Pre-eclampsia a two-stage disorder: What is the linkage? are there directed fetal/placental signals?

Pre-Eclampsia: Etiology and Clinical Practice

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 183-194

  Roberts, Jim ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 60249090196     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511545634.013     Document Type: Chapter

References (83)

1. Aardema, M. W., Oosterhof, H., Timmer, A., van Rooy, I. and Aarnoudse, J. G. (2001). Uterine artery Doppler flow and uteroplacental vascular pathology in normal pregnancies and pregnancies complicated by pre-eclampsia and small for gestational age fetuses. Placenta, 22, 405–11.
2. Arias, F., Rodriquez, L., Rayne, S. C. and Kraus, F. T. (1993). Maternal placental vasculopathy and infection: two distinct subgroups among patients with preterm labor and preterm ruptured membranes. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 168, 585–91.
3. Ashworth, C. J., Hoggard, N., Thomas, L., Mercer, J. G., Wallace, J. M. and Lea, R. G. (2000). Placental leptin. Rev. Reprod., 5, 18–24.
4. Bai, H., Liu, X., Liu, R., Liu, Y., Li, M. and Liu, B. (2002). Angiotensinogen and angiotensin-I converting enzyme gene variations in Chinese pregnancy induced hypertension. Hua-Hsi i Ko Ta Hsueh Hsueh Pao (Journal of West China University of Medical Sciences), 33, 233–7.
5. Bashford, M. T., Hefler, L. A., Vertrees, T. W., Roa, B. B. and Gregg, A. R. (2001). Angiotensinogen and endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms among Hispanic patients with preeclampsia. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 184, 1345–50; discussion 1350–1.
6. Benyo, D. F., Miles, T. M. and Conrad, K. P. (1997). Hypoxia stimulates cytokine production by villous explants from the human placenta. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 82, 1582–8.
7. Bodner, J., Ebenbichler, C. F., Wolf, H. J., et al. (1999). Leptin receptor in human term placenta: in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical localization.Placenta, 20, 677–82.
8. Brosens, I. A., Robertson, W. B., and Dixon, H. G. (1979). The role of the spiral arteries in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. In Obstetrics and Gynecology Annual, ed. R. Wynn. pp. 177–91.
9. Cester, N., Staffolani, R., Rabini, R. A., et al. (1994). Pregnancy induced hypertension: a role for peroxidation in microvillus plasma membranes. Mol. Cell. Biochem., 131, 151–5.
10. Chambers, J. C., Fusi, L., Malik, I. S., Haskard, D. O., De Swiet, M. and Kooner, J. S. (2001). Association of maternal endothelial dysfunction with preeclampsia.J. Am. Med. Ass., 285, 1607–12.
11. Chappell, L. C., Seed, P. T., Briley, A., et al. (2002). A longitudinal study of biochemical variables in women at risk of preeclampsia. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 187, 127–36.
12. Chesley, L. C. (1966). Vascular reactivity in normal and toxemic pregnancy. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol., 9, 871–81.
13. Conrad, K. P. and Benyo, D. F. (1997). Placental cytokines and the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Am. J. Reprod. Immun., 37, 240–9.
14. D’Anna, R., Baviera, G., Scilipoti, A., Leonardi, I. and Leo, R. (2000). The clinical utility of serum uric acid measurements in pre-eclampsia and transient hypertension in pregnancy. Panminerva Medica, 42, 101–3.
15. Domali, E. and Messinis, I. E. (2002). Leptin in pregnancy.J. Maternal–Fetal Neonatal Med., 12, 222–30.
16. Fadalti, M., Pezzani, I., Cobellis, L., et al. (2000). Placental corticotropin-releasing factor. An update. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 900, 89–94.
17. Ferrazzani, S., De Carolis, S., Pomini, F., Testa, A. C., Mastromarino, C. and Caruso, A. (1994). The duration of hypertension in the puerperium of preeclamptic women: relationship with renal impairment and week of delivery. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 171, 506–12.
18. Guo, G., Wilton, A. N., Fu, Y., Qiu, H., Brennecke, S. P. and Cooper, D. W. (1997). Angiotensinogen gene variation in a population case-control study of preeclampsia/eclampsia in Australians and Chinese. Electrophoresis, 18, 1646–9.
