Pharmacological and other beneficial effects of anti- Nutritional factors in plants - A review

African Journal of Biotechnology

Volumn 7, Issue 25, 2008, Pages 4713-4721

  Soetan, K O ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN   (Nigeria)

Author keywords

Anti nutritional factors; Beneficial effects; Pharmacological; Plants

Indexed keywords

ALKALOID; OXALIC ACID; PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININ; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; SAPONIN; TANNIN;

DRUG ACTIVITY; FERMENTATION; GERMINATION; MEDICINAL PLANT; NONHUMAN; PLANT; REVIEW;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 58649100451     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16845315     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (154)

1. Aerts RJ, Barry TN, McNabb WC (1999). Polyphenols and Agriculture: Beneficial effects of proanthocyanidins in forages. Agriculture, Ecosyst. Environ. 75: 1-2.
2. Agarwal SK, Rastogi RP (1974). Triterpenoid saponins and their genins: Phytochemistry 13: 2623.
3. Aguwa CN, Okonji CO (1986). Antifungal effects of extracts of some Nigerian herbal plants. J. Ethnopharmacol. 15: 45.
4. Akiyama T, Ogawara H. (1991). Use and specificity of genistein as inhibitor of protein-tyrosine kinases. Methods Enzymol. 201: 362-370.
5. Aletor VA (1993). Allelochemicals in Plant Food and Feedingstuffs I. Nutritional, Biochemical and Physiopathological aspects in Animal Production. J. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 35(1): 57-67.
6. Aletor VA (1999). Antinutritional factors as nature's paradox in Food and Nutrition securities. Inaugural lecture series 15 Delivered at the Federal University of Technology, Akure on Thur, August 12, 1999.
7. Allport Noel (1970). Drugs containing tannins,. In: Chemistry and Pharmacy of vegetable drugs.
8. Al-Saleh AHH, Mira M (1993). Chemical constituents of some medical plants growing in Britain LXIV 3: 251.
9. Arao T, Udayama M, Kinjo J, Nohara T (1998). Preventive effects of saponins from the Peureria lobata root on in-vitro immunological liver injury of rat primary hepatocyte culture. Plant. Med. 64(5): 413-416.
10. Ayres MP, Clausen TP, MacLean S, Redman AM, Reichardt PB (1997). Diversity of structure and antiherbivore activity in condensed tannins. Ecology 78: 1696-1712.
11. Bernays EA, Cooper DG, Bilgener M (1989). Herbivores and plant tannins. In: Begon, M, Fitter AH, Ford ED, MacFadyen A (Eds): Advances in Ecological Research, 19, Academic Press, London, pp. 263-302.
12. Blazovics A, Pronai L, Feher J, Kery A, Petri G (1993). A natural anti- oxidant extract from Sempervivum tectorum. Phytother. Res. 7: 95-97.
13. Bors W, Heller W, Michel C, Saron M (1990). Flavonoids as anti-oxidants: Determination of radical scavenging effeciencies. Methods. Enzymol. 186: 343.
14. Bradbury RB, White DE (1954). Oestrogens and related substances in plants. Vitam. Horm. 12: 207-212.
15. Butler LG (1989). Effects of condensed tannin on animal nutrition. In: ''Chemistry and significance of condensed tannins'' R.W. Hemingway and J.J.Karchesy Eds. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 391-402.
16. Campbell JB (1993). Saponins-Adjuvants: Theory and Practical Applications, Edited by DES Stewart-Tull, Chapter 4, (In press). Butterworth-Heinemann Inc. Toronto, London, New York.
17. Chao AO, Nguyen JV, Broughall M, Recchia J, Kensil CR, Daddona PE, Fix JA (1998). Enhancement of intestin al model compound transport by DS-1,a modified Quillaia saponin. J. Pharm. Sci. 87(11): 1395-1399.
18. Cheeke PR (1971). Nutritional and physiological implications of saponins. A Review. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 51: 621-632.
19. Cheeke PR (1983). Nutritional and Physiological properties of saponins Nutr. Rep. Intn'l. 13: 315.
20. Cheeke PR, Fenwick GR (1990). The Chemistry and Biological significance of saponins in foods and feeding stuffs. Int. Rev. Food. Sci. Nutr. 157: 62.
