Footwall-type Cu-Ni-PGE mineralization in the Broken Hammer area, wisner township, north range, Sudbury structure

Economic Geology

Volumn 103, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 1005-1028

  Péntek, Attila ^a   Molnár, Ferenc ^a   Watkinson, David H ^b   Jones, Peter C ^b  

^a EÖTVÖS LORÁND UNIVERSITY   (Hungary)

^b CARLETON UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM; COPPER; COPPER COMPOUNDS; FETAL MONITORING; FLUIDS; HAMMERS; INCLUSIONS; IRON ORES; MAGNETITE; MEATS; METALS; MINERALOGY; MINERALS; NICKEL; ORE DEPOSITS; ORES; OXIDE MINERALS; PALLADIUM; PLATINUM; PLATINUM COMPOUNDS; PLATINUM METALS; PRECIOUS METALS; PYRITES; QUARTZ; SILICA; SILICATE MINERALS; SILICATES; SMELTING; SODIUM CHLORIDE; TOOLS;

ALL METALS; BOHDANOWICZITE; COMPOSITE GRAINS; DRILLING DATUMS; FLUID FLOWS; FLUID INCLUSION DATUMS; FLUID INCLUSIONS; FORMING PROCESSES; GEOTHERMAL GRADIENTS; HIGH TEMPERATURES; HYDROTHERMAL FLUIDS; HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS; HYDROUS SILICATES; METAL CONCENTRATIONS; METAL DISTRIBUTIONS; MICHENERITE; ORDERS OF MAGNITUDES; SUDBURY IGNEOUS COMPLEXES; SULFIDE CONTENTS; SULFIDE MELTS; TRACE MINERALS;

TRANSPORT PROPERTIES;

COPPER; FLUID INCLUSION; HYDROTHERMAL FLUID; MASSIVE SULFIDE; MINERALIZATION; NICKEL; ORE BODY; ORE DEPOSIT; PLATINUM GROUP ELEMENT;

CANADA; NORTH AMERICA; ONTARIO [CANADA]; SUDBURY;

