Basic research methods and current trends of dental implant surfaces

Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part B Applied Biomaterials

Volumn 88, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 579-596

  Coelho, Paulo G ^a   Granjeiro, José M ^b   Romanos, George E ^c   Suzuki, Marcelo ^d   Silva, Nelson R F ^a   Cardaropoli, Giuseppe ^a   Van Thompson, P ^a   Lemons, Jack E ^e  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b FLUMINENSE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY   (Brazil)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER   (United States)

^d TUFTS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF DENTAL MEDICINE   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM   (United States)

Author keywords

Implant design; Implant surface; In vitro; In vivo; Review

Indexed keywords

BASIC RESEARCHES; BIOACTIVE CERAMICS; CLINICAL STUDIES; CLINICAL TRIALS; CURRENT TRENDS; DENTAL IMPLANTS; EX-VIVO; FABRICATION PROCESS; HIERARCHICAL APPROACHES; IMPLANT DESIGN; IMPLANT SURFACE; IN VITRO; IN VIVO; INFORMATION CONCERNING; LENGTH-SCALE; NANOMETRIC; OSSEOINTEGRATION; SURFACE MODIFICATIONS; SURFACE TEXTURES; SURFACE-TEXTURING;

BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS; DESIGN; SURFACE TREATMENT; TEXTURES;

DENTAL PROSTHESES;

BIOMATERIAL; HYDROXYAPATITE; TITANIUM;

BIOCOMPATIBILITY; BIOMECHANICS; CHEMICAL MODIFICATION; EX VIVO STUDY; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; MEDICAL RESEARCH; NANOTECHNOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; REVIEW; SURFACE PROPERTY; TOOTH IMPLANTATION; TOOTH PROSTHESIS;

ANIMALS; BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS; CALCIUM PHOSPHATES; CRYSTALLIZATION; DENTAL IMPLANTS; HUMANS; SURFACE PROPERTIES;

