The study of fungi in drinking water

Mycological Research

Volumn 113, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 165-172

  Hageskal, Gunhild ^a   Lima, Nelson ^b   Skaar, Ida ^a  

^a NORWEGIAN VETERINARY INSTITUTE   (Norway)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MINHO   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Drinking water; Filamentous fungi; Review

Indexed keywords

FRESH WATER;

DRINKING WATER; FUNGUS; HEALTH RISK; KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEM; PUBLIC HEALTH; SPECIES DIVERSITY; SPECIES OCCURRENCE; WATER POLLUTION; WATER QUALITY; WATER TREATMENT;

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; FUNGUS; HUMAN; MICROBIOLOGY; REVIEW; WATER SUPPLY;

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; FRESH WATER; FUNGI; HUMANS; WATER MICROBIOLOGY; WATER SUPPLY;

FUNGI;

EID: 59649092261     PISSN: 09537562     EISSN: 14698102     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2008.10.002     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. Åkerstrand K. Occurrence of moulds in drinking water. (in Swedish). Vår Föda 36 (1984) 320-326
2. Anaissie E.J., and Costa S.F. Nosocomial aspergillosis is waterborne. Clinical Infectious Diseases 33 (2001) 1546-1548
3. Anaissie E.J., Kuchar R.T., Rex J.H., Francesconi A., Kasai M., Muller F.M., Lozano-Chiu M., Summerbell R.C., Dignani M.C., Chanock S.J., and Walsh T.J. Fusariosis associated with pathogenic Fusarium species colonization of a hospital water system: a new paradigm for the epidemiology of opportunistic mold infections. Clinical Infectious Diseases 33 (2001) 1871-1878
4. Anaissie E.J., Penzak S.R., and Dignani M.C. The hospital water supply as a source of nosocomial infections. A plea for action. Archives of Internal Medicine 162 (2002) 1483-1492
5. Anaissie E.J., Stratton S.L., Dignani M.C., Lee C., Summerbell R.C., Rex J.H., Monson T.P., and Walsh T.J. Pathogenic molds (including Aspergillus species) in hospital water distribution systems: a 3-year prospective study and clinical implications for patients with hematologic malignancies. Blood 101 (2003) 2542-2546
6. Anaissie E.J., Stratton S.L., Dignani M.C., Summerbell R.C., Rex J.H., Monson T.P., Spencer T., Kasai M., Francesconi A., and Walsh T.J. Pathogenic Aspergillus species recovered from a hospital water system: a 3-year prospective study. Clinical Infectious Diseases 34 (2002) 780-789
7. Anon. Drinking Water Regulations. (in Swedish). SLVFS 2001:30 (2003), National Food Administration, Stockholm, Sweden
8. Arvanitidou M., Kanellou K., Constantinides T.C., and Katsouyannopoulos V. The occurrence of fungi in hospital and community potable waters. Letters in Applied Microbiology 29 (1999) 81-84
9. Arvanitidou M., Spaia S., Velegraki A., Pezarloglou M., Kanetidis D., Pangidis P., Askepidis N., Ch K., Vayonas G., and Katsouyannopoulos V. High level of recovery of fungi from water and dialysate in haemodialysis units. Journal of Hospital Infection 45 (2000) 225-230
10. Åslund P. Skin irritations cause by moulds. (in Swedish). Vår Föda 36 (1984) 327-336
11. Bays L.R., Burman N.P., and Lewis W.M. Taste and odour in water supplies in Great Britain: a survey of the present position and problems for the future. Water Treatment and Examination 19 (1970) 136-160
12. Burman N.P. Taste and odour due to stagnation and local warming in long lengths of piping. Society of Water Treatment Examination 14 (1965) 125-131
13. Cabral D., and Fernández P. Fungal spoilage of bottled mineral water. International Journal of Food Microbiology 72 (2002) 73-76
14. CDC. Guidelines for Preventing Opportunistic Infections among Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 49 (2000), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Infectious Disease Society of America, and American Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation
15. Denning D.W. Invasive aspergillosis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 26 (1998) 781-805
16. Denning D.W. Aspergillosis (2006), Schering-Plough Corporation, Kenilworth, NJ
17. Denning D.W., O'Driscoll B.R., Hogaboam C.M., Bowyer P., and Niven R.M. The link between fungi and severe asthma: a summary of the evidence. European Respiratory Journal 27 (2006) 615-626
18. Doggett M.S. Characterization of fungal biofilms within a municipal water distribution system. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66 (2000) 1249-1251
19. Ezeonu I.M., Price D.L., Simmons R.B., Crow S.A., and Ahearn D.G. Fungal production of volatiles during growth on fiberglass. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60 (1994) 4172-4173
