Incidence and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolic events in multiple myeloma patients receiving immunomodulatory therapy

Thrombosis Research

Volumn 123, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 679-686

  Musallam, Khaled M ^a   Dahdaleh, Fadi S ^a   Shamseddine, Ali I ^a   Taher, Ali T ^a  

^a AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT   (Lebanon)

Author keywords

Incidence; Lenalidomide; Multiple myeloma; Prophylaxis; Thalidomide; Thrombosis

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ACTIVATED PROTEIN C; ANTHRACYCLINE; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ARGATROBAN; ARSENIC TRIOXIDE; ASCORBIC ACID; AUTOANTIBODY; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 8; BORTEZOMIB; CELECOXIB; CISPLATIN; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DEXAMETHASONE; DOXORUBICIN; ENOXAPARIN; ETOPOSIDE; FONDAPARINUX; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; LENALIDOMIDE; MELPHALAN; NADROPARIN; PLACEBO; PREDNISONE; RECOMBINANT ERYTHROPOIETIN; THALIDOMIDE; VINCRISTINE; VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR; WARFARIN;

ACTIVATED PROTEIN C RESISTANCE; ANEMIA; AUTOLOGOUS STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; BLEEDING; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG ACTIVITY; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG INTERMITTENT THERAPY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; KIDNEY DISEASE; LOW DRUG DOSE; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; NEUROPATHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RASH; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK REDUCTION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; THROMBOSIS; THROMBOSIS PREVENTION; TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; TREATMENT RESPONSE; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM;

ARSENICALS; ASPIRIN; BORONIC ACIDS; HEPARIN, LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; OXIDES; PYRAZINES; THALIDOMIDE; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM;

EID: 60449098811     PISSN: 00493848     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2008.09.008     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. Heit J.A., Silverstein M.D., Mohr D.N., Petterson T.M., O'Fallon W.M., and Melton III L.J. Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population-based case-control study. Arch Intern Med 160 (2000) 809-815
2. Blom J.W., Doggen C.J., Osanto S., and Rosendaal F.R. Malignancies, prothrombotic mutations, and the risk of venous thrombosis. JAMA 293 (2005) 715-722
3. Esmon C.T. Possible involvement of cytokines in diffuse intravascular coagulation and thrombosis. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 12 (1999) 343-359
4. Catovsky D., Ikoku N.B., Pitney W.R., and Galton D.A. Thromboembolic complications in myelomatosis. Br Med J 3 (1970) 438-439
5. Osman K., Comenzo R., and Rajkumar S.V. Deep venous thrombosis and thalidomide therapy for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 344 (2001) 1951-1952
6. Sallah S., Husain A., Wan J., Vos P., and Nguyen N.P. The risk of venous thromboembolic disease in patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Ann Oncol 15 (2004) 1490-1494
7. Srkalovic G., Cameron M.G., Rybicki L., Deitcher S.R., Kattke-Marchant K., and Hussein M.A. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and multiple myeloma are associated with an increased incidence of venothromboembolic disease. Cancer 101 (2004) 558-566
8. Barlogie B., Desikan R., Eddlemon P., Spencer T., Zeldis J., Munshi N., et al. Extended survival in advanced and refractory multiple myeloma after single-agent thalidomide: identification of prognostic factors in a phase 2 study of 169 patients. Blood 98 (2001) 492-494
9. Caine G.J., Stonelake P.S., Lip G.Y., and Kehoe S.T. The hypercoagulable state of malignancy: pathogenesis and current debate. Neoplasia 4 (2002) 465-473