21. Chowdhurry AKA, Jahirullah IJ, Tabukder SA, Khan AKA (1987). Diuretic activities of saponins of Vigna spp. J. Bangladesh Acad. Sci. 11: 75.
22. Clark JW, Santos-Moore A, Stevenson LE, Frackelton AR (1996). Effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors on the proliferation of human breast cancer lines and proteins important in the RAS signaling pathway. Int. J. Cancer 65: 186-191.
23. Constantinou A, Huberman E (1995). Genistein as an inducer of tumour cell differentiation: Possible mechanisms of action. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 208: 109-115.
24. Crouse JR, Morgan T, Terry JG, Ellis J, Vitolins M, Burke GL (1999). A randomized trial comparing the effect of casein with that of soy protein containing varying amounts of isoflavones on plasma concentrations of lipids and lipoproteins. Arch. Int. Med. 159(17): 2070-2076.
25. Dalais FS, Ebeling PR, Kotsopoulos D, McGrath BP, Teede HJ (2003). The effects of soy protein containing isoflavones on lipids and indices of bone resorption in post menopausal women. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 58(6): 704-709.
26. Das MC, Mahato SB (1983). Triterpenoids (Review): Phytochemistry 22: 1071.
27. DeEds F (1968). In Comprehensive Biochemistry (M. Florkin and E.H. Storz eds) Elsevier Publishing Co. Amsterdam. 20: 127-177.
28. Ebana RUB, Madunagu BE, Ekpe ED, Otung IN (1991). Microbiological exploitation of cardiac glycosides and alkaloids from Garcinia kola, Boreria ocynoides, Kola nitida and Citrus aurantifolia. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 71: 398-401.
29. Ekong E (1989). Medicinal plants research in Nigeria. Retrospects and prospects,. In: The state of medicinal plants research in Nigeria (SMPRN Sofowora (Ed), Ibadan University Press, pp. 1-10.
30. Elgamal MHA, Shaker KH, Pollman K, Seifert K (1995). Phytochemistry 40(4): 1233-1236.
31. Enomoto Y, Ito K, Kawagoe Y, Morio Y, Yamasaki Y (1986). Inotropic effects of Acanthopanax gracilistylus saponins on guinea pig cardiac muscle. Br. J. Pharmacol. 88: 259.
32. Fahey GC, Jung HJG (1989). Phenolic compounds in forages and fibrous feedstuffs. In: Toxicants of Plant Origin,CRC Press;Boca Raton,FL, pp. 123-190.
33. Fenwick GR, Heaney RK, Mullin WJ (1983). Glucosinolates and their breakdown products in foods and food plants. CRC Crit. Rev. Food. Sci. Nutri. 18: 123-201.
34. th Ed). Longman Scientific Technical. England. pp 415-417.
35. Fotsis T, Pepper M, Adlercreutz H (1993). Genistein, a dietary-derived inhibitor of in-vitro angiogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. sci. 90: 2690-2694.
36. Ferriola PC, Cody V, Middleton E (1989). Protein kinase C inhibition by plant flavonoids: Kinetic mechanisms and structure-activity relationships. Biochem. Pharmacol. 38: 1617.
37. Freeland WJ, Calcott PH, Geiss DP (1985). Allelochemicals, minerals and herbivore population size. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 13: 195-206.
38. Gatehouse AMR, Deurey FM, Dove J, Fenton KA, Puszai A (1984). Effect of seed lectins from Phaseolus vulgaris on the development of Cacallosobruchus maculates mechanism of toxicity. J. Sci. Food Agric 25: 373-380.
39. Gatehouse AMR, Gatehouse JA, Bodie P, Kilmnoster AM, Boulter D (1979). Biochemical basis of insect resistance in Vigna unguiculata. J. Sci. Food. Agric.30: 948-958.
40. Gatehouse AMR, Home DS, Elemming JE, Hilder UA, Gatehouse JA (1991). Biochemical basis of insect resistance in winged bean (Phosphocarpus tetragonolobus) seeds. J. Sci. Food. Agric. 55: 63-74.
41. Gatehouse AMR, Shackky SJ, Fenton KA, Bryden J, Pustai A (1989). Mechanism of seed lectin tolerance by a major insect storage pests of Phaseolus vulgaris, Acanthoccelides obtectus. J. Sci. Food. Agric. 47: 269-280.