19. Harris, R. B. S. (2000). Leptin – much more than a satiety signal. Ann. Rev. Nutr., 20, 45–75.
20. Haynes, W. G., Morgan, D. A., Walsh, S. A., Mark, A. L. and Sivitz, W. I. (1997). Receptor-mediated regional sympathetic nerve activation by leptin. J. Clin. Invest., 100, 270–8.
21. Hubel, C. and Roberts, J. (1999). In Chesley’s Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy, ed. F. Cunningham. Appleton & Lange, pp. 453–86.
22. Hubel, C., Snaedal, S., Geirsson, R., Roberts, J. and Arngrímsson, R. (1998). Women with a history of eclampsia manifest dyslipidemia during later life.J. Soc. Gynecol. Invest., 5(Suppl.), 40A–41A.
23. Hubel, C. A., Kagan, V. E., Kisin, E. R., McLaughlin, M. K. and Roberts, J. M. (1997). Increased ascorbate radical formation and ascorbate depletion in plasma from women with preeclampsia – implications for oxidative stress. Free Rad. Biol. Med., 23, 597–609.
24. Huppertz, B., Kingdom, J., Caniggia, I., et al. (2003). Hypoxia favours necrotic versus apoptotic shedding of placental syncytiotrophoblast into the maternal circulation. Placenta, 24, 181–90.
25. Ishihara, N., Matsuo, H., Murakoshi, H., Laoag-Fernandez, J. B., Samoto, T. and Maruo, T. (2002). Increased apoptosis in the syncytiotrophoblast in human term placentas complicated by either preeclampsia or intrauterine growth retardation. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 186, 158–66.
26. Jansson, N., Greenwood, S. L., Johansson, B. R., Powell, T. L. and Jansson, T. (2003). Leptin stimulates the activity of the system. A amino acid transporter in human placental villous fragments. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 88, 1205–11.
27. Karteris, E., Grammatopoulos, D. K., Randeva, H. S. and Hillhouse, E. W. (2001). The role of corticotropinreleasing hormone receptors in placenta and fetal membranes during human pregnancy. Mol. Genet. Metab., 72, 287–96.
28. Karteris, E., Goumenou, A., Koumantakis, E., Hillhouse, E. W. and Grammatopoulos, D. K. (2003). Reduced expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor type-1 alpha in human preeclamptic and growth-restricted placentas. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 88, 363–70.
29. Khong, T. Y., De Wolf, F., Robertson, W. B. and Brosens, I. (1986). Inadequate maternal vascular response to placentation in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia and by small-for-gestational age infants.Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 93, 1049–59.
30. Kobashi, G., Hata, A., Shido, K., et al. (1999). Association of a variant of the angiotensinogen gene with pure type of hypertension in pregnancy in the Japanese: implication of a racial difference and significance of an age factor. Am. J. Med. Genet., 86, 232–6.
31. Laivuori, H., Tikkanen, M. J. and Ylikorkala, O. (1996). Hyperinsulinemia 17 years after preeclamptic first pregnancy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 81, 2908–11.
32. Laivuori, H., Kaaja, R., Rutanen, E. M., Viinikka, L. and Ylikorkala, O. (1998). Evidence of high circulating testosterone in women with prior preeclampsia. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 83, 344–7.
33. Laivuori, H., Kaaja, R., Koistinen, H., et al. (2000). Leptin during and after preeclamptic or normal pregnancy: its relation to serum insulin and insulin sensitivity.Metab. – Clin. Exp., 49, 259–63.
34. Linnemann, K., Malek, A., Sager, R., Blum, W. F., Schneider, H. and Fusch, C. (2000). Leptin production and release in the dually in vitro perfused human placenta. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 85, 4298–301.
35. Lorentzen, B., Endresen, M. J., Clausen, T. and Henriksen, T. (1994). Fasting serum free fatty acids and triglycerides are increased before 20 weeks of gestation in women who later develop preeclampsia. Hypertens. Pregn., 13, 103–9.
36. Mantzoros, C. S. (2000). Role of leptin in reproduction.Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 900, 174–83.
37. Many, A., Hubel, C. A., Fisher, S. J., Roberts, J. M. and Zhou, Y. (2000). Invasive cytotrophoblasts manifest evidence of oxidative stress in preeclampsia. Am. J. Pathol., 156, 321–31.
38. Manyonda, I. T., Slater, D. M., Fenske, C., Hole, D., Choy, M. Y. and Wilson, C. (1998). A role for noradrenaline in pre-eclampsia: towards a unifying hypothesis for the pathophysiology. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 105, 641–8.