10. Donati M.B., and Falanga A. Pathogenetic mechanisms of thrombosis in malignancy. Acta Haematol 106 (2001) 18-24
11. Gouin-Thibault I., Achkar A., and Samama M.M. The thrombophilic state in cancer patients. Acta Haematol 106 (2001) 33-42
12. Tallman M.S., and Kwaan H.C. Intravascular clotting activation and bleeding in patients with hematologic malignancies. Rev Clin Exp Hematol 8 (2004) E1
13. Sorensen H.T., Mellemkjaer L., Steffensen F.H., Olsen J.H., and Nielsen G.L. The risk of a diagnosis of cancer after primary deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 338 (1998) 1169-1173
14. Gabriel D.A., Smith L.A., Folds J.D., Davis L., and Cancelosi S.E. The influence of immunoglobulin (IgG) on the assembly of fibrin gels. J Lab Clin Med 101 (1983) 545-552
15. Zangari M., Elice F., Fink L., and Tricot G. Hemostatic dysfunction in paraproteinemias. Semin Thromb Hemost 33 (2007) 339-349
16. Eby C., and Blinder M. Hemostatic complications associated with paraproteinemias. Curr Hematol Rep 2 (2003) 388-394
17. Yasin Z., Quick D., Thiagarajan P., Spoor D., Caraveo J., and Palascak J. Light-chain paraproteins with lupus like anticoagulant activity. Am J Hematol 62 (1999) 99-102
18. Elice F., Fink L., Tricot G., Barlogie B., and Zangari M. Acquired resistance to activated protein C (aAPCR) in multiple myeloma is a transitory abnormality associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism. Br J Haematol 134 (2006) 399-405
19. Rajkumar S.V., Leong T., Roche P.C., Fonseca R., Dispenzieri A., Lacy M.Q., et al. Prognostic value of bone marrow angiogenesis in multiple myeloma. Clin Cancer Res 6 (2000) 3111-3116
20. Kumar R.A., Moake J.L., Nolasco L., Bergeron A.L., Sun C., Dong J.F., et al. Enhanced platelet adhesion and aggregation by endothelial cell-derived unusually large multimers of von Willebrand factor. Biorheology 43 (2006) 681-691
21. Zangari M., Saghafifar F., Mehta P., Barlogie B., Fink L., and Tricot G. The blood coagulation mechanism in multiple myeloma. Semin Thromb Hemost 29 (2003) 275-282
22. D'Amato R.J., Loughnan M.S., Flynn E., and Folkman J. Thalidomide is an inhibitor of angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91 (1994) 4082-4085
23. Palumbo A., Facon T., Sonneveld P., Blade J., Offidani M., Gay F., et al. Thalidomide for treatment of multiple myeloma: 10 years later. Blood 111 (2008) 3968-3977
24. Rajkumar S.V., Blood E., Vesole D., Fonseca R., and Greipp P.R. Phase III clinical trial of thalidomide plus dexamethasone compared with dexamethasone alone in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a clinical trial coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 24 (2006) 431-436
25. Rajkumar S.V., Rosinol L., Hussein M., Catalano J., Jedrzejczak W., Lucy L., et al. Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of thalidomide plus dexamethasone compared with dexamethasone as initial therapy for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol 26 (2008) 2171-2177
26. Rajkumar S.V., Dispenzieri A., Fonseca R., Lacy M.Q., Geyer S., Lust J.A., et al. Thalidomide for previously untreated indolent or smoldering multiple myeloma. Leukemia 15 (2001) 1274-1276
27. Weber D., Rankin K., Gavino M., Delasalle K., and Alexanian R. Thalidomide alone or with dexamethasone for previously untreated multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol 21 (2003) 16-19
28. Richardson P.G., Schlossman R.L., Weller E., Hideshima T., Mitsiades C., Davies F., et al. Immunomodulatory drug CC-5013 overcomes drug resistance and is well tolerated in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma. Blood 100 (2002) 3063-3067
29. Rajkumar S.V., Hayman S.R., Lacy M.Q., Dispenzieri A., Geyer S.M., Kabat B., et al. Combination therapy with lenalidomide plus dexamethasone (Rev/Dex) for newly diagnosed myeloma. Blood 106 (2005) 4050-4053