EID: 60849096376     PISSN: 15524973     EISSN: 15524981     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31264     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. Albrektsson T, Wennerberg A. Oral implant surfaces: Part 1-review focusing on topographic and chemical properties of different surfaces and in vivo responses to them. Int J Prosthodont 2004;17:536-543.
2. Albrektsson T, Wennerberg A. Oral implant surfaces: Part 2-review focusing on clinical knowledge of different surfaces. Int J Prosthodont 2004;17:544-564.
3. Branemark PI, Adell R, Breine U, Hansson BO, Lindstrom J, Ohlsson A. Intra-osseous anchorage of dental prostheses. I. Experimental studies. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 1969;3:81-100.
4. Jemt T, Chai J, Harnett J, Heath MR, Hutton JE, Johns RB, McKenna S, McNamara DC, van Steenberghe D, Taylor R, Watson RM, Herrmann I. A 5-year prospective multicenter follow-up report on overdentures supported by osseointe-grated implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1996;11:291-298.
5. van Steenberghe D, Lekholm U, Bolender C, Folmer T, Henry P, Herrmann I, Higuchi K, Laney W, Linden U, Astrand P. Applicability of osseointegrated oral implants in the rehabilitation of partial edentulism: A prospective multi-center study on 558 fixtures. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1990;5:272-281.
6. Branemark PI, Engstrand P, Ohrnell LO, Grondahl K, Nilsson P, Hagberg K, Darle C, Lekholm U. Branemark Novum: A new treatment concept for rehabilitation of the edentulous mandible. Preliminary results from a prospective clinical follow-up study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 1999;1:2-16.
7. Adell R, Hansson BO, Branemark PI, Breine U. Intra-osseous anchorage of dental prostheses. II. Review of clinical approaches. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 1970;4:19-34.
8. Branemark PI, Hansson BO, Adell R, Breine U, Lindstrom J, Hallen O, Ohman A. Osseointegrated implants in the treatment of the edentulous jaw. Experience from a 10-year period. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Suppl 1977;16:1-132.
9. Henry PJ, Laney WR, Jemt T, Harris D, Krogh PH, Polizzi G, Zarb GA, Herrmann I. Osseointegrated implants for single-tooth replacement: A prospective 5-year multicenter study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1996;11:450-155.
10. Ericsson I, Randow K, Glantz PO, Lindhe J, Nilner K. Clinical and radiographical features of submerged and nonsubmerged titanium implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 1994;5:185-189.
11. Chiapasco M, Gatti C. Implant-retained mandibular overdentures with immediate loading: a 3- to 8-year prospective study on 328 implants. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2003;5:29-38.
12. Chiapasco M, Gatti C. Immediate loading of dental implants placed in revascularized fibula free flaps: A clinical report on 2 consecutive patients. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2004;19:906-912.
13. Chiapasco M, Gatti C, Gatti F. Immediate loading of dental implants placed in severely resorbed edentulous mandibles reconstructed with autogenous calvarial grafts. Clin Oral Implants Res 2007;18:13-20.
14. Chiapasco M, Gatti C, Rossi E, Haefliger W, Markwalder TH. Implant-retained mandibular overdentures with immediate loading. A retrospective multicenter study on 226 consecutive cases. Clin Oral Implants Res 1997;8:48-57.
15. Gatti C, Chiapasco M. Immediate loading of Branemark implants: A 24-month follow-up of a comparative prospective pilot study between mandibular overdentures supported by Conical transmucosal and standard MK II implants. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2002;4:190-199.
16. Gatti C, Haefliger W, Chiapasco M. Implant-retained mandibular overdentures with immediate loading: A prospective study of ITI implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2000;15:383-388.
17. Kronstrom M, Widbom T, Lofquist LE, Henningson C, Widbom C, Lundberg T. Early functional loading of conical Branemark implants in the edentulous mandible: A 12-month follow-up clinical report. J Prosthet Dent 2003;89:335-340.
