Ethical decision-making differences between american and moroccan managers

Journal of Business Ethics

Volumn 84, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 457-478

  Oumlil, A Ben ^a   Balloun, Joseph L ^b  

^a WESTERN CONNECTICUT STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b MERCER UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Business ethics; Culture; Decision making; Executives; Moral personal philosophies; Morocco; Social responsibility; U.S.

Indexed keywords

EID: 58149523118     PISSN: 01674544     EISSN: 15730697     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10551-008-9719-y     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. J. Al-khatib M. Y. A. Rawwas Z. Swaidan 2005 The Ethical Challenges of Global Business-to-Business Negotiations: An Empirical Investigation of Developing Countries' Marketing Managers' Journal of Marketing Theory & Practice 13 4 46 60
2. J. C. Andrews 1989 The Dimensionality of Beliefs Toward Advertising in General Journal of Advertising 18 1 26 35
3. R. W. Armstrong 1996 The Relationship Between Culture and Perception of Ethical Problems in International Marketing Journal of Business Ethics 15 1199 1208
4. R. Bartels 1967 A Model for Ethics in Marketing Journal of Marketing 31 1 20 26
5. L. Blasor 2006 Women's Business Institute Promotes New Firms Caribbean Business 34 4 48
6. S. A. Bowen 2004 Organizational Factors Encouraging Ethical Decision Making: An Exploration into the Case of an Exemplar Journal of Business Ethics 52 4 311 324
7. E. P. Charles 2005 The Correction for Attenuation due to Measurement Errors: Clarifying Concepts and Creating Confidence Sets Psychological Methods 10 2 206 236
8. L. B. Chonko S. D. Hunt 1985 Ethics and Marketing Management: An Empirical Examination Journal of Business Research 13 4 339 359
9. B. Church J. C. Gaa K. S. M. Nainar M. M. Shehata 2005 Experimental Evidence Relating to the Person-Situation Interactionist Model of Ethical Decision Making Business Ethics Quarterly 15 3 363 383
10. W. Cunningham R. Green 1984 From the Editors Journal of Marketing 48 1 9 10
11. de Mooij M. (2004), Consumer Behavior and Culture. (Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks: CA)
12. R. J. Dornoff C. B. Tankersley 1975 Perceptual Differences in Market Transactions: A Source of Consumer Frustration Journal of Consumer Affairs 9 1 97 103
13. P. C. Douglas R. A. Davidson B. N. Schwartz 2001 The Effect of Organizational Culture and Ethical Orientation on Accountants' Ethical Judgments Journal of Business Ethics 34 2 101 121
14. M. G. S. Ekin S. H. Tezolmez 1999 Business Ethics in Turkey: An Empirical Investigation with Special Emphasis on Gender Journal of Business Ethics 18 17 34
15. A. Ergeneli 2005 A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Ethical Behavior in Business Related Dilemmas: A Comparison Among Turkish, Egyptian, Kirghiz and Kazak Marketing Employees Problems and Perspectives in Management 2 135 147
16. A. Ergeneli S. Arikan 2002 Gender Differences in Ethical Perceptions of Salespeople: An Empirical Examination in Turkey Journal of Business Ethics 40 3 247 260
17. Esmer Y. (1999), Devrim, Evrim, Satuko: Tuykiye'de Sosyal, Siyasal ve Ekonomik Degerler. (TESEV Yayinlari, Istanbul)
18. L. S. Feldt D. J. Woodruff F. A. Salih 1987 Statistical Inference for Coefficient Alpha Applied Psychological Measurement 11 1 93 103
19. R. Ferber 1977 Research by Convenience Journal of Consumer Research 4 1 57 58
20. O. C. Ferrell L. G. Gresham 1985 A Contingency Framework for Understanding Ethical Decision Making in Marketing Journal of Marketing 49 3 87 96
21. R. C. Ford W. D. Richardson 1994 Ethical Decision Making: A Review of the Empirical Literature Journal of Business Ethics 13 3 205 221
22. D. R. Forsyth 1980 A Taxonomy of Ethical Ideologies Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39 1 175 184
23. D. R. Forsyth 1992 Judging the Morality of Business Practices: The Influence of Personal Moral Philosophies Journal of Business Ethics 11 5/6 461 470
24. Gilligan, C.: 1982, In a Different Voice (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA)
25. D. Hanson B. Tranter 2006 Who are the Shareholders in Australia and What are Their Ethical Opinions? An Empirical Analysis Corporate Governance: An International Review 14 1 23 32
26. Hofstede G. (1980) Culture's Consequences. (Sage Publications, Inc., Beverly Hills, CA)