30. Richardson P.G., Mitsiades C., Hideshima T., and Anderson K.C. Lenalidomide in multiple myeloma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 6 (2006) 1165-1173
31. Chanan-Khan A.A., and Cheson B.D. Lenalidomide for the treatment of B-cell malignancies. J Clin Oncol 26 (2008) 1544-1552
32. Corso A., Lorenzi A., Terulla V., Airo F., Varettoni M., Mangiacavalli S., et al. Modification of thrombomodulin plasma levels in refractory myeloma patients during treatment with thalidomide and dexamethasone. Ann Hematol 83 (2004) 588-591
33. Kaushal V., Kaushal G.P., Melkaveri S.N., and Mehta P. Thalidomide protects endothelial cells from doxorubicin-induced apoptosis but alters cell morphology. J Thromb Haemost 2 (2004) 327-334
34. Ward C.M., Yen T., Harvie R., and Pavlakis N. Elevated levels of factor VIII and von Willebrand factor after thalidomide treatment for malignancy: relationship to thromboembolic events. Hematol J 4 SI (2003) Abstract 265
35. Singhal S., Mehta J., Desikan R., Ayers D., Roberson P., Eddlemon P., et al. Antitumor activity of thalidomide in refractory multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 341 (1999) 1565-1571
36. Mileshkin L., Biagi J.J., Mitchell P., Underhill C., Grigg A., Bell R., et al. Multicenter phase 2 trial of thalidomide in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: adverse prognostic impact of advanced age. Blood 102 (2003) 69-77
37. Jones S.C. Relative thromboembolic risks associated with COX-2 inhibitors. Ann Pharmacother 39 (2005) 1249-1259
38. Prince H.M., Mileshkin L., Roberts A., Ganju V., Underhill C., Catalano J., et al. A multicenter phase II trial of thalidomide and celecoxib for patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Clin Cancer Res 11 (2005) 5504-5514
39. Neben K., Moehler T., Benner A., Kraemer A., Egerer G., Ho A.D., et al. Dose-dependent effect of thalidomide on overall survival in relapsed multiple myeloma. Clin Cancer Res 8 (2002) 3377-3382
40. Rajkumar S.V., Gertz M.A., Lacy M.Q., Dispenzieri A., Fonseca R., Geyer S.M., et al. Thalidomide as initial therapy for early-stage myeloma. Leukemia 17 (2003) 775-779
41. Schey S.A., Cavenagh J., Johnson R., Child J.A., Oakervee H., and Jones R.W. An UK myeloma forum phase II study of thalidomide; long term follow-up and recommendations for treatment. Leuk Res 27 (2003) 909-914
42. Anagnostopoulos A., Weber D., Rankin K., Delasalle K., and Alexanian R. Thalidomide and dexamethasone for resistant multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 121 (2003) 768-771
43. Abdelkefi A., Torjman L., Ben Romdhane N., Ladeb S., El Omri H., Ben Othman T., et al. First-line thalidomide-dexamethasone therapy in preparation for autologous stem cell transplantation in young patients (< 61 years) with symptomatic multiple myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant 36 (2005) 193-198
44. Cavo M., Zamagni E., Tosi P., Cellini C., Cangini D., Tacchetti P., et al. First-line therapy with thalidomide and dexamethasone in preparation for autologous stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. Haematologica 89 (2004) 826-831
45. Rajkumar S.V., Hayman S., Gertz M.A., Dispenzieri A., Lacy M.Q., Greipp P.R., et al. Combination therapy with thalidomide plus dexamethasone for newly diagnosed myeloma. J Clin Oncol 20 (2002) 4319-4323
46. Barlogie B., Tricot G., Anaissie E., Shaughnessy J., Rasmussen E., van Rhee F., et al. Thalidomide and hematopoietic-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 354 (2006) 1021-1030
47. Dimopoulos M.A., Anagnostopoulos A., Terpos E., Repoussis P., Zomas A., Katodritou E., et al. Primary treatment with pulsed melphalan, dexamethasone and thalidomide for elderly symptomatic patients with multiple myeloma. Haematologica 91 (2006) 252-254