18. Navarro Alonso JM, Ramirez Masana M, Ramirez Navarro T, Rodriquez Triguero C, Friberg B. [A technic for replacement of a solitary incisor on an osseointegrated implant. Apropos of 2 cases]. Arch Odonto Estomatol 1988;4:449-156.
19. Petropoulos VC, Balshi TJ, Balshi SF, Wolfinger GJ. Extractions, implant placement, and immediate loading of mandibular implants: A case report of a functional fixed prosthesis in 5 hours. Implant Dent 2003;12:283-290.
20. Raghoebar GM, Friberg B, Grunert I, Hobkirk JA, Tepper G, Wendelhag I. 3-year prospective multicenter study on one-stage implant surgery and early loading in the edentulous mandible. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2003;5:39-46.
21. Testori T, Del Fabbro M, Szmukler-Moncler S, Francetti L, Weinstein RL. Immediate occlusal loading of Osseotite implants in the completely edentulous mandible. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2003;18:544-551.
22. De Bruyn H, Kisch J, Collaert B, Linden U, Nilner K, Dvarsater L. Fixed mandibular restorations on three early-loaded regular platform Branemark implants. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2001;3:176-184.
23. Lemons JE. Biomaterials, biomechanics, tissue healing, and immediate-function dental implants. J Oral Implantol 2004;30:318-324.
24. Buser D, Broggini N, Wieland M, Schenk RK, Denzer AJ, Cochran DL, Hoffmann B, Lussi A, Steinemann SG. Enhanced bone apposition to a chemically modified SLA titanium surface. J Dent Res 2004;83:529-533.
25. Lacefield WR. Current status of ceramic coatings for dental implants. Implant Dent 1998;7:315-322.
26. Kittel C. Introduction to Solid State Physics. Hoboken: Wiley; 1995.
27. Albrektsson T, Branemark PI, Hansson HA, Lindstrom J. Osseointegrated titanium implants. Requirements for ensuring a long-lasting, direct bone-to-implant anchorage in man. Acta Orthop Scand 1981;52:155-170.
28. Coelho PG, Lemons JE. IBAD Nanothick Bioceramic Incorporation on Metallic Implants for Bone Healing Enhancement. From Physico/Chemical Characterization to In-vivo Performance Evaluation. In: ISBN, editor. Anaheim, CA:NSTI; 2005. p 316-319.
29. Damien E, Hing K, Saeed S, Revell PA. A preliminary study on the enhancement of the osteointegration of a novel synthetic hydroxyapatite scaffold in vivo. J Biomed Mater Res A 2003;66:241-246.
30. Kay J. Calcium Phosphate Coatings for Dental Implants. Dent Clin North Am 1992;36:1-18.
31. Lacefield WR. Hydroxyapatite coatings. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1988;523:72-80.
32. Groth T, Falk P, Miethke R-R. Cytotoxicity of biomaterials- basic mechanisms and in-vitro test methods-a review. ATLA 1995:790-799.
33. Ninomiya JT, Struve JA, Stelloh CT, Toth JM, Crosby KE. Effects of hydroxyapatite particulate debris on the production of cytokines and proteases in human fibroblasts. J Orthop Res 2001;19:621-628.
34. Santavirta S, Takagi M, Gomez-Barrena E, Nevalainen J, Lassus J, Salo J, Konttinen YT. Studies of host response to orthopedic implants and biomaterials. J Long Term Eff Med Implants 1999;9:67-76.
35. Santavirta S, Takagi M, Nordsletten L, Anttila A, Lappalainen R, Konttinen YT. Biocompatibility of silicon carbide in colony formation test in vitro. A promising new ceramic THR implant coating material. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1998;118:89-91.
36. ISO 10993-6. Biological evaluation of medical devices- Part 6: Tests for local effects after implantation. Geneva; 1994.
37. Schildhauer TA, Peter E, Muhr G, Koller M. Activation of human leukocytes on tantalum trabecular metal in comparison to commonly used orthopedic metal implant materials. J Biomed Mater Res A. Forthcoming.
38. Tamaki Y, Sasaki K, Sasaki A, Takakubo Y, Hasegawa H, Ogino T, Konttinen YT, Salo J, Takagi M. Enhanced osteolytic potential of monocytes/macrophages derived from bone marrow after particle stimulation. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2008;84:191-204.
39. Dettin M, Bagno A, Gambaretto R, Iucci G, Conconi MT, Tuccitto N, Menti AM, Grandi C, Di Bello C, Licciardello A, Polzonetti G. Covalent surface modification of titanium oxide with different adhesive peptides: Surface characterization and osteoblast-like cell adhesion. J Biomed Mater Res A (in press).