27. Hofstede G. (2001) Cultures Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations, 2nd edition. (Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA)
28. D. Huberman-Arnold K. Arnold 2003 Global Business Ethics and Codes Business & Professional Ethics Journal 22 2 71 88
29. S. Hudson G. Miller 2005 Ethical Orientation and Awareness of Tourism Students Journal of Business Ethics 62 4 383 396
30. A. Hunt 1997 Are Women more Ethical than Men? Baylor Business Review 15 1 7
31. S. D. Hunt L. Chonko 1984 Marketing and Machiavellianism Journal of Marketing 21 3 30 42
32. S. D. Hunt S. J. Vitell 1986 A General Theory of Marketing Ethics Journal of Macromarketing 6 1 5 16
33. Hunt S. D., S. J. Vitell (1993) The General Theory of Marketing Ethics: A Retrospective and Revision. In: N. C. Smith, J. A. Quelch (eds.), Ethics in Marketing (Irwin inc., Homewood, Il)
34. S. D. Hunt V. R. Wood L. B. Chonko 1989 Corporate Ethical Values and Organizational Commitment in Marketing Journal of Marketing 53 3 79 90
35. E. Jansen M. A. Von Glinow 1985 Ethical Ambivalence and Organizational Reward Systems Academy of Management Review 10 4 814 822
36. Karande, K., M. N. Shankarmahesh, C. P. Rao and Z. M. Rashid: 2000, 'Perceived Moral Intensity, Ethical Perception, and Ethical Intention of American and Malaysian Managers: A Comparative Study', Inter- national Business Review 9(1) (February), 37-59
37. K. Karande C. P. Rao A. Singhapakdi 2002 Moral Philosophies of Marketing Managers: A Comparison of American, Australian, and Malaysian Cultures European Journal of Marketing 36 7/8 768 791
38. Y. Kim 2003 Ethical Standards and Ideology Among Korean Public Relations Practitioners Journal of Business Ethics 42 3 209 223
39. K. Klenke 2005 Corporate Values as Multi-Level, Multi-Domain Antecedents of Leader Behaviors International Journal of Manpower 26 1 50 66
40. J. Kujala T. Pietilainen 2004 Female Managers' Ethical Decision-Making: A Multidimensional Approach Journal of Business Ethics 53 1-2 153 163
41. B. W. Kulik 2005 Agency Theory, Reasoning and Culture at Enron: In Search of a Solution Journal of Business Ethics 59 4 347 360
42. Laczniac, G. R. and P. E. Murphy: 1993, Ethical Marketing Decisions: The Higher Road (Allyn & Bacon, Needham Heights, MA)
43. P. V. Lewis 1985 Defining Business Ethics': Like Nailing Jello to a Wall Journal of Business Ethics 4 5 377 383
44. Y. Lopez P. L. Rechner J. B. Olson-Buchanan 2005 Shaping Ethical Perceptions: An Empirical Assessment of the Influence of Business Education, Culture, and Demographic Factors Journal of Business Ethics 60 4 341 358
45. S. Lysonski W. Gaidis 1991 A Cross-Cultural Comparison of the Ethics of Business Students Journal of Business Ethics 10 2 141 150
46. F. L. Malone 2006 The Ethical Attitudes of Accounting Students Journal of American Academy of Business 8 1 142 146
47. O. A. J. Mascarenhas 1995 Exonerating Unethical Marketing Behaviors: A Diagnostic Framework Journal of Marketing 59 2 43 57
48. A. C. McCabe R. Ingram M. Dato-on 2006 The Business of Ethics and Gender Journal of Business Ethics 64 2 101 116
49. D. Melé P. Debeljuh M. C. Arruda 2006 Corporate Ethical Policies in Large Corporations in Argentina, Brazil and Spain Journal of Business Ethics 63 1 21 38
50. B. D. Metcalfe 2006 Exploring Cultural Dimensions of Gender and Management in the Middle East Thunderbird International Business Review 48 1 93 107
51. D. Miller S. Thomas 2005 The Impact of Relative Position and Relational Closeness on the Reporting of Unethical Acts Journal of Business Ethics 61 4 315 328
52. L. A. Mohr D. J. Webb 2005 The Effects of Corporate Social Responsibility and Price on Consumer Responses Journal of Consumer Affairs 39 1 121 147
53. R. M. Morgan S. D. Hunt 1994 The Commitment-Trust Theory of Relationship Marketing Journal of Marketing 58 3 20 38
54. Murphy P. E., G. R. Laczniak (1981) Marketing Ethics: A Review with Implications for Managers, Educators, and Researchers. In: B. M. Enis, A. J. Roering (eds) Review of Marketing. (American Marketing Association, Chicago, IL), 251-266
55. Nunnally, J. C.: 1978, Psychometric Theory, 2nd Edition (McGraw-Hill, New York), p. 245
56. A. Pomeroy 2005 Are Women more Ethical than Men? HR Magazine 50 7 12
57. S. R. Premeaux 2005 Undergraduate Student Perceptions Regarding Cheating: Tier 1 Versus Tier 2 AACSB Accredited Business Schools Journal of Business Ethics 62 4 407 418