48. Palumbo A., Bringhen S., Caravita T., Merla E., Capparella V., Callea V., et al. Oral melphalan and prednisone chemotherapy plus thalidomide compared with melphalan and prednisone alone in elderly patients with multiple myeloma: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 367 (2006) 825-831
49. Facon T., Mary J.Y., Hulin C., Benboubker L., Attal M., Harousseau J.L., et al. Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Melphalan-Prednisone (MP), MP-Thalidomide (MP-THAL) and High-Dose Therapy Using Melphalan 100 MG/M2 (MEL100) for Newly Diagnosed Myeloma Patients Aged 65-75 Years. Interim Analysis of the IFM 99-06 Trial on 350 Patients. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 104 (2004) 206
50. Garcia-Sanz R., Gonzalez-Porras J.R., Hernandez J.M., Polo-Zarzuela M., Sureda A., Barrenetxea C., et al. The oral combination of thalidomide, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone (ThaCyDex) is effective in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Leukemia 18 (2004) 856-863
51. Dimopoulos M.A., Hamilos G., Zomas A., Gika D., Efstathiou E., Grigoraki V., et al. Pulsed cyclophosphamide, thalidomide and dexamethasone: an oral regimen for previously treated patients with multiple myeloma. Hematol J 5 (2004) 112-117
52. Hovenga S., Daenen S.M., de Wolf J.T., van Imhoff G.W., Kluin-Nelemans H.C., Sluiter W.J., et al. Combined thalidomide and cyclophosphamide treatment for refractory or relapsed multiple myeloma patients: a prospective phase II study. Ann Hematol 84 (2005) 311-316
53. Kropff M.H., Lang N., Bisping G., Domine N., Innig G., Hentrich M., et al. Hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide in combination with pulsed dexamethasone and thalidomide (HyperCDT) in primary refractory or relapsed multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 122 (2003) 607-616
54. Moehler T.M., Neben K., Benner A., Egerer G., Krasniqi F., Ho A.D., et al. Salvage therapy for multiple myeloma with thalidomide and CED chemotherapy. Blood 98 (2001) 3846-3848
55. Baz R., Li L., Kottke-Marchant K., Srkalovic G., McGowan B., Yiannaki E., et al. The role of aspirin in the prevention of thrombotic complications of thalidomide and anthracycline-based chemotherapy for multiple myeloma. Mayo Clin Proc 80 (2005) 1568-1574
56. Zangari M., Siegel E., Barlogie B., Anaissie E., Saghafifar F., Fassas A., et al. Thrombogenic activity of doxorubicin in myeloma patients receiving thalidomide: implications for therapy. Blood 100 (2002) 1168-1171
57. Schutt P., Ebeling P., Buttkereit U., Brandhorst D., Opalka B., Hoiczyk M., et al. Thalidomide in combination with vincristine, epirubicin and dexamethasone (VED) for previously untreated patients with multiple myeloma. Eur J Haematol 74 (2005) 40-46
58. Zervas K., Dimopoulos M.A., Hatzicharissi E., Anagnostopoulos A., Papaioannou M., Mitsouli C., et al. Primary treatment of multiple myeloma with thalidomide, vincristine, liposomal doxorubicin and dexamethasone (T-VAD doxil): a phase II multicenter study. Ann Oncol 15 (2004) 134-138
59. Zangari M., Anaissie E., Barlogie B., Badros A., Desikan R., Gopal A.V., et al. Increased risk of deep-vein thrombosis in patients with multiple myeloma receiving thalidomide and chemotherapy. Blood 98 (2001) 1614-1615
60. Urbauer E., Kaufmann H., Nosslinger T., Raderer M., and Drach J. Thromboembolic events during treatment with thalidomide. Blood 99 (2002) 4247-4248
61. Dimopoulos M., Spencer A., Attal M., Prince H.M., Harousseau J.L., Dmoszynska A., et al. Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 357 (2007) 2123-2132
62. Morgan G.J., Schey S.A., Wu P., Srikanth M., Phekoo K.J., Jenner M., et al. Lenalidomide (Revlimid), in combination with cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone (RCD), is an effective and tolerated regimen for myeloma patients. Br J Haematol 137 (2007) 268-269
63. Weber D.M., Chen C., Niesvizky R., Wang M., Belch A., Stadtmauer E.A., et al. Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone for relapsed multiple myeloma in North America. N Engl J Med 357 (2007) 2133-2142