40. Takamori ER, Figueira EA, Taga R, Sogayar MC, Granjeiro JM. Evaluation of the cytocompatibility of mixed bovine bone. Braz Dent J 2007;18:179-184.
41. Lenz R, Mittelmeier W, Hansmann D, Brem R, Diehl P, Fritsche A, Bader R. Response of human osteoblasts exposed to wear particles generated at the interface of total hip stems and bone cement. J Biomed Mater Res A. Forthcoming.
42. Makihira S, Mine Y, Kosaka E, Nikawa H. Titanium surface roughness accelerates RANKL-dependent differentiation in the osteoclast precursor cell line, RAW264.7. Dent Mater J 2007;26:739-745.
43. Jones DB, Broeckmann E, Pohl T, Smith EL. Development of a mechanical testing and loading system for trabecular bone studies for long term culture. Eur Cell Mater 2003;5:48-59; discussion 59-60.
44. Zhang C, Tang T, Ren W, Zhang X, Dai K. Influence of mouse genetic background on wear particle-induced in vivo inflammatory osteolysis. Inflamm Res 2008;57:211-215.
45. Berglundh T, Abrahamsson I, Lang NP, Lindhe J. De novo alveolar bone formation adjacent to endosseous implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 2003;14:251-262.
46. Butz F, Aita H, Wang CJ, Ogawa T. Harder and stiffer bone osseointegrated to roughened titanium. J Dent Res 2006;85:560-565.
47. Coelho PG. Histomorphometric and Biomechanical Studies of a Surface Modified Ti-6Al-4V Implant. A Thesis. Birmingham, Alabama; 2002.
48. Garetto LP, Chen J, Parr JA, Roberts WE. Remodeling dynamics of bone supporting rigidly fixed titanium implants: A histomorphometric comparison in four species including humans. Implant Dent 1995;4:235-243.
49. Vercaigne S, Wolke JG, Naert I, Jansen JA. A mechanical evaluation of TiO2-gritblasted and Ca-P magnetron sputter coated implants placed into the trabecular bone of the goat: Part 1. Clin Oral Implants Res 2000;11:305-313.
50. Vercaigne S, Wolke JG, Naert I, Jansen JA. A histological evaluation of TiO2-gritblasted and Ca-P magnetron sputter coated implants placed into the trabecular bone of the goat: Part 2. Clin Oral Implants Res 2000;11:314-324.
51. Wolke JG, de Groot K, Jansen JA. In vivo dissolution behavior of various RF magnetron sputtered Ca-P coatings. J Biomed Mater Res 1998;39:524-530.
52. Wolke JG, van der Waerden JP, Schaeken HG, Jansen JA. In vivo dissolution behavior of various RF magnetron-sputtered Ca-P coatings on roughened titanium implants. Bioma- terials 2003;24:2623-2629.
53. Yang Y, Kim KH, Ong JL. A review on calcium phosphate coatings produced using a sputtering process-an alternative to plasma spraying. Biomaterials 2005;26:327-337.
54. Pearce AI, Richards RG, Milz S, Schneider E, Pearce SG. Animal models for implant biomaterial research in bone: A review. Eur Cell Mater 2007;13:1-10.55.
55. Liebschner MA. Biomechanical considerations of animal models used in tissue engineering of bone. Biomaterials 2004;25:1697-1714.
56. Schimandle JH, Boden SD. Spine update. Animal use in spinal research. Spine 1994;19:2474-2477.
57. Castaneda S, Largo R, Calvo E, Rodriguez-Salvanes F, Marcos ME, Diaz-Curiel M, Herrero-Beaumont G. Bone mineral measurements of subchondral and trabecular bone in healthy and osteoporotic rabbits. Skeletal Radiol 2006;35:34-41.
58. Neyt JG, Buckwalter JA, Carroll NC. Use of animal models in musculoskeletal research. Iowa Orthop J 1998;18:118-123.
59. Jeon WJ, Kim SG, Lim SC, Ong JL, Oh DS. Histomorphometric evaluation of immediately loaded SSII implants of different surface treatments in a dog model. J Biomed Mater Res A. Forthcoming.
60. Moon SY, Kim SG, Lim SC, Ong JL. Histologic and histomorphometric evaluation of early and immediately loaded implants in the dog mandible. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008;86:1122-1127.
61. Rossi S, Tirri T, Paldan H, Kuntsi-Vaattovaara H, Tulamo R, Narhi T. Peri-implant tissue response to TiO2 surface modified implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 2008;19:348-355.
62. Cook SD, Salkeld SL, Gaisser DM, Wagner WR. An in vivo analysis of an elliptical dental implant design. J Oral Implantol 1993;19:307-313.
63. Dopner S, Muller F, Hildebrandt P, Muller RT. Integration of metallic endoprotheses in dog femur studied by near-infrared Fourier-transform Raman microscopy. Biomaterials 2002;23:1337-1345.