20. Franková E. Isolation and identification of filamentous soil Deuteromycetes from the water environment. Biológia 48 (1993) 287-290
21. Franková E., and Horecka M. Filamentous soil fungi and unidentified bacteria in drinking water from wells and water mains near Bratislava. Microbiological Research 150 (1995) 311-313
22. Fujikawa H., Wauke T., Kusunoki J., Noguchi Y., Takahashi Y., Ohta K., and Itoh T. Contamination of microbial foreign bodies in bottled mineral water in Tokyo, Japan. Journal of Applied Microbiology 82 (1997) 287-291
23. Gonçalves A.B., Paterson R.R.M., and Lima N. Survey and significance of filamentous fungi from tap water. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 209 (2006) 257-264
24. Gonçalves A.B., Santos I.M., Paterson R.R.M., and Lima N. FISH and Calcofluor staining techniques to detect in situ filamentous fungal biofilms in water. Revista Iberoamericana de Micología 23 (2006) 194-198
25. Göttlich E., van der Lubbe W., Lange B., Fiedler S., Melchert I., Reifenrath M., Flemming H.C., and de Hoog S. Fungal flora in groundwater-derived public drinking water. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 205 (2002) 269-279
26. Green B.J., Mitakakis T.Z., and Tovey E.R. Allergen detection from 11 fungal species before and after germination. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 111 (2003) 285-289
27. Hageskal, G, 2007. Moulds in Norwegian drinking water. Occurrence and Distribution of Mould Species in Drinking Water Distribution Systems. PhD thesis, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo.
28. Hageskal G., Gaustad P., Heier B.T., and Skaar I. Occurrence of moulds in drinking water. Journal of Applied Microbiology 102 (2007) 774-780
29. Hageskal G., Vrålstad T., Knutsen AK., and Skaar I. Exploring the species diversity of Trichoderma in Norwegian drinking water systems by DNA barcoding. Molecular Ecology Resources 8 (2008) 1178-1188
30. Hageskal G., Knutsen A.K., Gaustad P., de Hoog G.S., and Skaar I. Diversity and significance of mold species in Norwegian drinking water. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72 (2006) 7586-7593
31. Hapcioglu B., Yegenoglu Y., Erturan Z., Nakipoglu Y., and Issever H. Heterotrophic bacteria and filamentous fungi isolated from a hospital distribution system. Indoor and Built Environment 14 (2005) 487-493
32. Hendrickx T.L.G., Meskus E., and Keiski R.L. Influence of the nutrient balance on biofilm composition in a fixed film process. Water Science and Technology 46 (2002) 7-12
33. Hinzelin F., and Block J.C. Yeasts and filamentous fungi in drinking water. Environmental Technology Letters 6 (1985) 101-106
34. Hogaboam C.M., Carpenter J.K., Schuh J.M., and Buckland K.F. Aspergillus and asthma - any link?. Medical Mycology 43 (2005) S197-S202
35. Hunter P.R. National disease burden due to waterborne transmission of nosocomial pathogens is substantially overestimated. Archives of Internal Medicine 163 (2003) 1974
36. Husain S., Alexander B.D., Munoz P., Avery R.K., Houston S., Pruett T., Jacobs R., Dominguez E.A., Tollemar J.G., Baumgarten K., Yu C.M., Wagener M.M., Linden P., Kusne S., and Singh N. Opportunistic mycelial fungal infections in organ transplant recipients: emerging importance of non-Aspergillus mycelial fungi. Clinical Infectious Diseases 37 (2003) 221-229
37. Jaakkola M.S., Nordman H., Piipari R., Uitti J., Laitinen J., Karjalainen A., Hahtola P., and Jaakkola J.J.K. Indoor dampness and molds and development of adult-onset asthma: a population-based incident case-control study. Environmental Health Perspectives 110 (2002) 543-547
38. Kaminski E., Stawicki S., and Wasowicz E. Volatile flavor compounds produced by molds of Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fungi imperfecti. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 27 (1974) 1001-1004
39. Kanzler D., Buzina W., Paulitsch A., Haas D., Platzer S., Marth E., and Mascher F. Occurrence and hygienic relevance of fungi in drinking water. Mycoses 51 (2007) 165-169
40. Kauffman C.A. Zygomycosis: reemergence of an old pathogen. Clinical Infectious Diseases 39 (2004) 590
41. Kauffman H.F., and van der Heide S. Exposure, sensitization, and mechanisms of fungus-induced asthma. Current Allergy and Asthma Reports 3 (2003) 430-437
42. Kelley J., Kinsey G., Paterson R., and Brayford D. Identification and Control of Fungi in Distribution Systems (2003), Awwa Research Foundation and American Water Works Association, Denver, CO