42. George AJ (1965). Legal status and toxicity of saponins. Unilever Research Laboratories, Guest Reviews. Food Cosmetol. Toxicol. 3:85-91.
43. Gomes A, Charma RM, Ghatak BJR (1987). Analgesic effects of Olean-12-ene-3(3-16,228,28,Tetrol in the rat.
44. Griminger P, Fisher H (1958). Dietary saponin and plasma cholesterol in the chicken. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 99: 424-426.
45. Gu W, Liu J, Zhang J, Liu X (1987). Pharmaceutical applications of saponins. J. Med. Coll. PLA 2: 315.
46. Hanada R, Abe F, Yamauchi T (1992). Steroid glycosides from Nerium odorium. Phytochemistry 31(9): 3183.
47. Handa SS, Chawla AS, Sharma AK (1992). Plants with anti-inflammatory activity. Fitoterapia LXIII,1,3.
48. Harborne JB (1967). Comparative biochemistry of the flavonoids., Academic Press, London. 9: 80-303.
49. Harborne JB, Marbry TJ, Marbry H (1975). The flavonoids. Chapman and Hall, London. 4: 1022.
50. Hoffman J, Droppler W, Jakob A, Maley K. (1988). Effects of Quercetin on Protein Kinase C. Inlem J. Cancer 42: 382.
51. Hongping P, Ling H, Zhan Z, Gang L, Xijun, H, Zhiming H (1993). Experimental studies on anti-aging effect of total saponin from stalk and leaf sanchi (Panax natoginseng). Chem. Abs. 120(11): 95.
52. Huong NT, Matsumoto K, Kasai R, Yamasaki K, Watanabe H (1998). In-vitro anti-oxidant activity of Vietnamese Ginseng saponin and its components. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 21(9): 978-981.
53. Igile GO (1995). Phytochemical and Biological studies on some constituents of Vernonia amygdalina (Compositae) leaves. P.hD Thesis, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
54. James SL, Pearce EJ (1988). The influence of adjuvant on induction of protective immunity by a nonliving vaccine against Schistosomiasis. J. Immunol.140: 2753.
55. Janzen DH, Juster HB, Liener IE (1976). Insecticidal action of the phytohaemagglutinins in black beans on a bruchid beetle. Science 192: 795-796.
56. Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Jackson CJ (2002). Effects of high- and low-isoflavone soyfoods on blood lipids, oxidized LDL, homocysteine and blood pressure in hyperlipidaemic men and women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 76(2): 365-372.
57. Johnson IT, Gee JM, Price K, Curl C, Fenwick GR (1986). Influence of saponin on gut permeability and active nutrient transport in-vitro.116:2270- 2277.
58. Jones WA, Sullivan MJ (1979). Soybean resistance to the southern green stink bug Nezera viridula. J. Econ. Entomol. 72: 628-632.
59. Joslyn MA, Glic Z (1969). Comparative effects of gallotanic acid and related phenolics on the growth of rats. J. Nutr. 98: 119-126.
60. Jun HK, Park KY, Jo JB (1989). Inhibitory effects of ginseng saponins on aflatoxin production in culture. Chem. Abstr. 106: 116-199.
61. Just MJ, Recsio MC, Giner RM, Cuellar Mj, Marez S, Bilia AR, Rios J (1998). Anti-inflammatory activity of usual Lupane saponins from Bulerum fruiticescens. Planta Med. 64(5): 404-407.
62. Kim JY, Germolec DR, Luster MI (1990). Panax ginseng as a potential immunomodulator, studies in mice. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 12: 257.
63. Koratkar R, Rao AV (1997). Effect of soyabean saponins on azoxymethane-induced preneoplastic lesions in the colon of mice. Nutr. Cancer 27: 206-209.
64. Krammer RP, Hindorf H, Jha HC, Kallage J, Zilliken F (1984). Antifungal activity of soyabean and cowpea isoflavones and their reduced derivatives. Phytochemistry. 23(10): 2203.
65. Kuo SM (1996). Antiproliferative potency of structurally distinct dietary flavonoids on human colon cancer cells. Cancer Lett. 110: 41-48.
