Is voting skin-deep? Estimating the effect of candidate ballot photographs on election outcomes

Journal of Economic Psychology

Volumn 30, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 61-70

  Leigh, Andrew ^a   Susilo, Tirta ^a  

^a AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Beauty; Elections; Facial characteristics; Race

Indexed keywords

EID: 58549105306     PISSN: 01674870     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.joep.2008.07.008     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Adams W.C. Candidate characteristics, office of election, and voter responses. Experimental Study of Politics 4 (1975) 76-91
2. Aidt T.S. Economic voting and information. Electoral Studies 19 (2000) 349-362
3. Antonovics K., and Knight B. A New look at racial profiling: Evidence from the Boston Police Department. NBER working paper 10634 (2004), NBER, Cambridge
4. Banducci, A. A., Thrasher, M., Rallings, C., & Karp, J. A. (2003). Candidate appearance cues in low-information elections. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, PA.
5. Berggren N., Jordahl H., and Poutvaara P. The looks of a winner: Beauty, gender and electoral success. IZA discussion paper 2311 (2006), IZA, Bonn
6. Brennan J., and Lomasky L. Democracy and decision: The pure theory of electoral preference (1993), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
7. Caplan B. The myth of the rational voter: Why democracies choose bad policies (2007), Princeton University Press, Princeton
8. Donohue J., and Levitt S. The impact of race on policing and arrests. Journal of Law and Economics 44 (2001) 367-394
9. Eberhardt J.L. Imaging race. American Psychologist 60 2 (2005) 181-190
10. Fiske S.T., and Taylor S.E. Social cognition (1991), McGraw-Hill, New York
11. Golby A.J., Gabrieli J.D.E., Chiao J.Y., and Eberhardt J.L. Differential responses in the fusiform region to same-race and other-race faces. Nature Neuroscience 4 8 (2001) 845-850
12. Goldsmith A.H., Hamilton D., and Darity W. Shades of discrimination: Skin tone and wages. American Economic Review 96 2 (2006) 242-245
13. Goldsmith A.H., Hamilton D., and Darity W. From dark to light: Skin color and wages among African-Americans. Journal of Human Resources 42 4 (2007) 701-738
14. Goot M. The aboriginal franchise and its consequences. Australian Journal of Politics and History 52 4 (2006) 517-561
15. Hamermesh D.S. Changing looks and changing "discrimination": The beauty of economists. Economics Letters 93 3 (2006) 405-412
16. Hersch J. Skin tone effects among African Americans: Perceptions and reality. American Economic Review 96 2 (2006) 251-255
17. Hersch J. Profiling the new immigrant worker: The effects of skin color and height. Journal of Labor Economics 26 2 (2008) 345-386
18. Jablonski N.G. Skin: A natural history (2006), University of California Press, Berkeley
19. Jaensch D. The northern territory election of 18 August 2001. Australian Journal of Political Science 37 1 (2002) 161-164
20. In: Jaensch D., and Loveday P. (Eds). Under one flag: The 1980 northern territory election (1981), Allen and Unwin, Sydney
21. King A., and Leigh A. Beautiful politicians. Working paper (2006), Australian National University, Canberra
22. Klein M., and Rosar U. Physische Attraktivität und Wahlerfolg. Eine empirische Analyse am Beispiel der Wahlkreiskandidaten bei der Bundestagswahl 2002. Politische Vierteljahresschrift 46 2 (2005) 266-290
23. Langlois J.H., Kalakanis L., Rubenstein A.J., Larson A., Hallam M., and Smoot M. Maxims or myths of beauty? A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin 126 3 (2000) 390-423
24. Lupia A. Shortcuts versus encyclopedias - Information and voting-behavior in California insurance reform elections. American Political Science Review 88 1 (1994) 63-76
25. Maddox K.B., and Gray S.A. Cognitive representations of black Americans: Reexploring the role of skin tone. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 28 (2002) 250-259
26. Mason P.L. Annual income, hourly wages, and identity among Mexican-Americans and other Latinos. Industrial Relations 43 4 (2004) 817-834
27. Matsusaka J.G. Direct democracy works. Journal of Economic Perspectives 19 2 (2005) 185-206
28. McDermott M.L. Race and gender cues in low-information elections. Political Research Quarterly 51 4 (1998) 895-918
29. Nosek B.A., Banaji M.R., and Greenwald A.G. Harvesting implicit group attitudes and beliefs from a demonstration website. Group Dynamics 6 1 (2002) 101-115
30. Phelps E.A., and Thomas L.A. Race, behavior, and the brain: The role of neuroimaging in understanding complex social behaviors. Political Psychology 24 4 (2002) 747-758
31. Price J., and Wolfers J. Racial discrimination among NBA referees. NBER working paper no. 13206 (2007), NBER, Cambridge
32. Rhodes G. The evolutionary psychology of facial beauty. Annual Review of Psychology 57 (2006) 199-226
33. Shepheard B. Northern territory electoral commission annual report 2004-2005 (2005), NTEO, Darwin
34. Sigelman L., and Sigelman C.K. Sexism, racism, and ageism in voting behavior: An experimental analysis. Social Psychology Quarterly 45 4 (1982) 263-269
35. Stauffer J.M., and Buckley M.R. The existence and nature of racial bias in supervisory ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology 90 3 (2005) 586-591
36. Stoll M., Raphael S., and Holzer H. Black job applicants and the hiring officer's race. Industrial and Labor Relations Review 57 2 (2004) 267-287
37. Terkildsen N. When white voters evaluate black candidates: The processing implications of candidate skin color, prejudice, and self-monitoring. American Journal of Political Science 37 4 (1993) 1032-1053
38. Todorov A., Mandisodza A.N., Goren A., and Hall C.C. Inference of competence from faces predict electoral outcomes. Science 308 (2005) 1623-1626
39. Worthington G. Northern territory election 2001. Parliamentary library research note 3, 2001-02 (2001), Parliament of Australia, Canberra