39. Maynard, S. E., Min, J. Y., Merchan, J., et al. (2003). Excess placental soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and proteinuria in preeclampsia. Comment. J. Clin. Invest., 111, 649–58.
40. Mazzali, M., Hughes, J., Kim, Y. G., et al. (2001). Elevated uric acid increases blood pressure in the rat by a novel crystal-independent mechanism. Hypertension, 38, 1101–6.
41. McCarthy, J. F., Misra, D. N. and Roberts, J. M. (1999). Maternal plasma leptin is increased in preeclampsia and positively correlates with fetal cord concentration.Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 180, 731–6.
42. Meijer, A. J. (2003). Amino acids as regulators and components of nonproteinogenic pathways. J. Nutr., 133, 2057S–62S.
43. Mise, H., Sagawa, N., Matsumoto, T., et al. (1998). Augmented placental production of leptin in preeclampsia: possible involvement of placental hypoxia.J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 83, 3225–9.
44. Morgan, L., Baker, P., Pipkin, F. B. and Kalsheker, N. (1995). Pre-eclampsia and the angiotensinogen gene.Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 102, 489–90.
45. Morris, J., Fay, R. and Ellwood, D. (1998). Abnormal uterine artery waveforms in the second trimester are associated with adverse pregnancy outcome in high risk women. J. Maternal–Fetal Invest., 8, 82–4.
46. Myatt, L., Rosenfield, R., Eis, A., Brockman, D., Greer, I. and Lyall, F. (1996). Nitrotyrosine residues in placenta evidence of peroxynitrite formation and action.Hypertension, 28, 488–93.
47. Page, E. W. (1939). The relation between hydatid moles, relative ischemia of the gravid uterus, and the placental origin of eclampsia. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 37, 291–3.
48. Papageorghiou, A. T., Yu, C. K., Cicero, S., Bower, S. and Nicolaides, K. H. (2002). Second-trimester uterine artery Doppler screening in unselected populations: a review. Comment. J. Maternal–Fetal Neonatal Med., 12, 78–88.
49. Pijnenborg, R., Anthony, J., Davey, D. A., et al. (1991). Placental bed spiral arteries in the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 98, 648–55.
50. Poston, L. (2002). Leptin and preeclampsia. Semin. Reprod. Med., 20, 131–8.
51. Redman, C. W., Beilin, L. J., Bonnar, J. and Wilkinson, R. H. (1976). Plasma-urate measurements in predicting fetal death in hypertensive pregnancy. Lancet, 1, 1370–3.
52. Redman, C. W., Sacks, G. P. and Sargent, I. L. (1999). Preeclampsia: an excessive maternal inflammatory response to pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 180, 499–506.
53. Redman, C. W. G. (1991). Current topic: pre-eclampsia and the placenta. Placenta, 12, 301–8.
54. Redman, C. W. G. and Sargent, I. L. (2000). Placental debris, oxidative stress and pre-eclampsia. Placenta, 21, 597–602.
55. Roberts, J. M. (1998a). Endothelial dysfunction in preeclampsia.Semin. Reprod. Endocrinol., 16, 5–15.
56. Roberts, J. M. (1998b). In Maternal Fetal Medicine, ed. R. Resnik. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, pp. 833–72.
57. Roberts, J. M. and Hubel, C. A. (1999). Is oxidative stress the link in the two-stage model of pre-eclampsia? Comment. Lancet, 354, 788–9.
58. Roberts, J. M. and Cooper, D. W. (2001). Pathogenesis and genetics of pre-eclampsia. Lancet, 357, 53–6.
59. Roberts, J. M. and Lain, K. Y. (2002). Recent insights into the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. Placenta, 23, 359–72.
60. Roberts, J. M., Taylor, R. N., Musci, T. J., Rodgers, G. M., Hubel, C. A. and McLaughlin, M. K. (1989). Preeclampsia: an endothelial cell disorder. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 161, 1200–4.
61. Roggensack, A. M., Zhang, Y. and Davidge, S. T. (1999). Evidence for peroxynitrite formation in the vasculature of women with preeclampsia. Hypertension, 33, 83–9.
62. Sagawa, N., Yura, S., Itoh, H., et al. (2002). Role of leptin in pregnancy – a review. Placenta, 23, S80–6.
63. Sarkar, S., Tsai, S. W., Nguyen, T. T., Plevyak, M., Padbury, J. F. and Rubin, L. P. (2001). Inhibition of placental 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 by catecholamines via alpha-adrenergic signaling.Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Compar. Physiol., 281, R1966–74.