43. Kelley J., and Paterson R.R.M. Comparisons of ergosterol to other methods for determination of Fusarium graminearum biomass in water as a model system. In: Lima N., and Smith D. (Eds). Proceedings of the 22nd European Culture Collections' Organization Meeting (2003), Micoteca da Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal 235-239
44. Kennedy H., and Williams C. Infection risk for filamentous fungi in water in a paediatric haematology/oncology ward. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 29 (2007) S485
45. Kikuchi T., Kadota S., Suehara H., Nishi A., and Tsubaki K. Odorous metabolites of a fungus, Chaetomium globosum KINZE ex FR. Identification of geosmin, a musty-smelling compound. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 29 (1981) 1782-1784
46. Kinsey G.C., Paterson R.R., and Kelley J. Methods for the determination of filamentous fungi in treated and untreated waters. Journal of Applied Microbiology Symposium Supplement 85 (1999) 214S-224S
47. Kirk P.M., Cannon P.F., David J.C., and Stalpers J.A. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi. 9th edn. (2001), CAB International, Wallingford
48. Lahti K. Microbial quality of drinking water in some Finnish distribution systems. Water Science and Technology 27 (1993) 151-154
49. Lugauskas A., Krikštaponis A., and Šveityt L. Airborne fungi in industrial environments - potential agents of respiratory diseases. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine 11 (2004) 19-25
50. Mara D., and Horan N. The Handbook of Water and Wastewater Microbiology. 1st edn. (2006), Elsevier Academic Press, London
51. Marr K.A., Carter R.A., Crippa F., Wald A., and Corey L. Epidemiology and outcome of mould infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Clinical Infectious Diseases 37 (2002) 909-917
52. Mattheis J.P., and Roberts R.G. Identification of geosmin as a volatile metabolite of Penicillium expansum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 58 (1992) 3170-3172
53. Menotti J., Waller J., Meunier O., Letscher-Bru V., Herbrecht R., and Candolfi E. Epidemiological study of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a haematology unit by molecular typing of environmental and patients isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus. Journal of Hospital Infection 60 (2005) 61-68
54. Metzger W.J., Patterson R., Fink J., Semerdjian R., and Roberts M. Sauna-takers disease. Hypersensitivity due to contaminated water in a home sauna. Journal of the American Medical Association 236 (1976) 2209-2211
55. Montiel A., Rigal S., and Welté B. Study of the origine of musty taste in the drinking water supply. Water Science and Technology 40 (1999) 171-177
56. Moreau C. Moulds, Toxins and Food. 2nd edn. (1979), John Wiley & Sons, New York
57. Muittari A., Kuusisto P., Virtanen P., Sovijärvi A., Grönroos P., Harmoinen A., Antila P., and Kellomäki L. An epidemic of extrinsic allergic alveolitis caused by tap water. Clinical Allergy 10 (1980) 77-90
58. Nagy L.A., and Olson B.H. The occurrence of filamentous fungi in drinking water distribution systems. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 28 (1982) 667-671
59. Nagy LA, Olson BH, 1985. Occurrence and significance of bacteria, fungi and yeasts associated with distribution pipe surfaces. In: Proceedings of the American Water Works Association, Water Quality Technical Conference. American Water Works Association, Denver, CO, pp. 213-238.
60. Niemi R.M., Knuth S., and Lundström K. Actinomycetes and fungi in surface waters and in potable water. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 43 (1982) 378-388
61. Nyström A., Grimvall A., Krantz-Rülcker C., Sävenhed R., and Åkerstrand K. Drinking water off-flavour caused by 2,4,6-trichloroanisole. Water Science and Technology 25 (1992) 241-249
62. Ormerod K.S. Heterotrophic microorganisms in distribution systems for drinking water. Vatten 43 (1987) 262-268
63. Panagopoulou P., Filioti J., Petrikkos G., Giakouppi P., Anatoliotaki M., Farmaki E., Kanta A., Apostolakou H., Avlami A., Samonis G., and Roilides E. Environmental surveillance of filamentous fungi in three tertiary care hospitals in Greece. Journal of Hospital Infection 52 (2002) 185-191
64. Paterson R.R.M. Fungi and fungal toxins as weapons. Mycological Research 110 (2006) 1003-1010
65. Paterson R.R.M., Gonçalves A.B., and Lima N. Mycological examination and biofilm formation in drinking water. Proceedings of the 8th International Mycological Congress (2006), SAPMEA, Eastwood, Australia 129
66. Paterson R.R.M., Kelley J., and Gallagher M. Natural occurrence of aflatoxins and Aspergillus flavus (Link) in water. Letters in Applied Microbiology 25 (1997) 435-436