EID: 58149144553     PISSN: 03610128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2113/gsecongeo.103.5.1005     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Ames, D.E., Watkinson, D.H., Parrish, R.R., 1998, Dating of a regional hydrothermal system induced by the 1850 Ma Sudbury impact event: Geology, v. 26, 5, p. 447-450.
2. Bailey, J., Lafrance, B., McDonald, A.M., Fedorowich, J.S., Kamo, S., and Archibald, D.A., 2004, Mazatzal-Labradorian-age (1.7-1.6 Ga) ductile deformation of the South Range Sudbury impact structure at the Thayer Lindsley mine, Ontario: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v 41, p. 1491-1505.
3. 2O-NaCl. Experimental determination of the halite liquidus and isochores for a 40 wt % NaCl solution: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta v. 58, p. 1053-1063.
4. Cabri, L.J., and Laflamme, J.H.G., 1976, The mineralogy of the platinum-group elements from some copper-nickel deposits of the Sudbury area: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 71, p. 1159-1195.
5. Coats, C.J.A., and Snajdr, P., 1984, Ore deposits of the North Range, Onaping-Levack area, Sudbury: Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 1, p. 327-346.
6. Dressler, B.O., 1984a, General geology of the Sudbury area: Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 1, p. 57-82.
7. Dressler, B.O., 1984b, The effects of the Sudbury Event and the intrusion of the Sudbury Igneous Complex on the footwall rocks of the Sudbury structure: Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 1, p. 97-136.
8. Dressler, B.O., 1984c, Sudbury Geological Compilation; Ontario Geological Survey Map 2491, Precambrian Geology Series, geological compilation 1982-3, scale 1:50,000.
9. Ebel, D.S. and Naldrett, A.J., 1996, Fractional crystallization of sulfide ore liquids at high temperature: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 91, p. 607-621.
10. Everest, J.O., 1999, The relationship of Cu-Ni-PGE veins in the Levack Gneiss Complex to contact magmatic ore at the McCreedy West mine, Sudbury: Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Ottawa, Canada, Carleton University, 125 p.
11. Farrow, C.E.G., 1994, Geology, alteration, and the role of fluids in Cu-Ni-PGE mineralization of the footwall rocks to the Sudbury Igneous Complex, Levack and Morgan Townships, Sudbury District, Ontario: Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Ottawa, Canada, Carleton University 373 p.
12. Farrow, C.E.G., and Lightfoot, P.C., 2002, Sudbury PGE revisited: towards an integrated model: Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Special Volume 54, p. 273-297.
13. Farrow, C.E.G., and Watkinson, D.H., 1992, Alteration and the role of fluids in Ni, Cu and platinum-group element deposition, Sudbury Igneous Complex Contact, Onaping- Levack area, Ontario: Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 46, p. 67-83.
14. Farrow, C.E.G., and Watkinson, D.H., 1996, Geochemical evolution of the epidote zone, Fraser mine, Sudbury, Ontario: Ni-Cu-PGE remobilization by saline fluids: Exploration and Mining Geology, v. 5, 1, p. 17-31.
15. Farrow, C.E.G., and Watkinson, D.H., 1997, Diversity of precious-metal mineralization in footwall Cu-Ni-PGE deposits, Sudbury, Ontario. Implications for hydrothermal models of formation: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 35, p. 817-839.
16. Farrow, C.E.G., Watkinson, D,H., and Jones, P.C., 1994, Fluid inclusions in sulfides from North and South range Cu-Ni-PGE deposits, Sudbury structure, Ontario: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 89, p. 647-655.
17. Farrow, C.E.G., Everest, J.O., King, D.M., and Jolette, C., 2005, Sudbury Cu (-Ni)-PGE systems: Refining the classification using McCreedy West Mine and Podolsky Project case studies: Mineralogical Association of Canada, Short Course 35, p. 163-180.
18. Gammons, C.H., 1995, Experimental investigation of the hydrothermal geochemistry of platinum and palladium: IV The stoichiometry of Pt(IV) and Pd(II) chloride complexes at 100 to 300°C: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 59, p. 1655-1667.
19. Gammons, C.H., and Bloom, M.S., 1993, Experimental investigation of the hydrothermal geochemistry of platinum and palladium: II. The solubility of PtS and PdS in aqueous sulphide solutions: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 57, p. 2451-2467.
20. 4 solutions at 300°C: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 56, p. 3881-3894.
