Perceived moral intensity, ethical perception, and ethical intention of American and Malaysian managers: A comparative study

International Business Review

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 37-59

  Karande, Kiran ^a   Shankarmahesh, Mahesh N ^b   Rao, C P ^c   Rashid, Zabid Md ^d  

^a OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^c KUWAIT UNIVERSITY   (Kuwait)

^d Universti Pertanian   (Malaysia)

Author keywords

Business ethics; Cross cultural; Ethical intention; Ethical perception; Malaysia; Perceived moral intensity

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034134941     PISSN: 09695931     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/s0969-5931(99)00028-1     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Alam, K. F. (1995). Attitudes towards business ethics of business students in Malaysia. Journal of Business Ethics, 14, 309-313.
2. Alexander, C. S., & Becker, H. J. (1978). The use of vignettes in survey research. Public Opinion Quarterly, 42, 93-104.
3. Allmon, D. E., Chen, H. C. K., Pritchett, T. K., & Forrest, P. J. (1997). A multi-cultural examination of business ethics perceptions. Journal of Business Ethics, 16, 183-188.
4. Armstrong, R. W. (1996). The relationship between culture and perception of ethical problems in international marketing. Journal of Business Ethics, 15, 1199-1208.
5. Armstrong, J. S., & Overton, T. S. (1977). Estimating non-response bias in mail surveys. Journal of Marketing Research, 14, 396-402.
6. Becker, H., & Fritzsche, D. J. (1987). A comparison of the ethical behavior of American, French and German managers. Columbia Journal of World Business, 22, 87-95.
7. Bowie, N. E. (1990). Business ethics and cultural relativism. In P. Madsen, & J. M. Shafritz, Essentials of Business Ethics (pp. 366-382). New York: Penguin Books.
8. De George, R. T. (1987). The status of business ethics: Past and future. Journal of Business Ethics, 6, 201-211.
9. Dornoff, R. J., & Tankersley, C. B. (1975). Perceptual differences in market transactions: A source of consumer frustration. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 9, 97-103.
10. Falkenberg, L., & Herremans, I. (1995). Ethical behaviours in organizations: Directed by the formal or informal systems? Journal of Business Ethics, 14, 133-143.
11. Ferrell, O. C., & Gresham, L. G. (1985). A contingency framework for understanding ethical decision making in marketing. Journal of Marketing, 49, 87-96.
12. Ford, J. B., LaTour, M. S., Vitell, S. J., & French, W. A. (1996). Moral judgment and market negotiations: A comparison of Chinese and American managers. Proceedings of 1996 AMA Educators' Conference, 7, 449-450.
13. Ford, R. C., & Richardson, W. D. (1994). Ethical decision making: A review of the empirical literature. Journal of Business Ethics, 13, 205-221.
14. Franke, G. R., Crown, D. F., & Spake, D. F. (1997). Gender differences in ethical perceptions of business practices. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 920-934.
15. Gilligan, C. (1982). In a Different Voice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
16. Gottlieb, J. Z., & Sanzgiri, J. (1996). Towards an ethical dimension of decision making in organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 15, 1275-1285.
17. Gupta, J. L., & Sulaiman, M. (1996). Ethical orientations of managers in Malaysia. Journal of Business Ethics, 15, 735-748.
18. Hair, J. F. Jr., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1992). Multivariate Data Analysis with Readings. New York, NY: Macmillan.
19. Hall, E. T. (1976). Beyond Culture. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books/Doubleday.
20. Harris, J. R. (1990). Ethical values of individuals at different levels in the organizational hierarchy of a single firm. Journal of Business Ethics, 9, 741-750.
21. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-related Values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
22. Honeycutt, E. D., Siguaw, J. A., & Hunt, T. G. (1995). Business ethics and job-related constructs: A cross-cultural comparison of automotive salespeople. Journal of Business Ethics, 14, 235-248.
23. Hunt, S. D., & Vitell, S. J. (1993). The general theory of marketing ethics: A retrospective and revision. In N. C. Smith, & J. A. Quelch, Ethics in Marketing (pp. 775-784). Homewood, IL: Irwin Inc.
24. Hunt, S. D., & Vitell, S. J. (1986). A general theory of marketing ethics. Journal of Macromarketing, 8, 5-16.
25. Hunt, S. D., & Chonko, L. B. (1984). Marketing and machiavellianism. Journal of Marketing, 48, 30-42.
26. Jones, T. M. (1991). Ethical decision-making by individuals in organizations: An issue-contingent model. Academy of Management Review, 16, 366-395.
27. Kennedy, E. J., & Lawton, L. (1996). The effects of social and moral integration on ethical standards: A comparison of American and Ukrainian business students. Journal of Business Ethics, 15, 901-911.
28. Kohlberg, L. (1969). Stage and sequence: The cognitive-developmental approach to socialization. In D. A. Goslin, Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research (pp. 347-480). Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.
