The great number crunch

Journal of Linguistics

Volumn 44, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 205-228

  Yang, Charles ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 57749128624     PISSN: 00222267     EISSN: 14697742     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0022226707004999     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. Abney Steven. 1996. Statistical methods and linguistics. In Phillip Resnick & Judith Klavins (eds.) The balancing act, 1–26. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
2. Abramowicz Lukasz. 2006. Sociolinguistics meets exemplar theory: Frequency and recency effects in (ing). Presented at the 35th New Ways of Analyzing Variation (NWAV) Conference, Columbus, OH. [To appear in the proceedings.]
3. Anderson John & Schooler Lael. 1991. Reflections of the environment in memory. Psychological Science 2, 396–408.
4. Angluin Dana. 1988. Identifying languages from stochastic examples (Technical Report 614). New Haven, CT: Yale University.
5. Arbib Michael. 1969. Memory limitations of stimulus–response theory. Psychological Review 76, 507–510.
6. Armstrong Susan, Gleitman Lila & Gleitman Henry. 1983. What some concepts might not be. Cognition 13, 263–308.
7. Batchelder William H. & Kenneth Wexler. 1979. Suppes' work in the foundations of psychology. In Radu R. (ed.) Profiles – An international series on contemporary philosophers and logicians: Patrick Suppes, 149–186. Dordrecht: Reidel.
8. Bauer Laurie. 2001. Morphological productivity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9. Boersma Paul & Hayes Bruce. 2001. Empirical tests of the Gradual Learning Algorithm. Linguistic Inquiry 32, 45–86.
10. Bush Robert & Mosteller Frederick. 1951. A mathematical model for simple learning. Psychological Review 68, 313–323.
11. Bybee Joan. 2001. Phonology and language use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
12. Cedergren Henrietta & Sankoff David. 1974. Variable rules: Performance as a statistical reflection of competence. Language 50, 333–355.
13. Chen Matthew Y. & Wang S.-Y. William. 1975. Sound change: Actuation and implementation. Language 51, 255–281.
14. Chomsky Noam. 1955/1975. The logical structure of linguistic theory. Ms., Harvard University & MIT. [Published 1975. New York: Plenum; available http://alpha-leonis.lids.mit.edu/chomsky/ (19 September 2007).]
15. Chomsky Noam. 1965. Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
16. Chomsky Noam & Halle Morris. 1968. The sound pattern of English. New York: Harper & Row.
17. Clahsen Harald. 1999. Lexical entries and rules of language: A multi-disciplinary investigation. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, 991–1060.
18. Clark Brady. 2005. On stochastic grammar. Language 81, 207–217.
19. Clark Robin. 1992. The selection of syntactic knowledge. Language Acquisition 2, 83–149.
20. Coen Michael. 2006. Multimodal dynamics: Self-supervised learning in perceptual and motor systems. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT.
21. Cohn Aabigail. 2006. Is there gradient phonology? In Gisbert Fanselow, Caroline Frey, Matthias Schlesewsky & Ralf Vogel (eds.) Gradience in grammar: Generative perspectives, 25–44. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
22. Collins Michael. 1999. Review of Beyond grammar: An experience-based theory of language by Rens Bod. Computational Linguistics, 25(3), 440–444.
23. Crain Stephen & Pietroski Paul. 2002. Why language acquisition is a snap. Linguistic Review 19, 163–183.
24. Dinkin Aaron. 2007. The real effect of word frequency on phonetic variation. Presented at the 31st Penn Linguistics Colloquium, Philadelphia, PA. [To appear in the proceedings.]
25. Dresher Elan. 2003. On the acquisition of phonological contrasts. In Jacqueline van Kampen & Sergio Baauw (eds.) The generative approaches to language acquisition. Utrecht: 27–46.
26. Ellegård Alvar. 1953. The auxiliary do: The establishment and regulation of its use in English (Gothenburg Studies in English). Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell.
27. Embick David & Marantz Alex. 2005. Cognitive neuroscience and the English past tense: Comments on the paper by Ullman et al. Brain and Language 93(2), 243–247.
28. Forster Kenneth. 1976. Accessing the mental lexicon. In Roger Wales & Edward Walker (eds.) New approaches to language mechanisms, 257–287. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
29. Forster Kenneth. 1992. Memory-addressing mechanisms and lexical access. In Ram Frost & Leonard Katz (eds.) Orthography, phonology, morphology and meaning, 413–434. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
30. Gabbard Ryan, Marcus Mitch & Kulick Seth. 2006. Fully parsing the Penn Treebank. The Human Language Technology Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 184–191. New York.
31. Gibson Edward. 1998. Linguistic complexity: Locality of syntactic dependencies. Cognition 68, 1–76.
32. Gibson Edward & Perlmutter J. Neal. 1998. Constraints on sentence comprehension. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2(7), 262–268.
33. Gold Mark. 1967. Language identification in the limit. Information and Control 10, 447–474.
34. Goodman Joshua. 1996. Efficient algorithms for parsing the DOP model. The Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, 143–152.
35. Grey Russell & Jordan Fiona. 2000. Language trees support the express-train sequence of Austronesian expansion. Nature 6790, 1052–1054.
