Effect of calcium supplementation on blood lead levels in pregnancy: A randomized placebo-controlled trial

Environmental Health Perspectives

Volumn 117, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 26-31

  Ettinger, Adrienne S ^a,b   Lamadrid Figueroa, Héctor ^c   Téllez Rojo, Martha M ^c   Mercado García, Adriana ^c   Peterson, Karen E ^a,b   Schwartz, Joel ^a   Hu, Howard ^a,b,d,f   Hernández Avila, Mauricio ^c,e  

^a HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^c INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD PÚBLICA   (Mexico)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^e Mexican Ministry of Health   (Mexico)

^f UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

Calcium; Diet; Lead; Pregnancy; Randomized trial; Supplementation

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM; CALCIUM CARBONATE; PLACEBO;

ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ARTICLE; BEDTIME DOSAGE; CALCIUM INTAKE; CALORIC INTAKE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; FEMALE; FIRST TRIMESTER PREGNANCY; HUMAN; INTESTINE ABSORPTION; LEAD BLOOD LEVEL; MEXICO; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PILL; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SECOND TRIMESTER PREGNANCY; SECONDARY PREVENTION; STATISTICAL MODEL;

CALCIUM; FEMALE; HUMANS; LEAD; PLACEBOS; PREGNANCY; SPECTROPHOTOMETRY, ULTRAVIOLET;