66. Kuo SM, Morehouse HF, Lin CP (1997). Effect of antiproliferative flavonoids on ascorbic acid accumulation in human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Cancer Lett. 16: 31-137.
67. Kupchan SM, Bauerschmidt E (1971). In vitro effects of soy flavonoids on malignant cell cultures II. Phytochemistry. 10: 664
68. Kupchan SM, Sigel CW, Knox JR, Udayamurthy MS (1969). Effect of flavonoids on malignant cell cultures I. J. Org. Chem. 34: 1460.
69. Kyle E, Neckers L, Takimoto C, Curt G, Bergan R (1997). Genistein-induced apoptosis of prostate cancer cells is preceded by a specific decrease in focal adhesion kinase activity. Mol. Pharmacol. 51: 193-200.
70. Larson RA (1988). The anti-oxidants of higher plants. Review article No.30. Phytochemistry 27 (4),969.
71. Lasisi OT, Soetan KO, Fafunso MA, Aiyelaagbe OO (2003). Effects of condensed saponins on hatching of bovine gastrointestinal nematodes in vitro. Niger. Vet. J. 24(3): 30-34.
72. Lewis JA, Starkey RL (1968). Vegetable tannins, their composition and effects on decomposition of some organic compounds. Soil Sci. 106: 241-247.
73. Li J, Tao R, Ma KC, Zhang QJ (1988). Effect of red ginseng saponins on serum corticosterone levels in mice. Shenyang Yaozveyuam xvebao 4,249. Chem. Abstr.108: 49310.
74. Lion C (1985a). Shampoos and cleaning solution containing acylamino acid salts. Saponins. Abstr. 102: 119421.
75. Lion C (1985b). Hair preparations containing surfactants, alcohols, fatty acids, esters and saponins. Chem. Abstr. 102: 209145.
76. Lion C (1985c). Shampoos containing sugar alcohol, esters and saponins. Chem. Abstr. 102: 1191122.
77. Lichtenstein AH, Jalbert SM, Adlercreutz H (2002). Lipoprotein response to diets high in soy or animal protein with and without isoflavones in moderately hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 22(11): 1852-1858.
78. Malinow MR, McLaughlin P, Stafford C (1977). Effects of alfalfa saponins on intestinal cholesterol absorption in rats. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 30: 2061-2067.
79. Malinow MR, McNaughty AL, Kohler GO (1985). Effects of synthetic glycosides on cholesterol absorption. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 23: 454.
80. Marhuenda E, Marbin MJ, delaCastra CA (1993). Anti-ulcerogenic activity of Aescine in different experimental models. Phytother. Res. 7: 13.
81. Mehansho H, Butler KG, Carlson DM (1987). Dietary tannins and salivary praline-rich proteins: Interaction,induction and defence mechanisms. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 7: 423-440.
82. Merck Index (1960). Prevention of dietary hypercholesterolaemia in the rat by soyabean and Quillaja saponins. Nutr. Rep. Int. 29: 1039.
83. Messina MJ (1999). Legumes and soybeans: Overview of their nutritional profiles and health effects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 70(3): 439-450.
84. Messina MJ, Barnes S (1991). The role of soy products in reducing risk of cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 83: 541 -546.
85. Molan AL, Duncan A, Barry TN, McNabb WC (2000a). Effects of condensed tannins and sesquiterpen lactones extracted from chicory on the viability of deer lungworm larvae. Proc. New Zealand Soc. Anim. Prod. 60: 25-29.
86. Molan AL, Hoskin SO, Barry TN, McNabb WC (2000b). Effect of condensed tannins extracted from four forages on the viability of the deer lungworms and gastrointestinal nematodes. Vet. Rec. 147: 44-48.
87. Molan AL, Waghorn GC, McNabb WC (2002). Effect of condensed tannins on egg hatching and larval development of Trichostrongylus colubriformis in vitro. Vet. Rec. 150: 65-69.
88. Mori A, Mishimo C, Enoki N, Tawata S (1987). Antibacterial activity and mode of action of plant flavonoids against Proteus vulgaris and Staphylococcus aureus. Phytochemistry. 26(8): 2231.
89. Morris B (2003). Biofunctional legumes with nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and industrial uses. Econ. Bot. (57): 254-261.
90. Nahrstedt A (1988). The significance of secondary metabolites for interaction between plants and insects. Plant Med. 35: 333-338.