36. Guasti Maria T. 2002. Language development: The growth of grammar. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
37. Guion Susan. 1995. Frequency effects among homonyms. Texas Linguistic Forum 35, 103–116.
38. Gussennhoven Carlos & Warner Natasha (eds.). 2002. Laboratory phonology 7. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
39. Guy Gregory. 1991. Explanationin variable phonology: An exponential model of morphological constraints. Language Variation and Change 3, 1–22.
40. Guy Gregogy. 2005. Grammar and usage: A variationist response. Language 81, 561–563.
41. Hale John. 2001. A probabilistic Earley parser as a psycholinguistic model. The 2nd North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 1–8. Philadelphia, PA.
42. Hay Jennifer. 2000. Causes and consequences of word structures. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Linguistics, Northwestern University.
43. Horning James. 1969. A study of grammatical inference. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University.
44. Hyams Nina. 1986. Language acquisition and the theory of parameters. Dordrecht: Reidel.
45. Jelinek Frederick. 1998. Statistical methods for speech recognition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
46. Johnson Mark. 2001. The DOP estimation method is biased and inconsistent. Computational Linguistics 28(1), 71–76.
47. Jurafsky Daniel, Bell Alan & Girand Cynthia. 2002. The role of lemma in form variation. In Gussenhoven & Warner (eds.) 3–34.
48. Just Marcel A. & Carpenter A. Patricia. 1992. A capacity theory of comprehension: Individual differences in working memory. Psychological Review 98, 122–149.
49. Kanwisher Nancy. 2000. Domain specificity in face perception. Nature Neuroscience 3, 759–763.
50. Kay Paul & McDaniel Chad. 1979. On the logic of variable rules. Language in Society 8, 151–187.
51. Kearns Michael & Valiant Leslie. 1994. Cryptographic limitations on learning Boolean formulae and finite automata. Journal of the ACM [Association for Computing Machinery] 41, 67–95.
52. Keller Frank & Asudeh Ash. 2002. Probabilistic learning algorithms and Optimality Theory. Linguistic Inquiry 33, 225–244.
53. Kiparsky Paul. 1995. The phonological basis of sound change. In John Goldsmith (ed.) Handbook of phonological theory, 640–670. Oxford: Blackwell.
54. Kornai Andras. 1998. Analytic models in phonology. In Jacques Durand & Bernard Laks (eds.) The organization of phonology: Constraints, levels, and representations, 395–418. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
55. Kroch Anthony. 1989. Reflexes of grammar in patterns of language change. Language Variation and Change 1, 199–244.
56. Labov William. 1969. Contraction, deletion, and inherent variability of the English copula. Language 45, 715–762.
57. Labov William. 1981. Resolving the neogrammarian controversy. Language 57, 267–308.
58. Labov William. 1994. Principles of language change: Internal factors. Oxford: Blackwell.
59. Labov William. 2006. A sociolinguistic perspective on sociophonetic research. Journal of Phonetics, 34, 500–515.
60. Labov William, Ash Sharon & Boberg Charles. 2006. The Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, phonology, and sound change. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
61. Lappin Shalom & Shieber M. Stuart. 2007. Machine learning theory and practice as a source of insight into universal grammar. Journal of Linguistics 43(2), 393–427.
62. Lasnik Howard. 1989. On certain substitutes for negative data. In Robert Matthews & William Demopoulos (eds.) Learnability and linguistic theory, 89–105. Dordrecht: Reidel.
63. Legate Julie A. & Yang Charles. 2005. The richness of the poverty of the stimulus. Presented at the Golden Anniversary of The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory, 16 July 2005. Cambridge, MA.
64. Legate Julie A. & Yang Charles. 2007. Morphosyntactic learning and the development of tense. Language Acquisition 14, 315–344.
65. MacWhinney Brian. 1995. The CHILDES project. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
66. Marcus Gary. 1993. Negative evidence in language acquisition. Cognition 46, 53–85.
67. Maye Jessica, Werker Janet & Gerken LouAnn. 2002. Infant sensitivity to distributional information can affect phonetic discrimination. Cognition 82(3), B101–B111.
68. McMahon April & McMahon Robert. 1995. Linguistics, genetics and archaeology: Internal and external evidence in the Amerind controversy. Transactions of the Philological Society 93, 125–225.
69. Mehler Jacques, Peña Marcela, Nespor Marina & Bonatti Luca. 2006. The ‘soul’ of language does not use statistics: Reflections on vowels and consonants. Cortex 42, 846–854. 17131589
70. Murray Wayne & Forster Kenneth. 2004. Serial mechanisms in lexical access: The rank hypothesis. Psychological Review 111, 721–756.
71. Newmeyer Frederick J. 2003. Grammar is grammar and usage is usage. Language 79, 682–707.
72. Niyogi Partha. 2006. The computational nature of language learning and evolution. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
73. Nowak Martin, Komarova Natalia & Niyogi Partha. 2002. Computational and evolutionary aspects of language. Nature 417, 611–617.