64. Sastry, B. V. (1997). Human placental cholinergic system.Biochem. Pharmacol., 53, 1577–86.
65. Sattar, N. and Greer, I. A. (2002). Pregnancy complications and maternal cardiovascular risk: opportunities for intervention and screening? Br. Med. J., 325, 157–60.
66. Savvidou, M. D., Hingorani, A. D., Tsikas, D., Frolich, J. C., Vallance, P. and Nicolaides, K. H. (2003). Endothelial dysfunction and raised plasma concentrations of asymmetric dimethylarginine in pregnant women who subsequently develop pre-eclampsia. Lancet, 361, 1511–17.
67. Sodha, R. J., Proegler, M. and Schneider, H. (1984). Transfer and metabolism of norepinephrine studied from maternal-to-fetal and fetal-to-maternal sides in the in vitro perfused human placental lobe. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 148, 474–81.
68. Staff, A. C., Halvorsen, B., Ranheim, T. and Henriksen, T. (1999a). Elevated level of free 8-iso-prostaglandin F-2 alpha in the decidua basalis of women with preeclampsia. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 181, 1211–15.
69. Staff, A. C., Ranheim, T., Khoury, J. and Henriksen, T. (1999b). Increased contents of phospholipids, cholesterol, and lipid peroxides in decidua basalis in women with preeclampsia. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 180, 587–92.
70. Teppa, R. J., Ness, R. B., Crombleholme, W. R. and Roberts, J. M. (2000). Free leptin is increased in normal pregnancy and further increased in preeclampsia. Metab. –Clin. Exp., 49, 1043–8.
71. Tyurin, V. A., Liu, S. X., Tyurina, Y. Y., et al. (2001). Elevated levels of S-nitrosoalbumin in preeclampsia plasma. Comment. Circ. Res., 88, 1210–15.
72. Uotila, J., Solakivi, T., Jaakkola, O., Tuimala, R. and Lehtimaki, T. (1998). Antibodies against copperoxidised and malondialdehyde-modified low density lipoproteins in pre-eclamptic pregnancies. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 105, 1113–17.
73. von Dadelszen, P., Wilkins, T. and Redman, C. W. G. (1999). Maternal peripheral blood leukocytes in normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancies. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 106, 576–81.
74. Wakwe, V. C. and Abudu, O. O. (1999). Estimation of plasma uric acid in pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH). Is the test still relevant? Afr. J. Med. Medic. Sci., 28, 155–8.
75. Walsh, S. W. and Wang, Y. (1993). Deficient glutathione peroxidase activity in preeclampsia is associated with increased placental production of thromboxane and lipid peroxides. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 1456–61.
76. Walsh, S. W., Vaughan, J. E., Wang, Y. and Roberts, L. J. (2000). Placental isoprostane is significantly increased in preeclampsia. FASEB J., 14, 1289–96.
77. Wang, J. L., Chinookoswong, N., Scully, S., Qi, M. and Shi, Z. Q. (1999). Differential effects of leptin in regulation of tissue glucose utilization in vivo.Endocrinology, 140, 2117–24.
78. Wang, Y. and Walsh, S. W. (2001). Increased superoxide generation is associated with decreased superoxide dismutase activity and mRNA expression in placental trophoblast cells in pre-eclampsia. Placenta, 22, 206–12.
79. Wang, Y., Walsh, S. W. and Kay, H. H. (1992). Placental lipid peroxides and thromboxane are increased and prostacyclin is decreased in women with preeclampsia.Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 167, 945–9.
80. Ward, K., Hata, A., Jeunemaitre, X., et al. (1993). A molecular variant of angiotensinogen associated with preeclampsia. Nature Genetics, 4, 59–61.
81. Xiong, X., Demianczuk, N. N., Buekens, P. and Saunders, L. D. (2000). Association of preeclampsia with high birth weight for gestational age. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 183, 148–55.
82. Zeek, P. and Assali, N. (1950). Vascular changes in the decidua associated with eclamptogenic toxemia of pregnancy. Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 20, 1099–109.
83. Zusterzeel, P. L., Rutten, H., Roelofs, H. M., Peters, W. H. and Steegers, E. A. (2001). Protein carbonyls in decidua and placenta of pre-eclamptic women as markers for oxidative stress. Placenta, 22, 213–19.