91. Naik HR, Lehr JE, Pienta KJ (1994). An in-vitro and in-vivo study of antitumour effects of genistein on hormone refractory prostate cancer. Anticancer Res. 14: 2617-2620.
92. Nakayama T, Yamada M, Osava T, Kawakishi S (1993). Suppression of active oxygen-induced cytotoxicity by flavonoids. Biochem. Pharmacol. 45(1): 265-267.
93. Negre-Salvayre A, Salvayre R (1992). Quercetin prevents the cytotoxicity of oxidized LDL on lymphoid cell lines. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 12: 101-106.
94. Niezen JH, Waghorn TS, Charleston WAG, Waghorn GC (1995). Growth and gastrointestinal nematode parasitism in lambs grazing either Lucerne (Medicago sativa) or sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) which contains condensed tannins. J. Agric. Sci. (Cam) 125: 281-289.
95. Oakenfull DG (1981). Saponins in Food - A Review. Food chem. 6(19): 21-23.
96. Oakenfull DG, Sidhu GS (1983). A physico-chemical explanation for the effects of dietary saponins on cholesterol and bile salt metabolism. sm. Nutr. Rep. Int. 27: 1253-1259.
97. Oakenfull DG, Sidhu GS (1989). Saponins. In: Toxicants of plant origin. 2, Glycosides, edited by P. R. Cheeke, CRC Press. Inc. Florida. 4: 97.
98. Ogbonna AI, Makut MD, Gyar SD, Adamu EU (2007). Antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of the seeds of Ricinus communis L. Niger. J. Biotechnol. 18(1-2): 40-43.
99. Okubo K, Kudou S, Uchida T, Yoshiki Y, Yoshikoshi M, Tonomura M (1994). Soybean saponin and isoflavonoids: Structure and antiviral activity against Human Immunodeficiency virus in-vitro. A Cs.Symp.Ser.1994, Food Phytochem. Cancer Prevent. I. 330-339.
100. Oleszec W, Jurzysta M, Gorski PM (1992). Alfalfa saponins - The allelopathic agents. In: Allelopathy, Basic and Aspects, Chapter 2, pg 151. Eds. Rizvi SJH and Rizvi V. From Allium vineale. Bioact. Nat. Prod. 1993, 349-403.
101. Oleszec W, Price KP, Colquhoun IJ, Jurzysta M, Ploszynski M, Fenwick GR (1990). Isolation and identification of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L) root saponins,their activity in relation to a fungal bioassay. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 38: 1810-1817.
102. Osagie AU (1998). Antinutritional factors. In: Nat. Qual. Plant Foods. pp 221-244.
103. Oteake N, Seto H, Ra S, Zeni F, Kobayashi E (1987). Cytotoxic preparations from Glycyrrhiza glabra. Japans Patent 62240696. Chem. Abstr. 109: 11715.
104. Pagliacci MC, Smacchia M, Migliorati G, Grignana F, Riccardio C, Nicoletti I (1994). Growth-inhibitory effects of the natural phytoestrogen genistein in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Eur. J. Cancer 30A: 1675-1682.
105. Panthong A, Tasseneeyakul W, Reutrakul P (1989).Comparative studies on the anti-inflammatory activity of 5,7-dimethoxyflavone on rat oedema model. Planta Med. 55: 133.
106. Peterson G, Barnes S (1991). Genistein inhibition of the growth of human breast cancer cells: Independence from oestrogen receptors and the multi-drug resistance gene. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 179: 661-667.
107. Peterson G, Barnes S (1993). Genistein and biochanin A inhibit the growth of human prostate cancer cells but not epidermal growth factor receptor autophosphorylation. Proatate 22: 335-345.
108. Peterson G, Barnes S (1996). Genistein inhibits both estrogen and growth factor-stimulated proliferation of human breast cancer cells. Cell Growth Differ 7: 1345-1351.
109. Peterson G, Coward L, Kirk M, Falany C, Barnes S (1996). The role of metabolism in mammary epithelial growth inhibition by the isoflavones genistein and biochanin A. Carcinogenesis 17: 1861-1869.
110. Philipson JD, Wright CW, Kirby GC, Warhust DC (1993). Tropical plants as sources of antiprotozoal agents. Recent Adv. Phytochem. 27: 140.