EID: 60749096841     PISSN: 00916765     EISSN: 15529924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.11868     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Altman DG, Bland JM. 1995. Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. BMJ 311(7003):485.
2. Aub JC, Robb GP, Rossmeisl E. 1932. Significance of bone trabeculae in the treatment of lead poisoning: lead studies XVII. Am J Public Health Nations Health 22(8):825-830.
3. Ballew C, Bowman B. 2001. Recommending calcium to reduce lead toxicity in children: a critical review. Nutr Rev 59(3 pt 1):71-79.
4. Barquera S, Rivera JA, Espinosa-Montero J, Safdie M, Campirano F, Monterrubio EA. 2003. Energy and nutrient consumption in Mexican women 12-49 years of age: analysis of the National Nutrition Survey 1999. Salud Publica Mex 45(suppl 4):S530-S539.
5. Bellinger DC. 2005. Teratogen update: lead and pregnancy. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 73(6):409-420.
6. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2007. Lead exposure among females of childbearing age - United States, 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 56(16):397-400.
7. Cheng Y, Willett WC, Schwartz J, Sparrow D, Weiss S, Hu H. 1998. Relation of nutrition to bone lead and blood lead levels in middle-aged to elderly men. The Normative Aging Study. Am J Epidemiol 147(12):1162-1174.
8. Chettle DR, Arnold ML, Aro AC, Fleming DE, Kondrashov VS, McNeill FE, et al. 2003. An agreed statement on calculating lead concentration and uncertainty in XRF in vivo bone lead analysis. Appl Radiat Isot 58(5):603-605.
9. Ettinger AS, Hu H, Hernández-Avila M. 2007. Dietary calcium supplementation to lower blood lead levels in pregnancy and lactation. J Nutr Biochem 18(3):172-178.
10. Ettinger AS, Téllez-Rojo MM, Amarasiriwardena C, Peterson KE, Schwartz J, Aro A, et al. 2006. Influence of maternal bone lead burden and calcium intake on levels of lead in breast milk over the course of lactation. Am J Epidemiol 163(1):48-56.
11. Gomaa A, Hu H, Bellinger D, Schwartz J, Tsaih SW, Gonzalez-Cossío T, et al. 2002. Maternal bone lead as an independent risk factor for fetal neurotoxicity: a prospective study. Pediatrics 110(1 pt 1):110-118.
12. Gonzalez-Cossío T, Peterson KE, Sanin LH, Fishbein E, Palazuelos E, Aro A, et al. 1997. Decrease in birth weight in relation to maternal bone-lead burden. Pediatrics 100(5):856-862.
13. Gulson BL, Mizon KJ, Korsch MJ, Palmer JM, Donnelly JB. 2003. Mobilization of lead from human bone tissue during pregnancy and lactation - a summary of long-term research. Sci Total Environ 303(1-2):79-104.
14. Gulson BL, Mizon KJ, Palmer JM, Korsch MJ, Taylor AJ, Mahaffey KR. 2004. Blood lead changes during pregnancy and postpartum with calcium supplementation. Environ Health Perspect 112:1499-1507.
15. Heard MJ, Chamberlain AC. 1982. Effect of minerals and food on uptake of lead from the gastrointestinal tract in humans. Hum Toxicol 1(4):411-415.
16. Hernández-Avila M, Gonzalez-Cossío T, Hernández-Avila JE, Romieu I, Peterson KE, Aro A, et al. 2003. Dietary calcium supplements to lower blood lead levels in lactating women: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Epidemiology 14(2):206-212.
17. Hernández-Avila M, Peterson KE, Gonzalez-Cossío T, Sanin LH, Aro A, Schnaas L, et al. 2002. Effect of maternal bone lead on length and head circumference of newborns and 1-month-old infants. Arch Environ Health 57(5):482-488.
18. Hernández-Avila M, Romieu I, Parra S, Hernández-Avila J, Madrigal H, Willett W. 1998. Validity and reproducibility of a food frequency questionnaire to assess dietary intake of women living in Mexico City. Salud Publica Mex 40(2):133-140.
19. Hernández-Avila M, Sanin LH, Romieu I, Palazuelos E, Tapia-Conyer R, Olaiz G, et al. 1997. Higher milk intake during pregnancy is associated with lower maternal and umbilical cord lead levels in postpartum women. Environ Res 74(2):116-121.
20. Hertz-Picciotto I, Schramm M, Watt-Morse M, Chantala K, Anderson J, Osterloh J. 2000. Patterns and determinants of blood lead during pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol 152(9):829-837.
21. Hofmeyr GJ, Duley L, Atallah A. 2007. Dietary calcium supplementation for prevention of pre-eclampsia and related problems: a systematic review and commentary. BJOG 114(8):933-943.
22. Hu H, Hernández-Avila M. 2002. Invited commentary: lead, bones, women, and pregnancy - the poison within? Am J Epidemiol 156(12):1088-1091.
23. Hu H, Kotha S, Brennan T. 1995. The role of nutrition in mitigating environmental insults: policy and ethical issues. Environ Health Perspect 103(suppl 6):185-190.
24. Hu H, Rabinowitz M, Smith D. 1998. Bone lead as a biological marker in epidemiologic studies of chronic toxicity: conceptual paradigms. Environ Health Perspect 106:1-8.
25. Hu H, Téllez-Rojo MM, Bellinger D, Smith D, Ettinger AS, Lamadrid-Figueroa H, et al. 2006. Fetal lead exposure at each stage of pregnancy as a predictor of infant mental development. Environ Health Perspect 114:1730-1735.
26. Institute of Medicine. 1997. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D and Fluoride. Washington, DC:National Academy Press.
27. Janakiraman V, Ettinger A, Mercado-García A, Hu H, Hernández-Avila M. 2003. Calcium supplements and bone resorption in pregnancy: a randomized crossover trial. Am J Prev Med 24(3):260-264.
28. Johnson MA. 2001. High calcium intake blunts pregnancy-induced increases in maternal blood lead. Nutr Rev 59(5):152-156.
29. Kovacs CS, Kronenberg HM. 1997. Maternal-fetal calcium and bone metabolism during pregnancy, puerperium, and lactation. Endocr Rev 18(6):832-872.
30. Lee MG, Chun OK, Song WO. 2005. Determinants of the blood lead level of US women of reproductive age. J Am Coll Nutr 24(1):1-9.
31. Mahaffey KR. 1974. Nutritional factors and susceptibility to lead toxicity. Environ Health Perspect 7:107-112.
32. Mahaffey KR. 1990. Environmental lead toxicity: nutrition as a component of intervention. Environ Health Perspect 89:75-78.
33. Manton WI, Angle CR, Stanek KL, Kuntzelman D, Reese YR, Kuehnemann TJ. 2003. Release of lead from bone in pregnancy and lactation. Environ Res 92(2):139-151.
34. Meyer PA, McGeehin MA, Falk H. 2003. A global approach to childhood lead poisoning prevention. Int J Hyg Environ Health 206(4-5):363-369.
35. Miller DT, Paschal DC, Gunter EW, Stroud PE, D'Angelo J. 1987. Determination of lead in blood using electrothermal atomisation atomic absorption spectrometry with a L'vov platform and matrix modifier. Analyst 112(12):1701-1704.
36. Prentice A. 2000. Calcium in pregnancy and lactation. Annu Rev Nutr 20:249-272.
37. Rothenberg SJ, Kondrashov V, Manalo M, Jiang J, Cuellar R, Garcia M, et al. 2002. Increases in hypertension and blood pressure during pregnancy with increased bone lead levels. Am J Epidemiol 156(12):1079-1087.
38. Sauk JJ, Somerman MJ. 1991. Physiology of bone: mineral compartment proteins as candidates for environmental perturbation by lead. Environ Health Perspect 91:9-16.
39. Six KM, Goyer RA. 1970. Experimental enhancement of lead toxicity by low dietary calcium. J Lab Clin Med 76(6):933-942.
40. Sowers M, Jannausch M, Scholl T, Li W, Kemp FW, Bogden JD. 2002. Blood lead concentrations and pregnancy outcomes. Arch Environ Health 57(5):489-495.
41. Téllez-Rojo MM, Hernández-Avila M, Lamadrid-Figueroa H, Smith D, Hernández-Cadena L, Mercado A, et al. 2004. Impact of bone lead and bone resorption on plasma and whole blood lead levels during pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol 160(7):668-678.
42. Willett WC, Reynolds RD, Cottrell-Hoehner S, Sampson L, Browne ML. 1987. Validation of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire: comparison with a 1-year diet record. J Am Diet Assoc 87(1):43-47.
43. Willett WC, Sampson L, Stampfer MJ, Rosner B, Bain C, Witschi J, et al. 1985. Reproducibility and validity of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Am J Epidemiol 122(1):51-65.