64. Zonder J.A., Barlogie B., Durie B.G., McCoy J., Crowley J., and Hussein M.A. Thrombotic complications in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma treated with lenalidomide and dexamethasone: benefit of aspirin prophylaxis. Blood 108 (2006) 403 author reply 4
65. Richardson P., Schlossman R., Munshi N., Avigan D., Jagannath S., Alsina M., et al. A Phase 1 Trial of Lenalidomide (REVLIMID(R)) with Bortezomib (VELCADE(R)) in Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 106 (2005) 365
66. Richardson P.G., Mitsiades C., Schlossman R., Ghobrial I., Hideshima T., Munshi N., et al. Bortezomib in the front-line treatment of multiple myeloma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 8 (2008) 1053-1072
67. Lonial S., Richardson P.G., San Miguel J., Sonneveld P., Schuster M.W., Bladé J., et al. Characterisation of haematological profiles and low risk of thromboembolic events with bortezomib in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 143 (2008) 222-229
68. Terpos E., Kastritis E., Roussou M., Heath D., Christoulas D., Anagnostopoulos N., et al. The combination of bortezomib, melphalan, dexamethasone and intermittent thalidomide is an effective regimen for relapsed/refractory myeloma and is associated with improvement of abnormal bone metabolism and angiogenesis. Leukemia (Sep, 4 2008) 10.1038/leu.2008.235 [Electronic publication ahead of print]
69. Ciolli S., Leoni F., Gigli F., Rigacci L., and Bosi A. Low dose Velcade, thalidomide and dexamethasone (LD-VTD): an effective regimen for relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma patients. Leuk Lymphoma 47 (2006) 171-173
70. Popat R., Oakervee H.E., Hallam S., Curry N., Odeh L., Foot N., et al. Bortezomib, doxorubicin and dexamethasone (PAD) front-line treatment of multiple myeloma: updated results after long-term follow-up. Br J Haematol 141 (2008) 512-516
71. Zangari M., Barlogie B., Lee C.K., Tricot A.E., Fassas A., Anaissie E., et al. Protective effect of VELCADEs on thalidomide-associated deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Blood 104 (2004) 13a
72. Li Z.W., Chen H., Campbell R.A., Bonavida B., and Berenson J.R. NF-kappaB in the pathogenesis and treatment of multiple myeloma. Curr Opin Hematol 15 (2008) 391-399
73. Hussein M.A., Saleh M., Ravandi F., Mason J., Rifkin R.M., and Ellison R. Phase 2 study of arsenic trioxide in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 125 (2004) 470-476
74. Berenson J.R., Boccia R., Siegel D., Bozdech M., Bessudo A., Stadtmauer E., et al. Efficacy and safety of melphalan, arsenic trioxide and ascorbic acid combination therapy in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: a prospective, multicentre, phase II, single-arm study. Br J Haematol 135 (2006) 174-183
75. Borad M.J., Swift R., and Berenson J.R. Efficacy of melphalan, arsenic trioxide, and ascorbic acid combination therapy (MAC) in relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Leukemia 19 (2005) 154-156
76. Berenson J.R., Swift R.A., Ferretti D., and Purner M.B. A prospective, open-label safety and efficacy study of combination treatment with melphalan, arsenic trioxide, and ascorbic acid in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Clin Lymphoma. 5 (2004) 130-134
77. Berenson J.R., Matous J., Swift R.A., Mapes R., Morrison B., and Yeh H.S. A phase I/II study of arsenic trioxide/bortezomib/ascorbic acid combination therapy for the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Clin Cancer Res 13 (2007) 1762-1768
78. Abou-Jawde R.M., Reed J., Kelly M., Walker E., Andresen S., Baz R., et al. Efficacy and safety results with the combination therapy of arsenic trioxide, dexamethasone, and ascorbic acid in multiple myeloma patients: a phase 2 trial. Med Oncol 23 (2006) 263-272