64. Coelho PG, Cardaropoli G, Suzuki M, Lemons JE. Early healing of nanothickness bioceramic coatings on dental implants. An experimental study in dogs. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2009;88:387-393.
65. Coelho PG, Lemons JE. Physico/chemical characterization and in vivo evaluation of nanothickness bioceramic depositions on alumina-blasted/acid- etched Ti-6Al-4V implant surfaces. J Biomed Mater Res A. Forthcoming.
66. Abrahamsson I, Cardaropoli G. Peri-implant hard and soft tissue integration to dental implants made of titanium and gold. Clin Oral Implants Res 2007;18:269-274.
67. Cardaropoli G, Araujo M, Hayacibara R, Sukekava F, Lindhe J. Healing of extraction sockets and surgically produced-augmented and non-augmented-defects in the alveolar ridge. An experimental study in the dog. J Clin Periodontol 2005;32:435-440.
68. Cardaropoli G, Araujo M, Lindhe J. Dynamics of bone tissue formation in tooth extraction sites. An experimental study in dogs. J Clin Periodontol 2003;30:809-818.
69. Aerssens J, Boonen S, Lowet G, Dequeker J. Interspecies differences in bone composition, density, and quality: potential implications for in vivo bone research. Endocrinology 1998;139:663-670.
70. deGroot KKC, Wolke JGC, DeBieck-Hogervorst JM. Plasma-sprayed coating of calcium phosphate. In: Yamamuro THL, Wilson J, editor. Handbook of Bioactive ceramics, Vol II, Calcium Phosphate and Hydroxyapatite Ceramics. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1990. p17-25.
71. Ogawa T, Ozawa S, Shih JH, Ryu KH, Sukotjo C, Yang JM, Nishimura I. Biomechanical evaluation of osseous implants having different surface topographies in rats. J Dent Res 2000;79:1857-1863.
72. Seybold EA, Baker JA, Criscitiello AA, Ordway NR, Park CK, Connolly PJ. Characteristics of unicortical and bicortical lateral mass screws in the cervical spine. Spine 1999;24:2397-2403.
73. Klokkevold PR, Nishimura RD, Adachi M, Caputo A. Osseointegration enhanced by chemical etching of the titanium surface. A torque removal study in the rabbit. Clin Oral Implants Res 1997;8:442-447.
74. Recker R. Bone Histomorphometry: Techiniques and Interpretation. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1983.
75. Frost HM. Bone's mechanostat: A 2003 update. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2003;275:1081-1101.
76. Frost HM. A 2003 update of bone physiology and Wolff's law for clinicians. Angle Orthod 2004;74:3-15.
77. Suzuki K, Aoki K, Ohya K. Effects of surface roughness of titanium implants on bone remodeling activity of femur in rabbits. Bone 1997;21:507-514.
78. de Bruijn JD, Bovell YP, van Blitterswijk CA. Structural arrangements at the interface between plasma sprayed calcium phosphates and bone. Biomaterials 1994;15:543-550.
79. Grizon F, Aguado E, Hure G, Basle MF, Chappard D. Enhanced bone integration of implants with increased surface roughness: A long term study in the sheep. J Dent 2002;30:195-203.
80. Park YS, Yi KY, Lee IS, Han CH, Jung YC. The effects of ion beam-assisted deposition of hydroxyapatite on the gritblasted surface of endosseous implants in rabbit tibiae. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2005;20:31-38.
81. Chuang SK, Hatch JP, Rugh J, Dodson TB. Multi-center randomized clinical trials in oral and maxillofacial surgery: Modeling of fixed and random effects. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005;34:341-344.
82. Chuang SK, Tian L, Wei LJ, Dodson TB. Kaplan-Meier analysis of dental implant survival: A strategy for estimating survival with clustered observations. J Dent Res 2001; 80:2016-2020.
83. Chuang SK, Tian L, Wei LJ, Dodson TB. Predicting dental implant survival by use of the marginal approach of the semi-parametric survival methods for clustered observations. J Dent Res 2002;81:851-855.
84. Chuang SK, Wei LJ, Douglass CW, Dodson TB. Risk factors for dental implant failure: A strategy for the analysis of clustered failure-time observations. J Dent Res 2002;81:572-577.
85. Tonks A. Registering clinical trials. BMJ 1999;319:1565-1568.
86. Goene RJ, Testori T, Trisi P. Influence of a nanometer-scale surface enhancement on de novo bone formation on titanium implants: A histomorphometric study in human maxillae. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 2007;27:211-219.