111. Powers JJ (1964). Proc. Fourth Intn'l Symposium on Food Microbiology (Gateborg, Sweden). pp5795.
112. Price KR, Fenwick GR (1990). The Chemistry and Biological significance of saponins in foods and feedingstuffs. Int. Rev. Food. Sci. Nutr.157: 62.
113. Rajkumar S, Jebanesan A (2003). Oviposition and ovicidal activities of alkaloidal extract from Murraya koenigii against vector mosquitoes. Nig. J. Nat. Prod. Med. (7): 16-19.
114. Rankin SM, DeWhalley CV, Hoult S, Jessup W, Willins GM, Collard J, Leake DS (1993). The modification of low density lipoprotein by the flavonoids Myricentin and Gossypetin. Biochem. Pharmacol. 45(1):67-75.
115. Rao AV (1996). Anticarcinogenic properties of plant saponins. Second Intn'l Symp. on the role of soy in preventing and treating chronic disease, Sept.15-18,1996, Brussells, Belgium.
116. Rauth S, Kichina J, Green A (1997). Inhibition of growth and induction of differentiation of metastatic melanoma cells in vitro by genistein: Chemosensitivity is regulated by cellular p53. Br. J. Cancer 75: 1559-1566.
117. Robbins RC (1973). Physiological effects of plant flavonoids. J. Chem. Pharm. 4: 271.
118. Ruiz-Larrea MB, Mohan AR, Raganga G, Miller NJ, Bolwell GR, Rice-Evans CA (1997). Anti-oxidant activity of phytoestrogenic isoflavones. Free Radic. Res. 26(1): 63-70.
119. Sagara M, Kanda TM (2004). Effects of dietary intake of soy protein and isoflavones on cardiovascular disease risk factors in high risk, middle-aged men in Scotland. J. Am. Clin. Nutr. 23(1): 85-91.
120. Sanders TA, Dean TS, Grainger D, Miller GJ, Wiseman H (2002). Moderate intakes of intact soy protein rich in isoflavones compared with ethanol-extracted soy protein increase HDL but do not influence transforming growth factor beta (I) concentrations and haemostatic risk factors for coronary heart disease in healthy subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 76(2): 373-377.
121. Santibanez JF, Navarro A, Martinez J (1997). Genistein inhibits proliferation and in-vitro invasive potential of human prostatic cancer cell lines. Anticancer Res. 17: 1199-1204.
122. Saponins Research Information.htm file//A:/.online access.
123. Schimel JP, Van Cleve K, Cates RG, Clausen TP, Reichardt PB (1996). Effects of balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera) tannins and low molecular weight phenolics on antimicrobial activity in taiga floodplain soil. Implications for changes in N cycling during succession. Can. J. Bot. 74: 84-90.
124. Scholar EM, Toewa ML (1994). Inhibition of invasion of murine mammary carcinoma cells by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein. Cancer Lett. 87: 159-162.
125. Schopke TH, Hiller K (1990). Triterpenoid saponins, Part 6. Die Pharamazie. 45: 313-342.
126. Sharma HC, Norris DM (1991). Chemical basis of resistance in soybean to cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni. J. Sci. Food. Agric. 55: 353-364.
127. Sharon W, Lis H (1970). Lectin: Cell-agglutinating and sugar-specific proteins. Science 1777: 949-959.
128. Shibata H (1977). Saponins with biological and pharmaceutical activity. In: New Natural Products and Plant Drugs with Pharmacological, Biological and Therapeutical Activity, Wagner and Wulff, Eds, Berlin, 177.
129. Shimoyamada A, Susulki M, Sonta H, Maruyama M, Okubo K (1990). Antifungal activity of the saponin fraction obtained from Asparagus officinale L. and its active principle. Agric. Biol. Chem. 54(10): 2553-2557.
130. Simoes CMO, Shenkel EP, Baver L, Lageloh A (1988). Anti-inflammatory activity of flavonoids. J. Ethnopharmacol. 23: 281.
131. Soetan KO, Oyekunle MA, Aiyelaagbe OO, Fafunso MA (2006). Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of saponins extract of Sorghum bicolor L. Moench. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 5(23): 2405-2407.