79. Fuste B., Serradell M., Escolar G., Cases A., Mazzara R., Castillo R., et al. Erythropoietin triggers a signaling pathway in endothelial cells and increases the thrombogenicity of their extracellular matrices in vitro. Thromb Haemost 88 (2002) 678-685
80. Tobu M., Iqbal O., Fareed D., Chatha M., Hoppensteadt D., Bansal V., et al. Erythropoietin-induced thrombosis as a result of increased inflammation and thrombin activatable fibrinolytic inhibitor. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 10 (2004) 225-232
81. Knight R., DeLap R.J., and Zeldis J.B. Lenalidomide and venous thrombosis in multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 354 (2006) 2079-2080
82. Galli M., Elice F., Crippa C., Comotti B., Rodeghiero F., and Barbui T. Recombinant human erythropoietin and the risk of thrombosis in patients receiving thalidomide for multiple myeloma. Haematologica 89 (2004) 1141-1142
83. Alikhan R., Cohen A.T., Combe S., Samama M.M., Desjardins L., Eldor A., et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism in medical patients with enoxaparin: a subgroup analysis of the MEDENOX study. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 14 (2003) 341-346
84. Levine M., Hirsh J., Gent M., Arnold A., Warr D., Falanga A., et al. Double-blind randomised trial of a very-low-dose warfarin for prevention of thromboembolism in stage IV breast cancer. Lancet 343 (1994) 886-889
85. Minnema M.C., Breitkreutz I., Auwerda J.J., van der Holt B., Cremer F.W., van Marion A.M., et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism with low molecular-weight heparin in patients with multiple myeloma treated with thalidomide and chemotherapy. Leukemia 18 (2004) 2044-2046
86. Zangari M., Barlogie B., Anaissie E., Saghafifar F., Eddlemon P., Jacobson J., et al. Deep vein thrombosis in patients with multiple myeloma treated with thalidomide and chemotherapy: effects of prophylactic and therapeutic anticoagulation. Br J Haematol 126 (2004) 715-721
87. Valdre L., Cini M., Legnani C., Zamagni E., Cosmi B., Cellini C., et al. Venous thromboembolic complications in patients with multiple myeloma treated with thalidomide: Prophylactic effect of fixed dose warfarin. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb 33 SI (2003) 70-71
88. Ikhlaque N., Seshadri V., Kathula S., and Baumann M.A. Efficacy of prophylactic warfarin for prevention of thalidomide-related deep venous thrombosis. Am J Hematol 81 (2006) 420-422
89. Wang M., Weber D.M., Delasalle K., and Alexanian R. Thalidomide-dexamethasone as primary therapy for advanced multiple myeloma. Am J Hematol 79 (2005) 194-197
90. Palumbo A., Falco P., Corradini P., Falcone A., Di Raimondo F., Giuliani N., et al. Melphalan, prednisone, and lenalidomide treatment for newly diagnosed myeloma: a report from the GIMEMA-Italian Multiple Myeloma Network. J Clin Oncol 25 (2007) 4459-4465
91. Baz R., Walker E., Karam M.A., Choueiri T.K., Jawde R.A., Bruening K., et al. Lenalidomide and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin-based chemotherapy for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: safety and efficacy. Ann Oncol 17 (2006) 1766-1771
92. Hussein M.A., Baz R., Srkalovic G., Agrawal N., Suppiah R., Hsi E., et al. Phase 2 study of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, vincristine, decreased-frequency dexamethasone, and thalidomide in newly diagnosed and relapsed-refractory multiple myeloma. Mayo Clin Proc 81 (2006) 889-895
93. Ibrahim R.B., Peres E., Dansey R., Abidi M.H., Abella E.M., Gumma M.M., et al. Safety of low-dose low-molecular-weight-heparins in thrombocytopenic stem cell transplantation patients: a case series and review of the literature. Bone Marrow Transplant 35 (2005) 1071-1077
94. Sanderink G.J., Guimart C.G., Ozoux M.L., Jariwala N.U., Shukla UA., and Boutouyrie B.X. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the prophylactic dose of enoxaparin once daily over 4 days in patients with renal impairment. Thromb Res 105 (2002) 225-231