29. Laczniak, G. R., & Inderrieden, E. J. (1987). The influence of stated organizational concern upon ethical decision making. Journal of Business Ethics, 6, 297-307.
30. Laczniak, G. R., Lusch, R. F., & Strang, W. A. (1981). Ethical marketing: Perceptions of economic goods and social problems. Journal of Macromarketing, 1, 49-57.
31. Mason, E. S., & Mudrack, P. E. (1996). Gender and ethical orientation: A test of gender and occupational socialization theories. Journal of Business Ethics, 15, 599-604.
32. Morris, S. A., & McDonald, R. A. (1995). The role of moral intensity in moral judgments: An empirical investigation. Journal of Business Ethics, 14, 715-726.
33. Mudrack, P. E., & Mason, E. S. (1996). Individual ethical beliefs and perceived organizational interests. Journal of Business Ethics, 15, 851-861.
34. Nyaw, M., & Ng, I. (1994). A comparative analysis of ethical beliefs: A four country study. Journal of Business Ethics, 13, 543-555.
35. Okleshen, M., & Hoyt, R. (1996). A cross cultural comparison of ethical perspectives and decision approaches of business students: United States of America versus New Zealand. Journal of Business Ethics, 15, 537-549.
36. Onkvisit, S., & Shaw, J. J. (1997). International Marketing: Analysis and Strategy. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
37. Posner, B. Z., & Schmidt, W. H. (1987). Ethics in American companies: A managerial perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 6, 383-391.
38. Posner, B. Z., & Schmidt, W. H. (1984). Values and the American manager: An update. California Management Review, 26, 202-216.
39. Reidenbach, R. E., Robin, D. P., & Dawson, L. (1991). An application and extension of a multidimensional ethics scale to selected marketing practices and marketing groups. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 19, 83-92.
40. Ruegger, D., & King, E. W. (1992). A study of the effect of age and gender upon student business ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 11, 179-186.
41. Rest, J. R. (1986). Moral Development: Advances in Research and Theory. New York: Praeger.
42. Robertson, D. C., & Schlegelmilch, B. B. (1993). Corporate institutionalization of ethics in the United States and Great Britain. Journal of Business Ethics, 12, 301-312.
43. Robin, D. P., Reidenbach, R. E., & Forrest, P. J. (1996). The perceived importance of an ethical issue as an influence on the ethical decision-making of ad managers. Journal of Business Research, 35, 17-28.
44. Schlegelmilch, B. B., & Robertson, D. C. (1995). The influence of country and industry on ethical perceptions of senior executives in the U.S. and Europe. Journal of International Business Studies, 25, 859-881.
45. Schwepker, C. H. Jr., & Ingram, T. N. (1996). Improving sales performance through ethics: The relationship between salesperson moral judgment and job performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 15, 1151-1160.
46. Singhapakdi, A., Vitell, S. J., & Franke, G. R. (1999). Antecedents, consequences, and mediating effects of perceived moral intensity and personal moral philosophies. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 27, 19-35.
47. Singhapakdi, A., Vitell, S. J., & Kraft, K. L. (1996). Moral intensity and ethical decision-making of marketing professionals. Journal of Business Research, 36, 245-255.
48. Soutar, G., McNeil, M. M., & Molster, C. (1994). The impact of the work environment on ethical decision making: Some Australian evidence. Journal of Business Ethics, 13, 327-339.
49. Stark, A. (1993). What's the matter with business ethics? Harvard Business Review, 71, 38-48 May-June.
50. Trevino, L. K. (1986). Ethical decision-making in organizations: A person-situation interactionist model. Academy of Management Review, 11, 601-617.
51. Tsalikis, J., & LaTour, M. S. (1995). Bribery and extortion in international business: Ethical perceptions of Greeks compared to Americans. Journal of Business Ethics, 14, 249-264.
52. Tsalikis, J., & Nwachukwu, O. (1991). A comparison of Nigerian to American views of bribery and extortion in international commerce. Journal of Business Ethics, 10, 85-98.
53. Tsalikis, J., & Fritzsche, D. J. (1989). Business ethics: A literature review with a focus on marketing ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 8, 695-743.
54. Verbeke, W., Ouwerkerk, C., & Peelen, E. (1996). Exploring the contextual and individual factors on ethical decision making of salespeople. Journal of Business Ethics, 15, 1175-1187.
55. Wahn, J. (1993). Organizational dependence and the likelihood of complying with organizational pressures to behave unethically. Journal of Business Ethics, 12, 245-251.
56. Weeks, W. A., & Nantell, J. (1992). Corporate codes of ethics and sales force behavior: A case study. Journal of Business Ethics, 11, 753-760.
57. White, L. P., & Rhodeback, M. J. (1992). Ethical dilemmas in organization development: A cross-cultural analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 11, 663-670.
58. Zabid, A. R. M., & Alsagoff, S. K. (1993). Perceived ethical values of Malaysian managers. Journal of Business Ethics, 12, 331-337.