87. Orsini G, Piattelli M, Scarano A, Petrone G, Kenealy J, Piattelli A, Caputi S. Randomized, controlled histologic and histomorphometric evaluation of implants with nanometer- scale calcium phosphate added to the dual acid-etched surface in the human posterior maxilla. J Periodontal 2007;78:209-218.
88. Roccuzzo M, Aglietta M, Bunino M, Bonino L. Early loading of sandblasted and acid-etched implants: A randomized-controlled double-blind split-mouth study. Five- year results. Clin Oral Implants Res 2008;19:148-152.
89. Albrektsson T, Jansson T, Lekholm U. Osseointegrated dental implants. Dent Clin North Am 1986;30:151-174.
90. Albrektsson T, Sennerby L. State of the art in oral implants. J Clin Periodontal 1991;18:474-481.
91. Sul YT, Johansson C, Albrektsson T. Which surface properties enhance bone response to implants? Comparison of oxidized magnesium, TiUnite, and Osseotite implant surfaces. Int J Prosthodont 2006;19:319-328.
92. Ong JL, Carnes DL, Bessho K. Evaluation of titanium plasma-sprayed and plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite implants in vivo. Biomaterials 2004;25:4601-4606.
93. Gotfredsen K, Berglundh T, Lindhe J. Anchorage of titanium implants with different surface characteristics: An experimental study in rabbits. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2000;2:120-128.
94. Buser D, Nydegger T, Oxland T, Cochran DL, Schenk RK, Hirt HP, Snetivy D, Nolte LP. Interface shear strength of titanium implants with a sandblasted and acid-etched surface: A biomechanical study in the maxilla of miniature pigs. J Biomed Mater Res 1999;45:75-83.
95. Schroeder A, van der Zypen E, Stich H, Sutter F. The reactions of bone, connective tissue, and epithelium to endosteal implants with titanium-sprayed surfaces. J Maxillofac Surg 1981;9:15-25.
96. Bobyn JD, Pilliar RM, Cameron HU, Weatherly GC, Kent GM. The effect of porous surface configuration on the tensile strength of fixation of implants by bone ingrowth. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1980;149:291-298.
97. Lemons J, Dietch-Misch F. Biomaterials for dental implants. In: CE M, editor. Contemporary Implant Denstistry. Saint Louis: Mosby, Inc.; 1999. p 271-302.
98. Mombelli A, Lang NP. The diagnosis and treatment of peri-implantitis. Periodontol 2000 1998;17:63-76.
99. Abrahamsson I, Berglundh T, Linder E, Lang NP, Lindhe J. Early bone formation adjacent to rough and turned endosseous implant surfaces. An experimental study in the dog. Clin Oral Implants Res 2004;15:381-392.
100. Berglundh T, Abrahamsson I, Albouy JP, Lindhe J. Bone healing at implants with a fluoride-modified surface: An experimental study in dogs. Clin Oral Implants Res 2007;18:147-152.
101. Buser D, Schenk RK, Steinemann S, Fiorellini JP, Fox CH, Stich H. Influence of surface characteristics on bone integration of titanium implants. A histomorphometric study in miniature pigs. J Biomed Mater Res 1991;25:889-902.
102. Ong JL, Bessho K, Carnes DL. Bone response to plasma- sprayed hydroxyapatite and radiofrequency-sputtered calcium phosphate implants in vivo. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2002;17:581-586.
103. Giavaresi G, Fini M, Cigada A, Chiesa R, Rondelli G, Rimondini L, Aldini NN, Martini L, Giardino R. Histomorphometric and microhardness assessments of sheep cortical bone surrounding titanium implants with different surface treatments. J Biomed Mater Res A 2003;67:112-120.
104. Le Guehennec L, Soueidan A, Layrolle P, Amouriq Y. Surface treatments of titanium dental implants for rapid sseointegration. Dent Mater 2007;23:844-854.
105. 105.Masaki C, Schneider GB, Zaharias R, Seabold D, Stanford C. Effects of implant surface microtopography on osteoblast gene expression. Clin Oral Implants Res 2005;16:650-656.
106. Abrahamsson I, Albouy JP, Berglundh T. Healing at fluoride-modified implants placed in wide marginal defects: An experimental study in dogs. Clin Oral Implants Res 2008;19:153-159.
107. Healy KE, Ducheyne P. Hydration and preferential molecular adsorption on titanium in vitro. Biomaterials 1992;13:553-561.