21. Hanley, J.J., 2005, The aqueous geochemistry of the platinum-group elements (PGE) in surficial, low-T hydrothermal and high-T magmatic-hydrothermal environments: Mineralogical Association of Canada, Short Course 35, p. 35-56.
22. Hanley, J.J., and Mungall, J.E,, 2003, Chlorine enrichment and hydrous alteration of the Sudbury Breccia hosting footwall Cu-Ni-PGE mineralization at the Fraser Mine, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 41, p. 857-881.
23. Hanley, J.J., Mungall, J.E., Pettke, T., Spooner, E.T.C., and Bray, C.J., 2005, Ore metal redistribution by hydrocarbon-brine and hydrocarbon-halide melt phases, North Range footwall of the Sudbury Igneous Complex, Ontario, Canada: Mineralium Deposita, v. 40, p. 237-256.
24. Hawley, J.E., 1962, The Sudbury ores, their mineralogy and origin: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 7, p. 1-207.
25. Heaman, L.M., 1997, Global mafic magmatism at 2.45 Ga: Remnants of an ancient large igneous province?: Geology, v. 25, p. 299-302.
26. Hey, M.H. 1954, A new review of the chlorites: Mineralogical Magazine, v. 30, p. 277-292.
27. Hoffmann, E.L., and MacLean, WH., 1976, Phase relations of michenerite and merenskyite in the Pd-Bi-Te system: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 71, p. 1461-1468.
28. Jago, B.C., Morrison, G.G., and Little, T.L., 1994, Metal zonation patterns and microtextural and micrommeralogical evidence for alkali- and halogenrich fluids in the genesis of the Victor Deep and McCreedy East footwall copper orebodies, Sudbury Igneous Complex: Ontario Geological Survey Special Volume 5, p. 65-75.
29. James, R.S., Sweeny, J.M., and Peredery, W., 1991, Thermobarometry of the Levack gneisses-footwall rocks to the Sudbury Igneous Complex (SIC: Lithoprobe, Abitibi-Grenville project: Vancouver BC, University of British Columbia, Abitibi Grenville Transect Report 32, p. 179-182.
30. Kretz, R., 1983, Symbols for rock-forming minerals: American Mineralogist, v. 68, 1-2, p. 277-279.
31. Krogh, T.E., Davis, D.W., and Corfu, F., 1984, Precise U-Pb zircon and bad-deleyite ages for the Sudbury Area: Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 1, p. 431-446.
32. Kullerud, G., Yund, A., and Mob, G.H., 1969, Phase relation in the Cu-Fe-S, Cu-Ni-S and Fe-Ni-S System: Carnegie Institute of Washington, Year Book 15, p. 323-343.
33. Li, C., and Naldrett, A.J., 1993a, High chlorine alteration minerals and calcium-rich brines in fluid inclusions from the Strathcona Deep copper zone, Sudbury, Ontario: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 88, p. 1780-1796.
34. Li, C., and Naldrett, A.J., 1993b, Platinum-group minerals from the Deep copper zone of the Stratheona deposit, Sudbury, Ontario: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 31, p. 31-44.
35. Li, C., Naldrett, A.J., Coats, C.J.A., and Johannessen, P, 1992, Platinum, palladium, gold and copper-rich stringers at the Strathcona mine, Sudbury: Their enrichment by fractionation of a sulfide liquid: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 87, p. 1584-1598.
36. Linke, W.F., 1965, Solubilities of inorganic and metal organic compounds: American Chemical Society 2: New York, Van Nostrand, 1914 p.
37. Marshall, D.D., Watkinson, D.H., Farrow, C.E.G., Molnár, F., and Fouillac, A.M., 1999, Multiple fluid generations in the Sudbury Igneous Complex: Fluid inclusion, Ar, O, Rb and Sr evidence: Chemical Geology, v. 157, p. 1-19.
38. McCormick, K.A., Fedorowich, J.S., McDonald, A.M., and James, R.S., 2002a, A textural, mineralogical, and statistical study of the Footwall Breccia within the Strathcona embayment of the Sudbury structure: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 97, p. 125-143.
39. McLean, S.A., Straub, K.H., and Stevens, K.M., 2005, The discovery and characterization of the Nickel Rim South deposit, Sudbury, Ontario: Mineralogical Association of Canada, Short Course 35, p. 359-368.
40. Mealin, C.A., 2005, Characterization of the Ni-Cu-PGE Mineralization observed at the Broken Hammer occurrence, Wisner property, Sudbury: B.Sc. thesis, Ontario, Canada, University of Waterloo, 80 p.
41. Meldrum, A., Abdel-Rahman, A.-F.M., Martin, R.F., Wodicka, N., 1997, The nature, age and petrogenesis of the Cartier batholith, northern flank of the Sudbury structure, Ontario, Canada: Precambrian Research, v. 82, p. 265-285.