74. Parducci Allen & Perrett F. Linda. 1971. Category rating scales: Effects of relative frequency of stimulus values. Journal of Experimental Psychology 89(2), 427–452.
75. Peterson Gordon & Barney Harold. 1952. Control methods used in a study of the vowels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 24, 175–184.
76. Phillips Betty. 1984. Word frequency and the actuation of sound change. Language 60, 320–342.
77. Pierrehumbert Janet B. 1994. Syllable structure and word structure. In Patricia Keating (ed.) Papers in laboratory phonology 3, 168–188. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
78. Pierrehumbert Janet B. 2002. Word-specific phonetics. In Gussenhoven & Warner (eds.) 101–139.
79. Pinker Steven. 1979. Formal models of language learning. Cognition 7, 217–283.
80. Pinker Steven. 1999. Words and rules. New York: Basic Books.
81. Pitt Leonard. 1989. Probabilistic inductive inference. Journal of the ACM [Association for Computing Machinery] 36, 383–433.
82. Poplack Shana. 2001. Variability, frequency and productivity in the irrealis domain of French. In Joan Bybee & Paul Hopper (eds.) Frequency effects and emergent grammar, 405–428. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
83. Pritchett Bradley. 1992. Grammatical competence and parsing performance. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
84. Ringe Donald, Warnow Tandy & Taylor Ann. 2002. Indo-European and computational cladistics. Transactions of the Philological Society 100(1), 59–130.
85. Rissanen Jorma. 1989. Stochastic complexity in statistical inquiry. Singapore: World Scientific.
86. Rizzi Luigi. 2005. Grammatically based target inconsistencies in child language. In Kamil Ud Deen, Jun Nomujra, Barbara Schultz & Bonnie Schwartz (eds.) The Inaugural Conference on Generative Approaches to Language Acquisition – North America (GALANA) (MIT Working Papers in Linguistics), 19–49. Cambridge, MA: MIT.
87. Roberts Julie. 1996. Acquisition of variable rules: A study of (-t, -d) deletion in preschool children. Journal of Child Language 24, 351–372.
88. Roeper Tom. 2000. Universal bilingualism. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 2, 169–185.
89. Saffran Jenny, Newport Elissa & Aslin Richard. 1996. Word segmentation: The role of distributional cues. Journal of Memory and Language 35, 606–621.
90. Sankoff David. 1988. Variable rules. In Ulrich Ammon, Norbert Dittmar & Klaus Mattheier (eds.) Sociolinguistics: An international handbook of the science of language and society, 984–997. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
91. Sankoff David & Labov William. 1979. On the uses of variable rules. Language in Society 8, 189–222.
92. Schütze Carson T. 2005. Thinking about what we are asking speakers to do. In Stephan Kepser & Marga Reis (eds.) Linguistic evidence: Theoretical, empirical, and computational perspectives, 457–485. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
93. Stockall Linnaea & Marantz Alec. 2006. A single route, full decomposition model of morphological complexity: MEG evidence. The Mental Lexicon 1, 85–123.
94. Suppes Patrick. 1969. Stimulus–response theory of finite automata. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 6, 327–355.
95. Suppes Patrick. 1970. Probabilistic grammars for natural languages. Synthese 22, 95–116.
96. Tarr Michael J. & Cheng D. Yi. 2003. Learning to see faces and objects. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7(1), 23–30.
97. Ullman Michael, Pancheva Roumyana, Love Tracy, Yee Eiling, Swinney David & Hickok Gregory. 2005. Neural correlates of lexicon and grammar: Evidence from the production, reading, and judgment of inflection in aphasia. Brain and Language 93(2), 185–238.
98. Valiant Leslie G. 1984. A theory of the learnable. Communications of the ACM [Association for Computing Machinery] 27, 1134–1142.
99. Vapnik Vapnik. 1995. The nature of statistical learning theory. Berlin: SpringerVerlag.
100. Vasishth Shravan & Lewis Richard. 2006. Argument–head distance and processing complexity: Explaining both locality and anti-locality effects. Language 82, 767–794.
101. Wang William S.-Y. 1969. Competing changes as a cause of residue. Language 45, 9–25.
102. Wexler Kenneth. 1994. Optional infinitives, head movement, and the economy of derivation in child language. In David Lightfoot & Norbert Hornstein (eds.) Verb movement, 305–350. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
103. Xu Fei & Pinker Steven. 1995. Weird past tense forms. Journal of Child Language 22, 531–556. 8789513
104. Yang Charles. 2002. Knowledge and learning in natural language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
105. Yang Charles. 2004. Universal grammar, statistics, or both. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8(10), 451–456.
106. Yang Charles. 2005. On productivity. Yearbook of Language Variation 5, 333–370.
107. Yang Charles. 2006. The infinite gift: How children learn and unlearn languages of the world. New York: Scribner.
108. Yang Charles. To appear. Counting grammars. In Insa Guzlow & Natalia Gagarina (eds.) Frequency effects in language acquisition. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
109. Zwicky Arnold & Pullum K. Geoffrey. 1987. Plain morphology and expressive morphology. The Thirteenth Annual Meeting, General Session and Parasession on Grammar and Cognition, 330–340. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Linguistics Society.