Brain Behav Evol 34: 357-364, 1989.
45. Vilensky JA, Larson SG. Primate locomotion: utilization and control of symmetrical gaits. Annu Rev Anthropol 18: 17-35, 1989.
46. Vilensky JA, Libii JN, Moore AM. Trot-gallop gait transitions in quadrupeds. Physiol Behav 50: 835-842, 1991.
47. Vilensky JA, Wilson P, Gankiewicz E. An analysis of air-stepping in normal infant vervet monkeys. J Mot Behav 21: 429-456, 1989.
48. Walker WF. Locomotion. In: Turtles, Perspectives and Research, edited by Harless M, Morlock H. New York: Wiley, 1979, p. 435-454.
49. Wannier T, Bastiaanse C, Colombo G, Dietz V. Arm to leg coordination in humans during walking, creeping and swimming activities. Exp Brain Res 141: 375-379, 2001.
50. Wetzel MC, Anderson RC, Brady TH Jr, Norgren KS. Kinematics of treadmill galloping by cats. III. Coordination during gait conversions and implications for neural control. Behav Biol 21: 107-127, 1977.
51. Williams TL. Experimental analysis of the gait and frequency of locomotion in the tortoise, with a simple mathematical description. J Physiol 310: 307-320, 1981.
52. Yakovlev PI, Lecours A-R. The myelogenetic cycles of regional maturation of the brain. In: Regional Development of the Brain in Early Life, edited by Minkowski A. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1967, p. 3-70.
53. Zehr EP, Haridas C. Modulation of cutaneous reflexes in arm mucles during walking: further evidence of similar control mechanisms for rhythmic human arm and leg movements. Exp Brain Res 149: 260-266, 2003.