132. Sofowora A (1982). Medicinal plants and traditional medicine in Africa. Spectrum Books Ltd, Ibadan, Nigeria. pp 26-32.
133. Sokolov S (1986). Psychotropic and anti-inflammatory effects of Aralosides A, B and C in mice Adv. Med. Phytochem. (Ed. Proc. Intnl. Symp. 1985).
134. So FV, Guthrie N, Chambers AF, Moussa M, Carroll KK (1996). Inhibition of human breast cell proliferation by flavonoids and citrus juice. Nutr. Cancer. 26: 167-181.
135. Soy Isoflavones: Micronutrient Information Center: The Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon tate University. http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/ phytochemicals/soyiso/index.html.
136. Srinivasan S, Lucas T, Burrowes CB, Saroyer PW (1973). Effects of flavonoids on micro-circulation. European Conference Microcircu-lation 6,394. Chem. Abstr. 76: 121485.
137. Takashi I, Keiichi U,Hisayuki R (1986). Gourd saponins as antioxidants in oils, foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Chem. Abstr. 105: 151815.
138. Tanner GJ, Joseph RG, Li YG, Larkin PJ (1997). Towards bloat safe pastures, Feedmix.
139. Tkahama U, Youngman RJ, Elatner EF (1984). Flavonoids: Quenches molecular oxygen species. Phytobiochem. Phytobiophys. 17: 175.
140. Topping DL, Storer GB, Calvert GG (1980). Effects of dietary saponins on faecal bile acids and neutral sterols, plasma lipid and lipid turnover in the pig. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33: 783.
141. VanEtten HD (1976). Antifungal activity of Pterocarpans and other selected isoflavonoids. Phytochemistry 15: 656-659.
142. Visconti A, Solfrizzo M (1994). Isolation, Characterization and Biological activity of Visoltricin, a novel metabolite of Fusarum tricinctum. J. Agric. Food Chem. 42: 195-199.
143. Wakabayashi C, Hasegawa H, Murata T, Ichiyama M, Saiki I (1997). Expression of in-vivo antimetastatic effect of ginseng protopanaxtriol saponins is mediated by their intestinal bacterial metabolites after oral administration. Chem. Abstr. 129(7): 44.
144. Waller GR, Jurzysta M, Thorne ZLR (1993). Allelopathic activity of root saponins from alfalfa on weeds and wheat. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sci. 34: 1-11.
145. Wang B, Chui J, Liu A (1985). Mice myocardium protective effects of ginseng leaf saponins. Adv. Clin. Med. Mater. Res. Int. Symp. p. 519.
146. Yamaguchi A (1993). Antidiabetics containing aqueous extract of Pittosporum plants. Jpn. Kokai. Tokyo. Koho. JP 05,271,086. Chem. Abst. 129.
147. Yamasaki Y, Ito K, Enomoto Y, Sutko JL (1987). Inotropic effects of panax quinqueflium saponins on guineapig cardiac muscles. Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 897: 481.
148. Yang T, Huang X, Wang W (1986). Anti-inflammatory effects of ginseng saponins in mice Zhongyao tongbao, II, III. Chem. 104: 178-184.
149. Yoshiki Y, Okubo K (1995). Active Oxygen Scavenging Activity of DDMP(2,3- Dihydro-2,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one) Saponin in soybean seed. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 59(8): 1556-1557.
150. You J, Wang X, Yan Y, Jin F, Huang B (1993). Effects of active constituents of Chinese herbal medicine on HMG-CA Reductase. Chem. Abs. 120(7): 70.
151. Zank HM (1991). Chasing the enzymes of secondary metabolism: Plant Cell Cultures as a point of goal. Phytochemistry, 309 (12): 3861-3863.
152. Zava DT, Duwe G (1997). Estrogenic and antiproliferative properties of genistein and other flavonoids in human breast cancer cells in-vitro. Nutr. Cancer. 27: 31-40.
153. Zhang S, Hu Z (1985). Anti-ulcerogenic effects of Ginseng flower saponins in the rat. Zhongyao. Tongbao, 10: 331. Chem. Abstr. 104: 512.
154. Zimber DE, Redersen MW, Mcquire CF (1965). A bioassay for alfalfa saponins using the fungus, Trichoderma viridae pers. Ex. Fr. Crop. Sci. 7: 223-224.