58. Rallapalli, K. C.: 1994, Marketers' Norms: An Empirical Investigation of the Influence of Personal and Situational Factors on Marketers' Deontological Norms', Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation (University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS)
59. M. Y. A. Rawwas Z. Swaidan Z. M. Oyman 2005 Consumer Ethics: A Cross-Cultural Study of the Ethical Beliefs of Turkish and American Consumers Journal of Business Ethics 57 2 183 195
60. E. Reidenbach D. P. Robin L. Dawson 1991 An Application and Extension of a Multidimensional Ethics Scale to Selected Marketing Practices and Marketing Groups Journal of Academy of Marketing Science 19 Spring 83 92
61. Schwartz, M. S.: 2001, 'The Nature of the Relationship Between Corporate Codes of Ethics and Behaviour', Journal of Business Ethics 32(3) (August), 247-262
62. C. Simga-Mugan B. A. Daly D. Onkal L. Kavut 2005 The Influence of Nationality and Gender on Ethical Sensitivity: An Application of the Issue-Contingent Model Journal of Business Ethics 57 2 139 159
63. A. Singhapakdi 2004 Important Factors Underlying Ethical Intentions of Students: Implications for Marketing Education Journal of Marketing Education 26 3 261 270
64. A. Singhapakdi K. Karande C. P. Rao S. J. Vitell 2001 How Important are Ethics and Social Responsibility? European Journal of Marketing 35 1-2 133 152
65. Singhapakdi, A., J. K. Marta, K. C. Rallapalli and C. P. Rao: 2000b, 'Toward an Understanding of Religiousness and Marketing Ethics: An Empirical Study', Journal of Business Ethics 27(4) (October), 305-319
66. A. Singhapakdi J. K. M. Marta C. P. Rao M. Cicic 2001 Is Cross-Cultural Similarity an Indicator of Similar Marketing Ethics? Journal of Business Ethics 32 1 55 68
67. Singhapakdi A., S. Salyachivin, B. Virakul, V. Veerayangkur: 2000a, 'Some Important Factors Underlying Ethical Decision Making of Managers in Thailand', Journal of Business Ethics 27(3) (October), 271-284
68. A. Singhapakdi S. J. Vitell 1991 Analyzing the Ethical Decision Making of Sales Professionals Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management 11 4 1 12
69. A. Singhapakdi S. J. Vitell G. R. Franke 1999 Antecedents, Consequences, and Mediating Effects of Perceived Moral Intensity and Personal Moral Philosophies Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 27 1 19 37
70. A. Singhapakdi S. J. Vitell K. C. Rallapalli K. L. Kraft 1996 The Perceived Role of Ethics and Social Responsibility: A Scale Development Journal of Business Ethics 15 11 1131 1140
71. Trompenaars F. (1993), Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Diversity in Global Business. Irwin, New York, NY
72. S. J. Vitell A. Bakir J. G.P. Paolillo E. R. Hildago J. Al-Khatib M. Y. A. Rawwas 2003 Ethical Judgments and Intentions: A Multinational Study of Marketing Professionals Business Ethics: A European Review 12 2 151 171
73. S. J. Vitell E. R. Hidalgo 2006 The Impact of Corporate Ethical Values and Enforcement of Ethical Codes on the Perceived Importance of Ethics in Business: A Comparison of U.S. and Spanish Managers Journal of Business Ethics 64 1 31 43
74. S. J. Vitell S. L. Nwachukwu J. H. Barnes 1993 The Effects of Culture on Ethical Decision-Making: An Application of Hofstede's Typology Journal of Business Ethics 12 11 753 760
75. S. J. Vitell J. G. Paolillo 2004 A Cross-Cultural Study of the Antecedents of the Perceived Role of Ethics and Social Responsibility Business Ethics: A European Review 13 2/3 185 199
76. R. J. Volkema 2004 Demographic, Cultural, and Economic Predictors of Perceived Ethicality of Negotiation Behavior: A Nine-Country Analysis Journal of Business Research 57 1 69 78
77. R. E. Wilkes J. J. Burnett R. D. Howell 1986 On the Meaning and Measurement of Religiosity in Consumer Research Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 14 1 47 56
78. R. J. Williams 2003 Women on Corporate Boards of Directors and Their Influence on Corporate Philanthropy Journal of Business Ethics 42 1 1 10
79. S. A. Yetmar K. K. Eastman 2000 Tax Practitioners' Ethical Sensitivity: A Model and Empirical Examination Journal of Business Ethics 26 4 271 288
80. P. W. Zgheib 2005 Managerial Ethics: An Empirical Study of Business Students in the American University of Beirut Journal of Business Ethics 61 1 69 78