67. Paterson R.R.M., and Lima N. Fungal contamination of drinking water. In: Lehr J., Keeley J., Lehr J., and Kingery T.B. (Eds). Water Encyclopedia (2005), John Wiley & Sons, New York
68. Paterson R.R.M., Venâncio A., and Lima N. Why do food and drink smell like earth?. In: Méndez-Vilas A. (Ed). Microbiology Book Series - Communicating Current Research and Education Topics and Trends in Applied Microbiology (2007), Formatex, Badajoz, Spain 120-128
69. Pedro-Botet M.L., Sanchez I., Sabria M., Sopena N., Mateu L., GarcÍa-Núñez M., and Rey-Joly C. Impact of copper and silver ionization of fungal colonization of the water supply in health care centers: implications for immunocompromised patients. Clinical Infectious Diseases 45 (2007) 84-86
70. Perlroth J., Choi B., and Spellberg B. Nosocomial fungal infections: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Medical Mycology 45 (2007) 321-346
71. Pfaller M.A., Pappas P.G., and Wingard J.R. Invasive fungal pathogens: current epidemiological trends. Clinical Infectious Diseases 43 (2006) S3-S14
72. Pires-Gonçalves R.H., Sartori F.G., Montanari L.B., Zaia J.E., Melhem M.S.C., Mendes-Giannini M.J.S., and Martins C.H.G. Occurrence of fungi in water used at a haemodialysis centre. Letters in Applied Microbiology 46 (2008) 542-547
73. Pitt J.I., and Hocking A.D. Fungi and Food Spoilage. 2nd edn. (1999), Aspen Publishers, Gaithersburg, MD
74. Ribeiro A., Machado A.P., Kozakiewicz Z., Ryan M., Luke B., Buddie A.G., Venâncio A., Lima N., and Kelley J. Fungi in bottled water: a case study of a production plant. Revista Iberoamericana de Micología 23 (2006) 139-144
75. Rosenzweig W.D., Minnigh H., and Pipes W.O. Fungi in potable water distribution systems. American Water Works Association 78 (1986) 53-55
76. Samson R.A., Hoekstra E.S., and Frisvad J.C. Introduction to food- and airborne Fungi. 7th edn. (2004), Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht
77. Schüßler A., Schwarzott D., and Walker C. A new fungal phylum, the Glomeromycota: phylogeny and evolution. Mycological Research 105 (2001) 1413-1421
78. Schwab C.J., and Straus D.C. The roles of Penicillium and Aspergillus in sick buildings syndrome. Advances in Applied Microbiology 55 (2004) 215-237
79. Skaar I, Østensvik Ø, 2005. Moulds in water from Oset and Skullerud waterworks (in Norwegian). Report from Oslo Water and Sewerage Works, Oslo.
80. Straus D.C. Sick building syndrome. Advances in Applied Microbiology 55 (2004) 3-473
81. VandenBergh M.F.Q., Verweij P.E., and Voss A. Epidemiology of nosocomial fungal infections: invasive aspergillosis and the environment. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 34 (1999) 221-227
82. Varo S.D., Martins C.H.G., de Oliveira Cardoso M.J., Sartori F.G., Montanari L.B., and Pires-Gonçalves R.H. Isolation of filamentous fungi from water used in a hemodialysis unit. (in Brazilian). Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 40 (2007) 326-331
83. Vesper S.J., McKinstry C., Yang C., Haugland R.A., Kercsmar C.M., Yike I., Schluchter M.D., Kirchner H.L., Sabolewski J., Allan T.M., and Dearborne D.G. Specific molds associated with asthma in water-damaged homes. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 48 (2006) 852-858
84. Waipara N.W. A Method to Asses the Lethal Effect of uv-C Irradiation of Fungal Spores on a Dry Surface (1998), National Veterinary Institute, Oslo
85. Warris A., Gaustad P., Meis J.F.G.M., Voss A., Verweij P.E., and Abrahamsen T.G. Recovery of filamentous fungi from water in a paediatric bone marrow transplantation unit. Journal of Hospital Infection 47 (2001) 143-148
86. Warris A., Klaassen C.H.W., Meis J.F.G.M., de Ruiter M.T., de Valk H.A., Abrahamsen T.G., Gaustad P., and Verweij P.E. Molecular epidemiology of Aspergillus fumigatus isolates recovered from water, air and patients shows two clusters of genetically distinct strains. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 41 (2003) 4101-4106
87. Warris A., Voss A., Abrahamsen T.G., and Verweij P.E. Contamination of hospital water with Aspergillus fumgatus and other moulds. Clinical Infectious Diseases 34 (2002) 1159-1160
88. West PR, 1986. Isolation rates and characterization of fungi in drinking water distribution systems. In: Proceedings of the Water Quality Technology Conference. American Water Works Association, Portland, OR, pp. 457-473.
89. White D.A. Aspergillus pulmonary infections in transplant recipients. Clinics in Chest Medicine 26 (2005) 661-674
90. Zacheus O.M., and Martikainen P.J. Occurrence of heterotrophic bacteria and fungi in cold and hot water distribution systems using water of different quality. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 41 (1995) 1088-1094