108. Rupp F, Scheideler L, Olshanska N, de Wild M, Wieland M, Geis-Gerstorfer J. Enhancing surface free energy and hydrophilicity through chemical modification of microstructured titanium implant surfaces. J Biomed Mater Res A 2006;76:323-334.
109. Mendes VC, Moineddin R, Davies JE. The effect of discrete calcium phosphate nanocrystals on bone-bonding to titanium surfaces. Biomaterials 2007;28:4748-4755.
110. Schwarz F, Ferrari D, Herten M, Mihatovic I, Wieland M, Sager M, Becker J. Effects of surface hydrophilicity and microtopography on early stages of soft and hard tissue integration at non-submerged titanium implants: An immunohistochemical study in dogs. J Periodontol 2007;78:2171-2184.
111. Schwarz F, Herten M, Sager M, Wieland M, Dard M, Becker J. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis of initial and early osseous integration at chemically modified and conventional SLA titanium implants: Preliminary results of a pilot study in dogs. Clin Oral Implants Res 2007;18:481-488.
112. Sul YT, Johansson CB, Roser K, Albrektsson T. Qualitative and quantitative observations of bone tissue reactions to anodised implants. Biomaterials 2002;23:1809-1817.
113. Al-Nawas B, Groetz KA, Goetz H, Duschner H, Wagner W. Comparative histomorphometry and resonance frequency analysis of implants with moderately rough surfaces in a loaded animal model. Clin Oral Implants Res 2008;19:1-8.
114. Sul YT, Johansson C, Byon E, Albrektsson T. The bone response of oxidized bioactive and non-bioactive titanium implants. Biomaterials 2005;26:6720-6730.
115. Sul YT, Johansson CB, Jeong Y, Wennerberg A, Albrektsson T. Resonance frequency and removal torque analysis of implants with turned and anodized surface oxides. Clin Oral Implants Res 2002;13:252-259.
116. Kim H, Camata RP, Vohra YK, Lacefield WR. Control of phase composition in hydroxyapatite/tetracalcium phosphate biphasic thin coatings for biomedical applications. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2005;16:961-966.
117. Ong JL, Lucas LC. Post-deposition heat treatments for ion beam sputter deposited calcium phosphate coatings. Bioma- terials 1994;15:337-341.
118. Yang CY, Wang BC, Lee TM, Chang E, Chang GL. Intramedullary implant of plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite coating: An interface study. J Biomed Mater Res 1997;36:39-48.
119. Coelho PG, Freire JNO, Coelho AL, Rubinger C, Silva NRF, Bottino MC, Lemons JE. Nanothickness Bioceramic Coatings: Improving the Host Response to Surgical Implants. In: Liepsch D, editor. Munich, Germany: Medimont; 2006. p 253-258.
120. Davies JE. Bone bonding at natural and biomaterial surfaces. Biomaterials 2007;28:5058-5067.
121. Orsini G, Piatelli M, Scarano A, Petrone G, Kenealy J, PIatelli A, Caputi S. Randomized, controlled histologic and histomorphomteric evaluation of implants with nanometer-scale calcium phosphate added to the dual acid-etched surface in the human posterior maxilla. J Periodontol 2006;77:1984-1990.
122. ISO F1609-08 A. Standard Specification for Calcium Phosphate Coatings for Implantable Materials. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland. 2008.
123. Coelho PG, Suzuki M. Evaluation of an IBAD thin-film process as an alternative method for surface incorporation of bioceramics on dental implants. A study in dogs. J Appl Oral Science 2005;13:87-92.
124. Mendes VC, Moineddin R, Davies JE. Discrete calcium phosphate nanocrystalline deposition enhances osteoconduction on titanium-based implant surfaces. J Biomed Mater Res A. Forthcoming.
125. Kim HS, Yang Y, Koh JT, Lee KK, Lee DJ, Lee KM, Park SW. Fabrication and characterization of functionally graded nano-micro porous titanium surface by anodizing. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2009;88:427-435.
126. Liu Y, Li JP, Hunziker EB, de Groot K. Incorporation of growth factors into medical devices via biomimetic coatings. Philos Transact A Math Phys Eng Sci 2006;364:233-248.
127. Esposito M, Murray-Curtis L, Grusovin MG, Coulthard P, Worthington HV. Interventions for replacing missing teeth: Different types of dental implants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007:CD003815.
128. Fransson C, Wennstrom J, Berglundh T. Clinical characteristics at implants with a history of progressive bone loss. Clin Oral Implants Res 2008;19:142-147.