42. Molnár, F., Watkinson, D.H., Jones, P.C., and Gatter, I., 1997, Fluid inclusion evidence for hydrothermal enrichment of magmatic ore at the contact zone of the Ni-Cu-platinum-group element 4b deposit, Linsley mine, Sudbury, Canada: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 92, p. 674-685.
43. Molnár, F., Watkinson, D.H., and Everest, J.O., 1999, Fluid-inclusion characteristics of hydrothermal Cu-Ni-PGE veins in granitic and metavolcanic rocks at the contact of the Little Stobie deposit, Sudbury, Canada: Chemical Geology, v. 154, p. 279-301.
44. Molnár, F., Watkinson, D.H., and Jones, P.C., 2001, Multiple hydrothermal processes in footwall units of the North Range, Sudbury Igneous Complex, Canada, and implications for the genesis of vein-type Cu-Ni-PGE deposits: ECONOMIC GEOLOGIST, v. 96, p. 1645-1670.
45. Money, D.P., 1993, Metal zoning in the Deep copper zone 3700 Level, Strathcona mine, Ontario: Exploration and Mining Geology, v. 2, 4, p. 307-320.
46. Morrison, G.G., Jago, B.C., and White, T.L., 1994, Footwall mineralization of the Sudbury Igneous Complex: Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 5, p. 57-63.
47. Mungall, J.E., and Brenan, J.M., 2003, Experimantal evidence for the chalcophile behaviour of the halogens: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 41, p. 207-220.
48. Mungall, J.E., Andrews, D.R.A., Cabri, L.J., Sylvester, P.J. and Tubrett, M., 2005, Partitioning of Cu, Ni, Au, and platinum-group elements between monosulfide solid solution and sulfide melt under controlled oxygen and sulfur fugacities: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 69, p. 4349-4360.
49. Naldrett, A.J., 1984, Mineralogy and composition of the Sudbury ores: Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 1, p. 309-326.
50. Naldrett, A.J., 1989, Magmatic sulfide deposits: Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics, v. 14, 178 p.
51. Naldrett, A.J., Pessaran, R., Asif, M., Li, C., 1994, Compositional variation in the Sudbury ores and prediction of the proximity of footwall copper-PGE orebodies: Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 5, p, 133-144.
52. 2O: I. The ice liquidus at 1 atm total pressure: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 54, p. 603-610.
53. Pan, P., and Wood, S.A., 1994, Solubility of Pt and Pd sulfides and Au metal in aqueous bisulfide solutions; Results at 200°C to 350°C and saturated vapor pressure: Mineralium Deposita, v. 29, p. 373-390.
54. Prevec, S.A., and Cawthorn, R.G., 2002, Thermal evolution and interaction between impact melt sheet and footwall: A genetic model for the contact sublayer of the Sudbury Igneous Complex, Canada: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 107, B8, 10.1029/2001JB000525, 2002.
55. Rousell, D.H., 1984, Structural geology of the Sudbury basin: Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 1, p. 83- 96.
56. Rousell, D.H., Gibson, H.L., and Jonasson, I.R., 1999, The tectonic, magmatic and mineralization history of the Sudbury structure: Exploration and Mining Geology, v. 6, p. 1-22.
57. Rousell, D.H., Fedorowich, J.S., and Dressler, B.O., 2003, Sudbury Breccia (Canada): A product of the 1850 Ma Sudbury Event and host to Cu-Ni-PGE deposits: Earth Science Reviews, v. 60, p. 147-174.
58. Shepherd, T., Rankin, A.H., and Alderton, D.H.M., 1985, A practical guide to fluid inclusion studies: Bishopbriggs, Glasgow, Blackie and Son, 239 p.
59. Waczek, Zs., 2003, Mineralogical and petrological study of the granophyre unit of the Sudbury Igneous Complex with a special emphasis on fluid mebilization processes: M.Sc. Thesis, Budapest, Hungary, Eötvös Loránd University, 81 p. (in Hungarian)
60. Watkinson, D.H., 1999, Platinum-group-element enrichment in Cu-Ni-rich sulfides from footwall deposits, Sudbury Igneous Complex, Canada: Chronique de la Recherche Minière, v. 535, p. 29-43.
61. Watkinson, D.H., Jones, P.C., and Staff, Wallbridge Mining Co. Ltd., 2005, Palladium minerals and hydrous silicate assemblages from the Broken Hammer zone, Wisner property of the North Range footwall, Sudbury Igneous Complex [abs.]: Geological Association of Canada-Mineralogical Association of Canada Conference, Abstracts, v. 30, p. 204.
62. 2O in sulfide melts: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 100, p. 157-164.
63. Xiong, Y., and Wood, S.A., 2000, Experimental quantification of hydrothermal solubility of platinum-group elements with special reference to porphyry copper environments: Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 68, p. 1-28.